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29th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA 2024

作者： Nast, Michael Raddatz, Hannes Golatowski, Frank Haubelt, Christian Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering University of Rostock Rostock Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798350361230

In this paper, we present the integration of MQTT for Sensor Networks (MQTT-SN) into OPC Unified Architecture (OPC UA) as a novel publish/subscribe (PubSub) protocol binding in order to enhance the industrial communication stack. By leveraging the lightweight MQTT-SN protocol, which is currently not considered in the architecture, we improve OPC UA's capability for high-frequency, low-latency messaging, which is essential for Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) applications. We discuss related work and describe the design and implementation in detail. Our hybrid approach combines the rich data modeling and security capabilities of OPC UA with the communication efficiency of MQTT-SN, providing a scalable solution for real- time data management in industrial automation systems. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Network security

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MAC-Filter Based Topology Control for WLAN Mesh Networks 29

MAC-Filter Based Topology Control for WLAN Mesh Networks

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29th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA 2024

作者： Brockmann, Tim Rethfeldt, Michael Beichler, Benjamin Golatowski, Frank Haubelt, Christian Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering University of Rostock Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798350361230

WLAN Mesh Networks (WMNs) are a promising network architecture for IoT applications due to their self-healing and robust network formation capabilities. The IEEE 802.11s amendment standard integrates mesh functionality into the WLAN MAC layer, ensuring seamless peering and routing. Initially designed for testing, the Linux implementation of IEEE 802.11s includes basic peer link blocking mechanisms. Based on this, we present a new MAC address filtering approach for reliable topology control in WLAN mesh networks. Our modifications to the Linux kernel enable persistent link blocking and bidirectional link teardown, preventing the sporadic establishment of unwanted connections. Real-world experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Wireless local area networks (WLAN)

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Analyzing Local RISC-V Interrupt Latencies with Virtual Prototyping 27

Analyzing Local RISC-V Interrupt Latencies with Virtual Prot...

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27. Workshop Methoden und Beschreibungssprachen zur Modellierung und Verifikation von Schaltungen und Systemen, MBMV 2024 - 27th Workshop on Methods and Description Languages ??for Modeling and Verification of Circuits and Systems, MBMV 2024

作者： Hauser, Robert Steffen, Lukas Grützmacher, Florian Haubelt, Christian Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering University of Rostock Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9783800762682

The gem5 simulator is a state-of-the-art tool for modeling RISC-V processors. It offers simulation at the microarchitectural level. Thereby, it enables not only functional testing but evaluation of extra-functional system properties like timing or energy efficiency. Since embedded systems often interact with their peripherals using interrupts, these properties play a crucial role in evaluating overall platform performance. Currently, gem5 only supports parts of the interrupt functionality for external devices specified for the RISC-V ISA, namely external interrupt. Local interrupts, on the other hand, lack simulator support. However, especially in the mobile context, their functionality can be crucial, since often only a few interrupt sources are used. These interrupts need fast and efficient handling. The paper at hand extends the RISC-V implementation of gem5 by local interrupts as defined in the RISC-V specification for direct interrupt management. This extension is then used to perform a comprehensive analysis of the timing behavior of local and external interrupts. © MBMV 2024. All rights reserved.

关键词： Energy efficiency

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An Online Scheduler for Reconfigurable Time-Sensitive Networks 29

An Online Scheduler for Reconfigurable Time-Sensitive Networ...

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29th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA 2024

作者： Kummer, Fabian Golatowski, Frank Brekenfelder, Willi Parzyjegla, Helge Danielis, Peter Mühl, Gero Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering University of Rostock Rostock18051 Germany Institute of Computer Science University of Rostock Rostock18051 Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798350361230

Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) facilitates the implementation of realtime data traffic with deterministic delay and jitter in Ethernet networks. In its time-triggered communication variant, network paths as well as transmission time slots along the paths need to be planned and reserved for all data streams, respectively. Conventionally, such a feasible (i. e., realtime compliant) network schedule is computed and optimized offline, installed upon deployment, and cannot be changed anymore at runtime without stopping the communication. The latter becomes unsuitable for future industrial use cases with a growing demand for flexibility including schedule adjustments. In this paper, we present an online scheduler capable to incrementally integrate new streams at runtime and to adapt the existing schedule, if necessary, while retaining the realtime guarantees given to active streams. For this purpose, the scheduling heuristic identifies streams whose adjustment requires minimal reconfiguration efforts. In a thorough evaluation, we analyze the scheduler's trade-off between resource usage and schedule quality showing its suitability for diverse application scenarios. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Delay tolerant networks

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STELLA+: Expanding the Research Potential for Long-Term Deep Brain Stimulation Studies in Freely-Moving Rodents

STELLA+: Expanding the Research Potential for Long-Term Deep...

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18th International Joint Conference on Biomedical engineering Systems and Technologies, BIOSTEC 2025

作者： Plocksties, Franz Niemann, Christoph Fauser, Mareike Storch, Alexander Timmermann, Dirk Haubelt, Christian Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering University of Rostock Germany Department of Neurology University of Rostock Rostock Germany

Rodent models are essential for our understanding of Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) mechanisms. How ever, most existing preclinical devices lack to support the broad experimental range required for modern DBS approaches. This paper presents the neurostimulation system STELLA+, which aims to enhance the scope of long-term DBS research in rodent models. STELLA+ upgrades the previous STELLA system that has been successfully used in several rodent studies. It features technical and architectural enhancements to in crease performance and functionality for long-term DBS experiments. Initial in vitro findings demonstrate that STELLA+ delivers charge-balanced, current-controlled pulses with high accuracy across a range of stimula tion settings up to a compliance voltage of 4.3V. With a maximum current consumption of 25.1µA at 4.3V in bilateral DBS-on mode, STELLA+ enables long-term experiments of 6.8 weeks using a 29 mAh lithium ion battery. Additionally, STELLA+ includes a Bluetooth Low Energy module and the capability to acquire and compute on-board physiological data, enabling adaptive DBS applications. All these features are housed within a compact size of 21x14.5x4mm, minimizing the impact on rodents. Compared to the other state of-the-art DBS devices, STELLA+ demonstrates enhanced efficiency in stimulus generation and a uniquely comprehensive feature set. © 2025 by SCITEPRESS– Science and Technology Publications, Lda.

关键词： Brain

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Towards Human Posture Detection Basedon Differential Measurements Using Wearable Barometric Pressure Sensors

Towards Human Posture Detection Basedon Differential Measure...

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18th International Joint Conference on Biomedical engineering Systems and Technologies, BIOSTEC 2025

作者： Graumüller, Nico Gis, Constantin Geiger, Franziska Soodmand, Iman Kebbach, Maeruan Bader, Rainer Haubelt, Christian Grãtzmacher, Florian Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering University of Rostock Rostock18059 Germany Department of Orthopaedics Rostock University Medical Center Rostock18057 Germany

The detection of human postures is a well-studied research area that is closely related to human activity recognition. Recent advantages of MEMS-based barometric pressure sensors have made them an interesting additional sensing modality apart from IMU-based approaches. State-of-the-art barometric pressure sensors allow for measuring changes in barometric pressure corresponding to height differences in the range of centimeters. However, they are susceptible to environmental pressure changes, which can significantly influence the application. Therefore, we propose a posture detection approach based on differential height measurements from multiple body-worn barometric pressure sensors. We conducted an initial laboratory study with 13 subjects (eight males and four females), evaluating standing, sitting, and lying down postures using four body-worn barometric pressure sensors positioned at the head, hip, wrist, and ankle. Our results demonstrate that only two sensors are needed to separ ate the studied postures in the feature space. Furthermore, the differential height measurement approach can compensate for environmental pressure influences to an insignificant level w.r.t. posture separability in our setup. The efficacy of our proposed approach is further substantiated by the observed separability of sitting on a bed and a chair for each subject individually. © 2025 by SCITEPRESS– Science and Technology Publications, Lda.

关键词： Pressure sensors

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IEEE 11073 SDC for Pandemics like COVID-19: Example Implementation of an Isolation Room

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Current Directions in Biomedical engineering 2022年第2期8卷 352-355页

作者： Kasparick, Martin Schackmann, Dennis Klotz, Tobias Ritz, Fabian Golatowski, Frank Rethfeldt, Michael Neumuth, Thomas Timmermann, Dirk Rockstroh, Max Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering University of Rostock Richard-Wagner-Straße 31 Rostock Germany ICCAS University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany Drägerwerk AG and Co. KGaA Lübeck Germany Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering University of Rostock Rostock Germany

Treating patients in an intensive care unit (ICU) isolation room is full of challenges for the caregivers and the patients. While this is known for years, the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted these challenges as if under a burning glass – intensified by a high number of patients at the same time. The risk of infection for the caregivers is very high inside the isolation room and the time spent for putting on and taking off personal protective equipment (PPE) is enormous. Thus, every treatment that can be performed from the anteroom of the isolation room at the same quality level as if being inside the isolation room is a potential building block for solving the challenges. However, data like vital signs have to be provided to the anteroom, alarms have to be transferred to the right caregiver at the right place, and controlling medical device parameters from the anteroom are prerequisites. The new IEEE 11073 Service-oriented Device Connectivity (SDC) series of standards is a key technology to realize this. Therefore, this paper presents an example implementation of IEEE 11073 SDC-based ICU isolation rooms by means of a demonstrator. Such systems can significantly reduce the amount of time the caregivers have to spend in the isolation room and reduce the number of clothing (PPE) changes while providing care at a level of a non-isolation room. As a midterm goal these are steps for the vision of a "silent/quiet ICU". © 2022 The Author(s), published by De Gruyter.

关键词： COVID-19

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A Novel Interface between the Linux Kernel and ns-3 for Assessing Target Software in WLAN-Systems

A Novel Interface between the Linux Kernel and ns-3 for Asse...

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2022 International Symposium on Networks, computers and Communications, ISNCC 2022

作者： Steffen, Lukas Beichler, Benjamin Rethfeldt, Michael Timmermann, Dirk Haubelt, Christian Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering University of Rostock Germany

ISBN: (数字)9781665485449

ISBN: (纸本)9781665485449

The growing capabilities of wireless communication technologies such as WLAN-based systems enable their successful adoption in an ever-increasing range of applications. Particularly in the domain of the internet of things, the trend towards wireless interconnection is driven by its improved scalability and flexible, low-cost deployment compared to wired systems such as Ethernet. To handle the growing complexity of their design, developers need a process for early performance evaluation of these communication-intensive networked embedded systems. For this, established network simulation frameworks like ns-3 and OMNeT++ are often utilized. These frameworks require developers to model every part of their system, including the protocol stack and the target application they are developing. From the developers' perspective, a workflow that would enable them to use real target software as much as possible is desirable. The available solutions to couple real target software with a network simulation, however, often exhibit several limitations. These range from a lacking detail level of the channel simulation to the requirement of access to the source code of every part of the system under design, and often prevent adoption of these coupling solutions. In this paper, we propose a data interface for the established simulator ns-3 that allows coupling to the Linux kernel at a very low level of the protocol stack, namely the lower WLAN MAC layer. This interface allows the performance evaluation of WLAN-based systems, in which real target code of almost the entire software stack can be used. With such an interface, developers can write real target software and test it under different wireless network scenarios and channel conditions, powered by a simulation using ns-3. We show the practicality of our interface by comparing it to a simulation solely performed in ns-3, as well as to another framework for coupling real target software to a channel simulation. © 2022 IEEE.

关键词： Linux

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Comparison of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Wi-Fi, Serial and 5G in IoMT

Comparison of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Wi-Fi, Serial and ...

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18th International Joint Conference on Biomedical engineering Systems and Technologies, BIOSTEC 2025

作者： Doe, Nina Pearl Scharoba, Stefan Reichenbach, Marc Herglotz, Christian Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg Germany Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering University of Rostock Germany

With the inception of Industry 4.0, incorporating technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT) into healthcare has become essential. This integration is commonly referred to as the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). The IoMT is the connection of medical devices using wired or wireless data transmission technology to allow data exchange with the goal of improving the overall healthcare delivery. Despite the numerous advantages that IoMT brings into the healthcare process, there are potential performance challenges that may occur if factors such as data quality and reliability of the IoT devices in different environmental settings are not properly considered. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the performance of connected medical IoT devices that are used for heartrate monitoring based on the aforementioned factors. The setup of the IoMT consists of sensor nodes, which transmit the Electrocardiogram (ECG) data through a multi-protocol gateway to a central server for further data processing. This paper presents the performance analysis of the comparison of four communication technologies: Serial (UART), Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Wi-Fi, and 5G NR for real-time ECG monitoring applications, while taking notice of environmental factors that may affect performance. The sensor data transmission is evaluated based on round trip time (RTT) latency, ensuring a desirable throughput and minimal or no data loss. The data readings were taken at varying distances (0.1m to 17m) and sampling rates (300Hz and 1000Hz). The experimental results show that while Serial communication achieves the lowest latency (3.96ms 4.37ms), Wi-Fi demonstrates consistent Gateway-Server performance (40ms 60ms RTT), 5G excels in short-range communication (1.8ms 2.0ms Sensor Node-Gateway RTT), and BLE provides balanced performance (4.86ms 7.57ms latency). Wi-Fi performed better in long-range scenarios (43.48ms 66.23ms RTT) and maintaining stable performance at longer ranges while 5G shows superior

关键词： Sensor nodes

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Approximative Sensor Data Resynchronization for Wireless Burst Transmission Protocols

Approximative Sensor Data Resynchronization for Wireless Bur...

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IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)

作者： Robert Hauser Florian Grützmacher Christian Haubelt Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering University of Rostock Rostock Germany

ISBN: (数字)9798350319347

ISBN: (纸本)9798350319354

We present BurstLR, a novel online resynchronization method for wireless burst transmitted sensor signals. Instead of clock alignment, our method uses approximative timestamp realignment by estimating the relation between sensor clock and receiver clock at the receiver. Only the sensor and arrival timestamps of samples are required. Thus, no additional communication as well as hardware is needed. In our experiments with two wireless sensor nodes (Nicla Sense ME), we achieved a reduction of the average quadratic distance with dynamic time warping between resynchronized acceleration signals that recorded the same arbitrary human motion trajectory by 54.95 % to 76.91 % compared to signals that used the arrival times for synchronization.

关键词： Wireless communication Wireless sensor networks Protocols Dynamics Receivers Production facilities Hardware

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