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Universal enzymatic numerical P systems with small number of enzymatic variables

science China(Information sciences) 2018年第9期61卷 38-49页

作者： Zhiqiang ZHANG Tingfang WU ANDrei P■UN Linqiang PAN Key Laboratory of Image Information Processing and Intelligent Control of Education Ministry of China School of Automation Huazhong University of Science and Technology Department of Computer Science Faculty of Mathematics and Computer ScienceUniversity of Bucharest Bioinformatics Department National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences School of Electric and Information Engineering Zhengzhou University of Light Industry

Numerical P systems(for short, NP systems) are distributed and parallel computing models inspired from the structure of living cells and economics. Enzymatic numerical P systems(for short, ENP systems) are a variant of NP systems, which have been successfully applied in designing and implementing controllers for mobile robots. Since ENP systems were proved to be Turing universal, there has been much work to simplify the universal systems, where the complexity parameters considered are the number of membranes, the degrees of polynomial production functions or the number of variables used in the *** the number of enzymatic variables, which is essential for ENP systems to reach universality, has not been investigated. Here we consider the problem of searching for the smallest number of enzymatic variables needed for universal ENP systems. We prove that for ENP systems as number acceptors working in the all-parallel or one-parallel mode, one enzymatic variable is sufficient to reach universality; while for the one-parallel ENP systems as number generators, two enzymatic variables are sufficient to reach *** results improve the best known results that the numbers of enzymatic variables are 13 and 52 for the all-parallel and one-parallel systems, respectively.

关键词： bio-inspired computing numerical P system mobile robot membrane controller universality

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Metrics Reloaded: Recommendations for image analysis validation

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Maier-Hein, Lena Reinke, Annika Godau, Patrick Tizabi, Minu D. Buettner, Florian Christodoulou, Evangelia Glocker, Ben Isensee, Fabian Kleesiek, Jens Kozubek, Michal Reyes, Mauricio Riegler, Michael A. Wiesenfarth, Manuel Emre Kavur, A. Sudre, Carole H. Baumgartner, Michael Eisenmann, Matthias Heckmann-Nötzel, Doreen Rädsch, Tim Acion, Laura Antonelli, Michela Arbel, Tal Bakas, Spyridon Benis, Arriel Blaschko, Matthew B. Jorge Cardoso, M. Cheplygina, Veronika Cimini, Beth A. Collins, Gary S. Farahani, Keyvan Ferrer, Luciana Galdran, Adrian Ginneken, Bram Van Haase, Robert Hashimoto, Daniel A. Hoffman, Michael M. Huisman, Merel Jannin, Pierre Kahn, Charles E. Kainmueller, Dagmar Kainz, Bernhard Karargyris, Alexandros Karthikesalingam, Alan Kenngott, Hannes Kofler, Florian Kopp-Schneider, Annette Kreshuk, Anna Kurc, Tahsin Landman, Bennett A. Litjens, Geert Madani, Amin Maier-Hein, Klaus Martel, Anne L. Mattson, Peter Meijering, Erik Menze, Bjoern Moons, Karel G.M. Müller, Henning Nichyporuk, Brennan Nickel, Felix Petersen, Jens Rajpoot, Nasir Rieke, Nicola Saez-Rodriguez, Julio Sánchez, Clara I. Shetty, Shravya Smeden, Maarten Van Summers, Ronald M. Taha, Abdel A. Tiulpin, Aleksei Tsaftaris, Sotirios A. Calster, Ben Van Varoquaux, Gaël Jäger, Paul F. Heidelberg Division of Intelligent Medical Systems and HI Helmholtz Imaging Germany Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science and Medical Faculty Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany NCT Heidelberg a partnership between DKFZ University Medical Center Heidelberg Germany Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany Heidelberg Division of Intelligent Medical Systems Germany partner site Frankfurt/Mainz a partnership between DKFZ and UCT Frankfurt-Marburg Germany Heidelberg Goethe University Frankfurt Germany Department of Medicine Goethe University Frankfurt Germany Department of Informatics Frankfurt Cancer Insititute Germany Department of Computing Imperial College London London United Kingdom Heidelberg Division of Medical Image Computing and HI Applied Computer Vision Lab Germany Institute for AI in Medicine University Medicine Essen Essen Germany Centre for Biomedical Image Analysis Faculty of Informatics Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research University of Bern Bern Switzerland Department of Radiation Oncology University Hospital Bern University of Bern Bern Switzerland Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering Oslo Norway UiT The Arctic University of Norway Romsø Norway Heidelberg Division of Biostatistics Germany Heidelberg Division of Intelligent Medical Systems Division of Medical Image Computing HI Applied Computer Vision Lab Germany MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing UCL Centre for Medical Image Computing Department of Computer Science University College London London United Kingdom School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Science King’s College London London United Kingdom Heidelberg Division of Medical Image Computing Germany Instituto de Cálculo CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina Centre for Medical Image Computing University College London London United Kingdom McGill University Montréal

Increasing evidence shows that flaws in machine learning (ML) algorithm validation are an underestimated global problem. Particularly in automatic biomedical image analysis, chosen performance metrics often do not reflect the domain interest, thus failing to adequately measure scientific progress and hindering translation of ML techniques into practice. To overcome this, we created Metrics Reloaded, a comprehensive framework guiding researchers in the problem-aware selection of metrics. It was developed by a large international consortium in a multi-stage Delphi process and is based on the novel concept of a problem fingerprint – a structured representation of the given problem that captures all aspects that are relevant for metric selection, from the domain interest to the properties of the target structure(s), data set and algorithm output. Based on the problem fingerprint, users are guided through the process of choosing and applying appropriate validation metrics while being made aware of potential pitfalls. Metrics Reloaded targets image analysis problems that can be interpreted as a classification task at image, object or pixel level, namely image-level classification, object detection, semantic segmentation, and instance segmentation tasks. To improve the user experience, we implemented the framework in the Metrics Reloaded online tool. Following the convergence of ML methodology across application domains, Metrics Reloaded fosters the convergence of validation methodology. Its applicability is demonstrated for various biomedical use cases. © 2022, CC BY.

关键词： Semantic Segmentation

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Self-Awareness for Autonomous Systems

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE 2020年第7期108卷 971-975页

作者： Dutt, Nikil Regazzoni, Carlo S. Rinner, Bernhard Yao, Xin Nikil Dutt (Fellow IEEE) received the Ph.D. degree from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign Champaign IL USA in 1989.""He is currently a Distinguished Professor of computer science (CS) cognitive sciences and electrical engineering and computer sciences (EECS) with the University of California at Irvine Irvine CA USA. He is a coauthor of seven books. His research interests include embedded systems electronic design automation (EDA) computer architecture distributed systems healthcare Internet of Things (IoT) and brain-inspired architectures and computing.""Dr. Dutt is a Fellow of ACM. He was a recipient of the IFIP Silver Core Award. He has received numerous best paper awards. He serves as the Steering Committee Chair of the IEEE/ACM Embedded Systems Week (ESWEEK). He is also on the steering organizing and program committees of several premier EDA and embedded system design conferences and workshops. He has served on the Editorial Boards for the IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems and the ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems and also previously served as the Editor-in-Chief (EiC) for the ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems. He served on the Advisory Boards of the IEEE Embedded Systems Letters the ACM Special Interest Group on Embedded Systems the ACM Special Interest Group on Design Automationt and the ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems. Carlo S. Regazzoni (Senior Member IEEE) received the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electronic and telecommunications engineering from the University of Genoa Genoa Italy in 1987 and 1992 respectively.""He is currently a Full Professor of cognitive telecommunications systems with the Department of Electrical Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering and Naval Architecture (DITEN) University of Genoa and a Co-Ordinator of the Joint Doctorate on Interactive and Cognitive Environments (JDICE) international Ph.D. course started initially as EU Erasmus Mundus Project and

Autonomous systems are able to make decisions and potentially take actions without direct human intervention, which requires some knowledge about the system and its environment as well as goal-oriented reasoning. In computer systems, one can derive such behavior from the concept of a rational agent with autonomy (“control over its own actions”), reactivity (“react to events from the environment”), proactivity (“act on its own initiative”), and sociality (“interact with other agents”) as fundamental properties \n[1]\n. Autonomous systems will undoubtedly pervade into our everyday lives, and we will find them in a variety of domains and applications including robotics, transportation, health care, communications, and entertainment to name a few. \nThe articles in this month’s special issue cover concepts and fundamentals, architectures and techniques, and applications and case studies in the exciting area of self-awareness in autonomous systems.

关键词： Special issues and sections Autonomous systems Self-aware Robot sensing systems Computational modeling

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A quantitative study of using Cisco Packet Tracer simulation software to improve IT students’ creativity and outcomes

A quantitative study of using Cisco Packet Tracer simulation...

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International Conference on Cognitive Infocommunications (CogInfoCom)

作者： Robert Demeter Attila Kovari Jozsef Katona Ilona Heldal Cristina Costescu Adrian Rosan Andrea Hathazi Serge Thill Department of Automation and Information Technology Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Transilvania University of Brasov Brasov Romania CogInfoCom Based LearnAbility Research Team Institute of Engineering Engineering University of Dunaujvaros Dunaujvaros Hungary Institute of Computer Engineering University of Dunaujvaros Dunaujvaros Hungary Department of Computing Mathematics and Physics Western Norway University of Applied Sciences Bergen Norway Special Education Department Babes-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca Romania Donders Centre for Cognition Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Nijmegen Netherland

ISBN: (数字)9781728147932

ISBN: (纸本)9781728147949

The continued development of ICT technologies has led to new ways of information communication. As is well known, the success of any new training or communication technology incorporates disseminating information, timeliness and efficiency and often incorporates simulation and virtual reality technologies. This paper presents the results of a quantitative study showing that simulation-based training strategies are more effective than traditional methods. The current case is for applying didactic teaching methodologies for learning ICT concepts for complex systems. The paper also compares the results of this study with previous studies and recommends strategies for using virtual reality elements to streamline learning process of engineering students.

关键词： computer networks Software Tools Education Hardware Intelligent sensors

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Recording Eye-tracking Parameters during a Program Source-code Debugging Example

Recording Eye-tracking Parameters during a Program Source-co...

引用

International Conference on Cognitive Infocommunications (CogInfoCom)

作者： Jozsef Katona Attila Kovari Ilona Heldal Carsten Helgesen Cristina Costescu Adrian Rosan Andrea Hathazi Serge Thill Robert Demeter CogInfoCom Based LearnAbility Research Team Institute of Computer Engineering University of Dunaujvaros Dunaujvaros Hungary Institute of Engineering University of Dunaujvaros Dunaujvaros Hungary Department of Computing Mathematics and Physics Western Norway University of Applied Sciences Bergen Norway Special Education Department Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences Babes- Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca Romania Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Nijmegen Netherland Department of Automation and Information Technology Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Transilvania University of Brasov Brasov Romania

ISBN: (数字)9781728147932

ISBN: (纸本)9781728147949

Recently, researches based on eye-tracking have more often appeared on the field of cognitive studies, education support systems and virtual reality. Eye-tracking based analysis may be useful in IT, particular in algorithm thinking, program code debugging. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the conditions of Gazepoint GP3 device and OGAMA used to record eye-motion parameters and demonstrate the recording process and steps.

关键词： Conferences Testing Software Debugging Education Cognition Three-dimensional displays

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The use of cognitive maps in product development

The use of cognitive maps in product development

引用

International Conference on Cognitive Infocommunications (CogInfoCom)

作者： Robert Demeter Attila Kovari Jozsef Katona Ilona Heldal Cristina Costescu Adrian Rosan Andrea Hathazi Serge Thill Department of Automation and Information Technology Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Transilvania University of Brasov Brasov Romania CogInfoCom Based LearnAbility Research Team Institute of Engineering University of Dunaujvaros Dunaujvaros Hungary Institute of Computer Engineering University of Dunaujvaros Dunaujvaros Hungary Department of Computing Mathematics and Physics Western Norway University of Applied Sciences Bergen Norway Special Education Department Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences Babes-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca Romania Donders Centre for Cognition Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Nijmegen Netherland

ISBN: (数字)9781728147932

ISBN: (纸本)9781728147949

The aim of this study is to view product traceability using graph-based simulation software, which gives us a cognitive map of a product's path. In this paper, we present a method for manufacturers to efficiently and automatically visualize all components of their products, allowing for multiple changes or fault event in the supply chain.

关键词： Conferences Cognition Education Tools Product development Informatics

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Examination of Gaze Fixations Recorded during the Trail Making Test

Examination of Gaze Fixations Recorded during the Trail Maki...

引用

International Conference on Cognitive Infocommunications (CogInfoCom)

作者： Attila Kovari Jozsef Katona Ilona Heldal Carsten Helgesen Cristina Costescu Adrian Rosan Andrea Hathazi Serge Thill Robert Demeter CogInfoCom Based LearnAbility Research Team Institute of Engineering University of Dunaujvaros Dunaujvaros Hungary Institute of Computer Engineering University of Dunaujvaros Dunaujvaros Hungary Department of Computing Mathematics and Physics Western Norway University of Applied Sciences Bergen Norway Special Education Department Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences Babes-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca Romania Donders Centre for Cognition Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Nijmegen Netherland Department of Automation and Information Technology Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Transilvania University of Brasov Brasov Romania

ISBN: (数字)9781728147932

ISBN: (纸本)9781728147949

The continuous visual tracking of activity performed in perception and action activities requires continuous eye motion. The visual computer monitoring, recording and evaluation of human motion provides many opportunities in the development of human-computer interfaces. In most activities performed by humans, eye-hand coordination plays a significant role. From the eye-hand coordination aspect, the fixation's direction is an essential factor, since before touching an object, the look is aimed at the object to be touched for a longer period. In this paper, the fixation playing a major role in eye-hand coordination is being analyzed during the Trail Making Test. The test primarily aims to measure visual searching or scanning, visual-spatial sequencing; however, the eye-hand coordination's speed plays a key role in the quick and accurate execution of the test. During the test, eye motion parameters were recorded and determined, where further analyses make certain human cognitive factors indirectly able to be analyzed.

关键词： Tracking Task analysis Conferences Visualization Software Testing Cognition

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A human immune dysregulation syndrome characterized by severe hyperinflammation with a homozygous nonsense Roquin-1 mutation (vol 10, 4779 , 2019)

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NATURE COMMUNICATIONS 2019年第1期10卷 1-16页

作者： Tavernier, S. J. Athanasopoulos, V. Verloo, P. Behrens, G. Staal, J. Bogaert, D. J. Naesens, L. De Bruyne, M. Van Gassen, S. Parthoens, E. Ellyard, J. Cappello, J. Morris, L. X. Van Gorp, H. Van Isterdael, G. Saeys, Y. Lamkanfi, M. Schelstraete, P. Dehoorne, J. Bordon, V. Van Coster, R. Lambrecht, B. N. Menten, B. Beyaert, R. Vinuesa, C. G. Heissmeyer, V. Dullaers, M. Haerynck, F. Primary Immune Deficiency Research Lab Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency Ghent Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Centre Ghent University Hospital Ghent Belgium VIB Center for Inflammation Research Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation Ghent Belgium Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology Ghent University Ghent Belgium Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease and Center for Personalised Immunology (NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence) John Curtin School of Medical Research Australian National University Canberra Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology (CACPI) Shanghai Renji Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism Ghent University Hospital Ghent Belgium Institute for Immunology Biomedical Center Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Planegg-Martinsried Germany Research Unit Molecular Immune Regulation Helmholtz Zentrum München Munich Germany Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics Division of Pediatric Immunology and Pulmonology Ghent University Hospital Ghent Belgium Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics Ghent University Hospital Ghent Belgium Center for Medical Genetics Ghent University Hospital Ghent Belgium VIB Center for Inflammation Research Unit of Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine Ghent Belgium Department of Applied Mathematics Computer Science and Statistics Ghent University Gent Belgium VIB Bioimaging Core VIB Center for Inflammation Research Ghent Belgium The Australian Phenomics Facility John Curtin School of Medical Research Australian National University Canberra Australia VIB Center for Inflammation Research Ghent Belgium VIB Flow Core VIB Center for Inflammation Research Ghent Belgium Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics Division of Pediatric Rheumatology Ghent University Hospital Ghent Belgium Department of Inter

Hyperinflammatory syndromes are life-threatening disorders caused by overzealous immune cell activation and cytokine release, often resulting from defects in negative feedback mechanisms. In the quintessential hyperinflammatory syndrome familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), inborn errors of cytotoxicity result in effector cell accumulation, immune dysregulation and, if untreated, tissue damage and death. Here, we describe a human case with a homozygous nonsense R688* RC3H1 mutation suffering from hyperinflammation, presenting as relapsing HLH. RC3H1 encodes Roquin-1, a posttranscriptional repressor of immune-regulatory proteins such as ICOS, OX40 and TNF. Comparing the R688* variant with the murine M199R variant reveals a phenotypic resemblance, both in immune cell activation, hypercytokinemia and disease development. Mechanistically, R688* Roquin-1 fails to localize to P-bodies and interact with the CCR4-NOT deadenylation complex, impeding mRNA decay and dysregulating cytokine production. The results from this unique case suggest that impaired Roquin-1 function provokes hyperinflammation by a failure to quench immune activation.

关键词： Disease genetics Inflammation Primary immunodeficiency disorders RNA decay

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LifeTime and improving European healthcare through cell-based interceptive medicine (vol 587, pg 377, 2020)

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NATURE 2021年第7852期592卷 E8-E8页

作者： Rajewsky, Nikolaus Almouzni, Genevieve Gorski, Stanislaw A. Aerts, Stein Amit, Ido Bertero, Michela G. Bock, Christoph Bredenoord, Annelien L. Cavalli, Giacomo Chiocca, Susanna Clevers, Hans De Strooper, Bart Eggert, Angelika Ellenberg, Jan Fernandez, Xose M. Figlerowicz, Marek Gasser, Susan M. Hubner, Norbert Kjems, Jorgen Knoblich, Jurgen A. Krabbe, Grietje Lichter, Peter Linnarsson, Sten Marine, Jean-Christophe Marioni, John C. Marti-Renom, Marc A. Netea, Mihai G. Nickel, Dorthe Nollmann, Marcelo Novak, Halina R. Parkinson, Helen Piccolo, Stefano Pinheiro, Ines Pombo, Ana Popp, Christian Reik, Wolf Roman-Roman, Sergio Rosenstiel, Philip Schultze, Joachim L. Stegle, Oliver Tanay, Amos Testa, Giuseppe Thanos, Dimitris Theis, Fabian J. Torres-Padilla, Maria-Elena Valencia, Alfonso Vallot, Celine van Oudenaarden, Alexander Vidal, Marie Voet, Thierry Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association Berlin Germany Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Germany Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) Berlin Germany German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Berlin Berlin Germany Institute for Biology Humboldt University of Berlin Berlin Germany Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) Berlin Germany Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany Institut Curie CNRS PSL Research University Sorbonne Université Nuclear Dynamics Unit Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le cancer Paris France VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research Leuven Belgium Department of Human Genetics KU Leuven Leuven Belgium Department of Neurosciences KU Leuven Leuven Belgium UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL University College London London UK Wellcome Sanger Institute Wellcome Genome Campus Cambridge UK Department of Immunology Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Barcelona Spain CNAG-CRG Centre for Genomic Regulation Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Barcelona Spain Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona Spain ICREA Barcelona Spain CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences Vienna Austria Department of Laboratory Medicine Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases Vienna Austria Department of Medical Humanities Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands Institute of Human Genetics UMR 9002 CNRS and University of Montpellier Montpellier France Department of Experimental Oncology IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS Milan Italy Department of Oncology and Hemato

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Common Limitations of Image Processing Metrics: A Picture Story

arXiv

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Reinke, Annika Tizabi, Minu D. Sudre, Carole H. Eisenmann, Matthias Rädsch, Tim Baumgartner, Michael Acion, Laura Antonelli, Michela Arbel, Tal Bakas, Spyridon Bankhead, Peter Benis, Arriel Blaschko, Matthew Buettner, Florian Cardoso, M. Jorge Chen, Jianxu Cheplygina, Veronika Christodoulou, Evangelia Cimini, Beth A. Collins, Gary S. Engelhardt, Sandy Farahani, Keyvan Ferrer, Luciana Galdran, Adrian van Ginneken, Bram Glocker, Ben Godau, Patrick Haase, Robert Hamprecht, Fred Hashimoto, Daniel A. Heckmann-Nötzel, Doreen Hirsch, Peter Hoffman, Michael M. Huisman, Merel Isensee, Fabian Jannin, Pierre Kahn, Charles E. Kainmueller, Dagmar Kainz, Bernhard Karargyris, Alexandros Karthikesalingam, Alan Kavur, A. Emre Kenngott, Hannes Kleesiek, Jens Kleppe, Andreas Koehler, Sven Kofler, Florian Kopp-Schneider, Annette Kooi, Thijs Kozubek, Michal Kreshuk, Anna Kurc, Tahsin Landman, Bennett A. Litjens, Geert Madani, Amin Maier-Hein, Klaus Martel, Anne L. Mattson, Peter Meijering, Erik Menze, Bjoern Moher, David Moons, Karel G.M. Müller, Henning Nichyporuk, Brennan Nickel, Felix Noyan, M. Alican Petersen, Jens Polat, Gorkem Rafelski, Susanne M. Rajpoot, Nasir Reyes, Mauricio Rieke, Nicola Riegler, Michael A. Rivaz, Hassan Saez-Rodriguez, Julio Sánchez, Clara I. Schroeter, Julien Saha, Anindo Selver, M. Alper Sharan, Lalith Shetty, Shravya Smeden, Maarten V.A.N. Stieltjes, Bram Summers, Ronald M. Taha, Abdel A. Tiulpin, Aleksei Tsaftaris, Sotirios A. Calster, Ben V.A.N. Varoquaux, Gaël Wiesenfarth, Manuel Yaniv, Ziv R. Jäger, Paul Maier-Hein, Lena Division of Intelligent Medical Systems and HI Helmholtz Imaging Heidelberg Germany Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany Division of Intelligent Medical Systems Heidelberg Germany NCT Heidelberg DKFZ University Medical Center Heidelberg Germany MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing UCL Centre for Medical Image Computing Department of Computer Science University College London London United Kingdom School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Science King’s College London London United Kingdom Division of Medical Image Computing Heidelberg Germany Instituto de Cálculo CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina Centre for Medical Image Computing University College London London United Kingdom McGill University Montréal Canada Division of Computational Pathology Dept of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Indiana University School of Medicine IU Health Information and Translational Sciences Building Indianapolis United States University of Pennsylvania Richards Medical Research Laboratories FL7 PhiladelphiaPA United States Institute of Genetics and Cancer University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom Department of Digital Medical Technologies Holon Institute of Technology Holon Israel European Federation for Medical Informatics Le Mont-sur-Lausanne Switzerland Center for Processing Speech and Images Department of Electrical Engineering KU Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 10 - box 2441 Leuven3001 Belgium Frankfurt/Mainz DKFZ UCT Frankfurt-Marburg Germany Heidelberg Germany Goethe University Frankfurt Department of Medicine Germany Goethe University Frankfurt Department of Informatics Germany Frankfurt Cancer Insititute Germany Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften – ISAS – e.V. Dortmund Germany Department of Computer Science IT University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark Imaging Platform Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard CambridgeMA United States Centre for St

While the importance of automatic image analysis is continuously increasing, recent meta-research revealed major flaws with respect to algorithm validation. Performance metrics are particularly key for meaningful, objective, and transparent performance assessment and validation of the used automatic algorithms, but relatively little attention has been given to the practical pitfalls when using specific metrics for a given image analysis task. These are typically related to (1) the disregard of inherent metric properties, such as the behaviour in the presence of class imbalance or small target structures, (2) the disregard of inherent data set properties, such as the non-independence of the test cases, and (3) the disregard of the actual biomedical domain interest that the metrics should reflect. This living dynamically document has the purpose to illustrate important limitations of performance metrics commonly applied in the field of image analysis. In this context, it focuses on biomedical image analysis problems that can be phrased as image-level classification, semantic segmentation, instance segmentation, or object detection task. The current version is based on a Delphi process on metrics conducted by an international consortium of image analysis experts from more than 60 institutions worldwide. © 2021, CC BY.

关键词： Medical imaging

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