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3D norm data: The first step towards semiautomatic virtual craniofacial surgery

computer Aided Surgery 2001年第5期5卷

作者： J. Brief S. Hassfeld S. Däuber A. Pernozzoli J. Münchenberg T. Redlich M. Walz R. Krempien H. Weisser C. Poeckler J. Raczkowsky O. Burgert T. Salb B. Kotrikova U. Rembold H. Wörn R. Dillmann J. Mühling Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (J.B. S.H. A.P. T.R. B.K. J.Müh.) and Radiology (R.K.) University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Department of Radiology University of Heidelberg Mannheim (M.W. H.W. C.P.) and Institute of Real-Time Computer Systems and Robotics University of Karlsruhe Karlsruhe (S.D. J.Mün. J.R. O.B. T.S. U.R. H.W. R.D.) Germany

When planning craniofacial surgical interventions, the ideal appearance of the patient is very important. The final appearance should be as close as possible to that which the patient would have if he/she were without defects. Our first step towards achieving this is to build a database containing sets of three-dimensional CT images that allows for comparison of the shape of a patient with defects to the typical shape of an age- and sex-matched “average” person without defects. We started to collect CT data from patients without pathologies and, in co-operation with two radiology institutes (in Mannheim and Heidelberg), over 100 CT data sets have now been collected and classified according to age and sex. It is necessary to choose an appropriate statistical method to calculate the norm data from the different data sets. Based on the statistical method, an age- and sex-matched “average” model of the anatomy will be created. Comp Aid Surg 5:353–358 (2000). © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

关键词： 3D norm data virtual healing virtual craniofacial surgery

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A system for robot assisted maxillofacial surgery

A system for robot assisted maxillofacial surgery

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6th Conferenc on Medicine Meets Virtual reality, MMVR 1998

作者： Burghart, Catherina R. Muenchenberg, Jan E. Rembold, Ulrich Institute of Real-Time Computer Control Systems and Robotics University of Karlsruhe 76128 Karlsruhe Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9051993862

In maxillofacial surgery the quality of the surgical outcome mainly depends on the experience of the operating surgeon. Thus we intend to support the surgeon before and during surgery in order to enhance the surgical results. On the one hand this implies the use of image processing, three dimensional modelling techniques and visualization techniques of medical image data, on the other hand planning systems, intraoperative navigation devices and surgical robots are needed. In this paper a complex expert system is presented, which uses a planner for generating treatment plans, an infrared navigation for monitoring both patient, robot, and surgical tool, and a surgical robotic system in order to work on bone. Special stress is laid on the architecture of the planning system, the structure of the treatment plans, and the intraopertative communication protocols.

关键词： Robotic surgery

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Knowledgebased segmentation

Knowledgebased segmentation

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6th Conferenc on Medicine Meets Virtual reality, MMVR 1998

作者： Burghart, Catherina R. Pernozzoli, Arno Rembold, Ulrich Institute of Real-Time Computer Control Systems and Robotics University of Karlsruhe 76128 Karlsruhe Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9051993862

The segmentation of medical images like CT or MRI scans represents a great challenge to researchers in computer vision, due to the variability of the individual anatomy and the different characteristics of the scanning systems. As an anatomical knowledge base improves the recognition of structures in CT or MRI scans, we chose a knowledge based segmentation in our approach, which will be explained in the following.

关键词： computerized tomography

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Range image registration for free-form surfaces using curvature information as invariance 9

Range image registration for free-form surfaces using curvat...

引用

9th European Signal Processing Conference, EUSIPCO 1998

作者： Rieder, Markus Guir, Nicolas Dillmann, R. Department for Computer Science Institute for Real-Time Computer Control Systems and Robotics University of Karlsruhe Karlsruhe76128 Germany Department of Computer Architecture University of Malaga Malaga Spain

A curvature based technique for fast range image registration is described in this work. With this technique the rotation and the displacement of a surface with respect to another one is calculated. The proposed algorithm uses Gaussian curvature information from each image point to extract a number of feature points. Two bounds are applied to the curvature values. Points with these bound curvature value are classified into two classes of feature points. In order to calculate the rotation angle between the two range images, the feature points are paired. That means the angle and the distance of the point pairs have to be transformed into a general view coordinate system. In the orientation matching procedure, we compare each pairing in the first image with each possible in the second one. This process is independent of the translation calculation which is calculated in a sequencing step. This pipelining principle speeds up the registration process if correspondences are calculated constantly.

关键词： Image registration

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Interactive generation of flexible robot programs

Interactive generation of flexible robot programs

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IEEE International Conference on robotics and Automation (ICRA)

作者： H. Friedrich J. Holle R. Dillmann Inst. for Real-Time Comput. Syst. & Robotics Karlsruhe Univ. Germany Institute for Real-Time Computer Systems & Robotics University of Karlsruhe Karlsruhe Germany

Service robots require interactive programming interfaces that allow users without programming experience to easily instruct the robots. systems following the programming by demonstration (PbD) paradigm that were developed within the last years are getting closer to this goal. However, most of these systems lack the possibility for the user to supervise and alter the course of program generation after the initial demonstration was performed. In this paper we present an approach, where the user is able to supervise the entire program generation process and to annotate, and edit system hypotheses. Moreover, the knowledge representation and algorithms presented enable the user to generalize the generated program by annotating conditions and object selection criteria via a 3D simulation and graphical user interface. The resulting PbD-system widens the PbD approach in robotics to the interactive generation of flexible robot programs based on demonstration and annotations.

关键词： Programming profession Robot programming Service robots Sensor phenomena and characterization Sensor systems real time systems Knowledge representation Graphical user interfaces Manipulators Educational programs

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Information Processing in a Flexible Robot-Based Microassembly Station

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 1998年第15期31卷 253-258页

作者： Heinz Woern Joerg Seyfried Sergej Fatikow Karoly Santa University of Karlsruhe Institute for Real-Time Computer Systems and Robotics D-76128 karlsruhe Germany Phone: +49-721-608 3656 Fax: +49-721-606 740

In biology, microelectronics and microsystem technology many operations are today performed by hand which might also be done by micromanipulation robots. Several prototypes of such robots have already been built and tested, and now higher-level problems have to be tackled: control systems with adequate computational power, user-interfaces and planning systems for micromanipulation systems have to be implemented and tested. Special attention must be paid to the requirements of micromanipulation, which differs greatly in some aspects from conventional manipulation. This paper discusses the information processing aspects of the control system of a micromanipulation station. The micromanipulation station consists of a microassembly robot working under a light-optical microscope, a CCD camera and an XY-stage. The requirements for the control computer system are high: assembly and execution planning has to be done in order to perform fully-automated microassembly, a vision system is necessary, and the control of the microrobots and the peripherals connected to the system demand high I/O power. The paper also shows a user interface to access the system resources in a user-friendly way and presents a sketch of the planning and the control algorithms

关键词： Robots microsystems assembly systems design

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Microassembly planning for manufacturing by flexible microrobots

Microassembly planning for manufacturing by flexible microro...

引用

IEEE International Conference on robotics and Automation (ICRA)

作者： S. Fatikow R. Mounassypov Institute for Real-Time Computer Systems and Robotics University of Karlsruhe Karlsruhe Germany Department of Technical Cybernetics Ufa State Aviation Technical University Bashkortostan Russia

Automation of highly precise microassembly steps will make it easier to realize low cost microsystems. For this, a microrobot-based microassembly desktop station is being developed at the University of Karlsruhe. In this paper, we suggest a common microassembly model for a computer-aided microassembly planning-which is based on geometric reasoning-and discuss its components in detail. The feasibility criteria for the generation of feasible assembly sequences and the optimization criteria for selecting the optimal assembly plan are described. For both these planning steps, the algorithms for an automatic procedure have been developed and implemented. For stations employing several microrobots, a method for decomposition and allocation of an assembly plan is suggested. Finally, we discuss the structure of the station's planning system.

关键词： Microassembly Flexible manufacturing systems Robotic assembly Microscopy robotics and automation Glass Sensor systems Robot sensing systems Intelligent robots Process planning

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Operation planning in craniomaxillofacial surgery

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computer Aided Surgery 1998年第3‐4期2卷

作者： Petra Bohner PH.D. Catherina Holler M.S. Stefan Haßfeld M.D. Institute for Real-Time Computer Systems and Robotics University of Karlsruhe Karlsruhe Germany Clinic for Maxillofacial and Craniofacial Surgery University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany

Surgery in the craniomaxillofacial area is complex. Planning a surgical operation can help the surgeon enhance the quality of the operation. On the other hand, the benefit of a planning phase cannot be realized if the planning strategy cannot be replicated during surgery. A complete surgical system would support planning, simulation, execution by a surgeon, execution guided by a navigation system, and autonomous execution by a robot. In this paper we present our approach for an integrated system for planning and execution of craniomaxillofacial surgery. This approach is based on a hierarchical architecture and the decomposition of planning levels being either independent or dependent on the execution system via implicit and explicit elementary operations. The architecture of our system can be applied to other surgical interventions in general. The system has been employed in two operations in the mandible/maxilla region, the LeFort I osteotomy and sagittal dissection of the mandible. Results of simulated and robotized execution of some elementary operations are presented. Comp Aid Surg 2:153–161 (1997). © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

关键词： robots operation planning craniomaxillofacial surgery

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Model-based process redesign

引用

JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT MANUFACTURING 1997年第5期8卷 345-356页

作者： Janusz, B Institute for Real-Time Computer Systems and Robotics Department of Computer Science University of Karlsruhe Karlsruhe Germany

A method is presented for the model-based redesign of enterprises. It consists of two main steps, the initialization step and the optimization step. During the initialization step, the processes are modelled and analysed. During the optimization step, the optimal configuration is found for the possible modifications of the processes. Emphasis is placed on the process analysis. The proposed approach is based on activity chains which describe the set of activities needed for the achievement of a given gear, and their execution order necessary to guarantee a low processing time. An algorithm is presented for filtering such activity chains from an enterprise model. It is based on graph theory and corresponds to the solution of an optimization problem, whereby the sum of weights of ail edges belonging to the solution graph should be maximized under some given constraints. Because of the high complexity of the problem, some complexity-reducing measures are presented, measures that arise from the earlier problem analysis.

关键词： process redesign process analysis activity chain graph theory

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Hierarchical refinement of skills and skill application for autonomous robots

引用

robotics AND AUTONOMOUS systems 1997年第3-4期19卷 259-271页

作者： Kaiser, M Dillmann, R University of Karlsruhe Institute for Real-Time Computer Systems and Robotics D-76128 Karlsruhe Germany

One of the major goals in designing learning robots is to let these robots develop useful skills over time. These skills are not only related to physical actions of the robot, but also to the coordination of activities, communication with humans, and active sensing. Throughout this paper, the interdependency between these different kinds of skills is analyzed. For the case of elementary action skills and coordination skills, methods for inegration of skill application and refinement are developed. It is shown that this integration has the potential to support long-term learning and autonomous experimentation.

关键词： Mobile robots

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