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IEEE Conference on Standards for Communications and Networking (CSCN)

作者： Björn Andersen Martin Kasparick Hannes Ulrich Stefan Schlichting Frank Golatowski Dirk Timmermann Josef Ingenerf Institute of Medical Informatics University of Lubeck Lubeck Germany Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering University of Rostock Rostock Germany Universitat zu Lubeck Lubeck Schleswig-Holstein DE Center of Competence System Solutions System Architecture of Dragerwerk AG & Co. KGaA Lubeck Germany

Medical devices at the point-of-care can be interconnected through standardised communication protocols to build an Integrated Clinical Environment (ICE), but in order to interoperate with clinical information systems, different data exchange standards need to be conformed to. The emerging HL7 Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) framework appeals to developers and clinicians alike and is a promising candidate to modernise this domain. Novel IEEE 11073 standard proposals that specify a service-oriented architecture of networked medical devices are one example for an ICE architecture. They are based on expressing a device's capabilities and state in a machine-readable way in order to be safely accessed and manipulated by other participants in the networked device system. In this work, the domain information and service model of this ICE architecture was mapped to FHIR resources that were constrained and extended to support the modelling of this device architecture. Through the definition of a FHIR profile, the data structures were aligned, effectively allowing for the transformation of medical device observation data from ICE to FHIR representation without the need for any proprietary interface. The implementation of this transformation, e. g. as a gateway, bridges the structural interoperability gap between two contemporary communication architectures for medical devices and clinical information systems and thus lays the foundation for semantic interoperability that can be achieved through the combined use with controlled vocabularies. The consequent availability of device data enables secondary usage such as large-scale data analytics. Future sub-profiles for specific device types further simplify the transformation.

关键词： Standards Interoperability Measurement Ice Service-oriented architecture Data models Biomedical imaging

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Mechanism for safe remote activation of networked surgical and PoC devices using dynamic assignable controls

Mechanism for safe remote activation of networked surgical a...

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Annual International Conference of the IEEE engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)

作者： Martin Kasparick Max Rockstroh Stefan Schlichting Frank Golatowski Dirk Timmermann Institute of Applied Microelectrontcs and Computer Engineering University of Rostock Rostock Germany Innovation Center Computer Assisted Surgery (ICCAS) University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany Center of Competence System Solutions System Architecture of Drägerwerk AG & Co. KGaA Lübeck Germany

The number of devices within an operating room (OR) increases continuously as well as the complexity of the complete system. One key enabler to handle the complexity is an interoperable and vendor independent system of networked medical devices. To build up such an interoperable system we use the proposed IEEE 11073 SDC standards (IEEE P11073-10207, -20701, -20702) for networked point-of-care (PoC) and surgical devices. One of the major problems within the OR is that typically every device has its own control unit. This leads to unsatisfying situations like a high number of foot switches that causes operating errors or the problem that the physician cannot reach the control unit of the device where parameters have to be changed or an activation should be triggered. Dynamically assignable controls will solve these problems. This paper describes mechanisms that allow a safe remote activation of safety critical device functionalities based on a potentially unsafe off-the-shelf network with problems like connection loss and jitter. The proposed systems is based on a periodic reactivation of the device functionality and the additional use safety related information that is included into the activate operation command. The main advantage is that all described mechanisms make use of the self-description capability provided by the IEEE 11073 SDC. This enables a real interoperability and plug-and-play functionality because both the medical device and the control client do not need any a priori knowledge about each other.

关键词： Safety Surgery Jitter Standards Context Measurement

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A BACnet Gateway for Embedded Web Services

A BACnet Gateway for Embedded Web Services

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IEEE Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation

作者： Vlado Altmann Bjorn Butzin Robert Balla Frank Golatowski Dirk Timmermann Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering University of Rostock

ISBN: (纸本)9781467379304

The vision of the smart home is increasingly becoming reality. Devices become smart, interconnected and accessible through the Internet. In the classical building automation domain already a lot of devices are interconnected providing interfaces for control or collecting data. Unfortunately for historical reasons they use specialized protocols for their communication hampering the integration into newly introduced smart home technologies. In order to make use of the valuable information gateways are required. BACnet as a protocol of the building automation domain already can make use of IP and defined a way to represent building data as Web services in general, called BACnet/WS. But using full fledged Web services would require too much resources in the scenario of smart home thus we need a more resource friendly solution. In this work a Devices Profile for Web Services (DPWS) adaptation of the BACnet/WS specification is proposed. DPWS enables Web service conform communication with a focus on a small footprint, which in turn enables interdisciplinary communication of constrained devices.

关键词： BACnet DPWS Gateway Building automation Smart home Embedded devices Smart environment

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DuDE-Cloud: A Resilient High Performance Cloud

DuDE-Cloud: A Resilient High Performance Cloud

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IEEE Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation

作者： Peter Danielis Jan Skodzik Vlado Altmann Frank Golatowski Dirk Timmermann University of Rostock Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering

ISBN: (纸本)9781467379304

In recent years, cloud computing, which provides users with network resources such as memory and computing power depending on the users' needs, has gained enormously in importance. Providers such as Amazon allow the users to access their cloud storage and computing resources by different interfaces. In this regard, guaranteeing compatibility is a severe issue as many different proprietary interfaces exist for accessing data in different clouds. The solution to this problem is the RESTful Cloud Data Management Interface (CDMI) standard, which has passed the ISO audit as first standard and is therefore evolving into the most common standard for accessing clouds. This paper investigates the combination of CDMI with a P2P-based storage and computing back-end in order to realize a self-organizing cloud for distributed data storage and processing called DuDE-Cloud. The basis is the self-organizing hash table (DHT)-based P2P storage and computing back-end called DuDE, which utilizes the DHT protocol Kad. DuDE is able to bundle existing storage and computing resources of different devices dynamically and has already proven its advantageous performance over centralized solutions. In a test scenario, resources of DuDE-Cloud were successfully accessed through CDMI using a GUI front-end thereby proving the proper functionality. As a result, a resilient high-performance distributed cloud solution is available that is compatible with other clouds.

关键词： 2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenylamino)-2-imidazoline Clouds Consumers CLOUDS Cloud Computing Web resources computational power Data Storage Access

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Integration of QoS Parameters from IEEE 802.11s WLAN Mesh Networks into Logical P2P Overlays

Integration of QoS Parameters from IEEE 802.11s WLAN Mesh Ne...

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International Conference on computer and Information Technology (CIT)

作者： Michael Rethfeldt Peter Danielis Björn Konieczek Felix Uster Dirk Timmermann University of Rostock Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering Rostock Germany

Adopted in late 2011, IEEE 802.11s comes as the first industry standard to enable vendor-independent and inter-operable WLAN mesh networks. Featuring automatic device interconnection and routing, they provide a higher scalability, flexibility, and robustness compared to common centralized WLAN infrastructures. The 802.11s standard defines mandatory support of the Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol (HWMP) and Airtime Link Metric (ALM) for MAC-layer routing. While 802.11s covers the physical network underlay, Peer-to-Peer (P2P) protocols are an equivalent on the application level. In contrast to centralized client/server communication, they establish a fail-safe and scalable logical network overlay for, e.g., distributed content sharing, streaming, search, or synchronization. Thus, P2P networks exhibit many of the characteristics of physical WLAN mesh networks. It is obvious to consider joint solutions, where both technologies are combined to leverage future distributed local area wireless applications. Nevertheless, common P2P protocols, such as BitTorrent, do not consider the structure of the physical underlay while performing topology management. Furthermore, they are primarily designed to be used over wired communication networks such as large parts of the Internet. When deployed over WLAN mesh networks with their quickly varying channel conditions, BitTorrent shows severe performance drawbacks. We present a cross-layer approach based on 802.11s and BitTorrent, that optimizes application layer peer selection by considering the mesh standard's routing metric ALM. Our solution was implemented and evaluated in a real-world testbed. Results show that average download time can be reduced by up to 20% already in small network setups.

关键词： IEEE 802.11 Standard Peer-to-peer computing Wireless LAN Measurement Protocols Mesh networks

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Cost-efficient universal approach for remote meter reading using web services and computer vision

Cost-efficient universal approach for remote meter reading u...

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IEEE International Symposium on World of Wireless Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM)

作者： Henning Puttnies Vlado Altmann Frank Golatowski Dirk Timmermann University of Rostock Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering Rostock Germany

The Internet of Things is a great vision but also an important challenge for the current research. Through, the connection of many different devices there are outstanding benefits such as an increasing automation and intelligent energy management. Nevertheless, the integration of legacy devices into the Internet of Things is a significant issue. Legacy meters, e.g., cannot provide metering data automatically and the installation of modern smart meters is cost-intensive and thus often unprofitable. An alternative approach is to extend legacy meters with an automatic meter reading system. Thus, they can be integrated into an intelligent system such as an efficient energy management. In this paper a robust and universal approach for automatic meter reading is proposed. The approach can be applied to water, gas, and electric meters and uses a Web service as standardized and open communication interface. The recognition rate of a prototype implementation is 98 % and the measurement duration is approx. 1.5 seconds. The entire system was implemented on a Raspberry Pi as a cost-efficient hardware platform.

关键词： Meter reading Pattern recognition Image edge detection Training Image segmentation Cameras Hardware

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CoHaRT: A P2P-based deterministic transmission of large data amounts using CoAP

CoHaRT: A P2P-based deterministic transmission of large data...

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IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT)

作者： Jan Skodzik Peter Danielis Vlado Altmann Bjoern Konieczek Eike Bjoern Schweissguth Frank Golatowski Dirk Timmermann University of Rostock Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering Rostock Germany

In Industrial Ethernet environments, usually only small amounts of data are transmitted. These transmissions must be deterministic to meet hard real-time requirements. But prospectively, also the deterministic transmission of high amounts of data and data streams is required. In this paper, a system based on the modified Peer-to-Peer network Kad called HaRTKad combined with the standardized protocol CoAP is presented to fulfill these requirements. The HaRTKad network bases on UDP. Because of the limited size of UDP packets, only small amounts of data can be transmitted and interpreted. Therefore, CoAP was chosen as protocol on top of HaRTKad. A highlight of CoAP is its applicability on constrained devices like embedded systems in automation environments. It has a very low overhead, high simplicity, and is very effective and well suited for the intended domain. CoAP enables the transmission and interpretation of big data amounts using the blockwise transfer. Thereby, HaRTKad ensures the deterministic data transmission of the packets. The combination of CoAP and HaRTKad is called CoHaRT. Besides the described concept of CoHaRT, real measurements from a running prototype are presented to demonstrate the performance of the data transmission.

关键词： Real-time systems Servers Protocols Prototypes Payloads Data communication Peer-to-peer computing

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Extensive analysis of the Kad-based distributed computing system DuDE

Extensive analysis of the Kad-based distributed computing sy...

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IEEE Symposium on computers and Communications (ISCC)

作者： Peter Danielis Jan Skodzik Vlado Altmann Benjamin Kappel Dirk Timmermann University of Rostock Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering Rostock Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781467371957

The distributed computing of data is a challenging task in terms of the self-organizing task distribution and computing, especially if distributed computing systems are becoming very large and complex. Therefore, the distributed hash table (DHT)-based P2P system called DuDE has been developed to compute statistics of access nodes of Internet service providers in an efficient way. DuDE exploits the high failure resilience and scalability features of the DHT network Kad to achieve a high-performance distributed system, which avoids the bottlenecks of a centralized computing solution. To ensure highly available data, Reed-Solomon codes for reliable distributed data storage are utilized. For implementing DuDE, usual working steps of distributed computing have been extended to realize a highly scalable computing system. We have developed a simulation model for a large-scale DuDE network consisting of up to 9,000 access nodes for computing statistics. In this paper, simulation results are presented, which demonstrate that DuDE is able to almost linearly accelerate the distributed computing compared to a centralized solution while introducing low traffic overhead.

关键词： Peer-to-peer computing Protocols Distributed databases Scalability Computational modeling Complexity theory

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Measurement of the Ratio of the B0→D*−τ+ντ and B0→D*−μ+νμ Branching Fractions Using Three-Prong τ-Lepton Decays

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Physical Review Letters 2018年第17期120卷 171802-171802页

作者： R. Aaij B. Adeva M. Adinolfi Z. Ajaltouni S. Akar J. Albrecht F. Alessio M. Alexander A. Alfonso Albero S. Ali G. Alkhazov P. Alvarez Cartelle A. A. Alves, Jr. S. Amato S. Amerio Y. Amhis L. An L. Anderlini G. Andreassi M. Andreotti J. E. Andrews R. B. Appleby F. Archilli P. d’Argent J. Arnau Romeu A. Artamonov M. Artuso E. Aslanides G. Auriemma M. Baalouch I. Babuschkin S. Bachmann J. J. Back A. Badalov C. Baesso S. Baker V. Balagura W. Baldini A. Baranov R. J. Barlow C. Barschel S. Barsuk W. Barter F. Baryshnikov V. Batozskaya V. Battista A. Bay L. Beaucourt J. Beddow F. Bedeschi I. Bediaga A. Beiter L. J. Bel N. Beliy V. Bellee N. Belloli K. Belous I. Belyaev E. Ben-Haim G. Bencivenni S. Benson S. Beranek A. Berezhnoy R. Bernet D. Berninghoff E. Bertholet A. Bertolin C. Betancourt F. Betti M.-O. Bettler M. van Beuzekom Ia. Bezshyiko S. Bifani P. Billoir A. Birnkraut A. Bitadze A. Bizzeti M. Bjørn T. Blake F. Blanc J. Blouw S. Blusk V. Bocci T. Boettcher A. Bondar N. Bondar W. Bonivento I. Bordyuzhin A. Borgheresi S. Borghi M. Borisyak M. Borsato F. Bossu M. Boubdir T. J. V. Bowcock E. Bowen C. Bozzi S. Braun T. Britton J. Brodzicka D. Brundu E. Buchanan C. Burr A. Bursche J. Buytaert W. Byczynski S. Cadeddu H. Cai R. Calabrese R. Calladine M. Calvi M. Calvo Gomez A. Camboni P. Campana D. H. Campora Perez L. Capriotti A. Carbone G. Carboni R. Cardinale A. Cardini P. Carniti L. Carson K. Carvalho Akiba G. Casse L. Cassina L. Castillo Garcia M. Cattaneo G. Cavallero R. Cenci D. Chamont M. G. Chapman M. Charles Ph. Charpentier G. Chatzikonstantinidis M. Chefdeville S. Chen S. F. Cheung S.-G. Chitic V. Chobanova M. Chrzaszcz A. Chubykin P. Ciambrone X. Cid Vidal G. Ciezarek P. E. L. Clarke M. Clemencic H. V. Cliff J. Closier V. Coco J. Cogan E. Cogneras V. Cogoni L. Cojocariu P. Collins T. Colombo A. Comerma-Montells A. Contu A. Cook G. Coombs S. Coquereau G. Corti M. Corvo C. M. Costa Sobral B. Couturier G. A. Cowan D. C. Craik A. Crocombe M. Cruz Torres R. Currie C. D’Ambrosio F. Da Cunha Marinho E. Dall’Occo J. European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) Geneva Switzerland Universidad de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory University of Bristol Bristol United Kingdom Clermont Université Université Blaise Pascal CNRS/IN2P3 LPC Clermont-Ferrand France University of Cincinnati Cincinnati Ohio USA Fakultät Physik Technische Universität Dortmund Dortmund Germany School of Physics and Astronomy University of Glasgow Glasgow United Kingdom ICCUB Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics Amsterdam The Netherlands Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute (PNPI) Gatchina Russia Imperial College London London United Kingdom Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Rio de Janeiro Brazil Sezione INFN di Padova Padova Italy LAL Université Paris-Sud CNRS/IN2P3 Orsay France Center for High Energy Physics Tsinghua University Beijing China Sezione INFN di Firenze Firenze Italy Institute of Physics Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne Switzerland Universita e INFN Ferrara Ferrara Italy University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA School of Physics and Astronomy University of Manchester Manchester United Kingdom Physikalisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany Aix Marseille Univ CNRS/IN2P3 CPPM Marseille France Institute for High Energy Physics (IHEP) Protvino Russia Syracuse University Syracuse New York USA Sezione INFN di Roma La Sapienza Roma Italy Department of Physics University of Warwick Coventry United Kingdom Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio) Rio de Janeiro Brazil (associated with Institution Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Rio de Janeiro Brazil) Yandex School of Data Analysis Moscow Russia Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP) Moscow Russia National Center for Nuclear Research (NCBJ) Warsaw Poland LAPP Université Savoie Mont-Blanc CNRS

The ratio of branching fractions R(D*−)≡B(B0→D*−τ+ντ)/B(B0→D*−μ+νμ) is measured using a data sample of proton-proton collisions collected with the LHCb detector at center-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3 fb−1. For the first time, R(D*−) is determined using the τ-lepton decays with three charged pions in the final state. The B0→D*−τ+ντ yield is normalized to that of the B0→D*−π+π−π+ mode, providing a measurement of B(B0→D*−τ+ντ)/B(B0→D*−π+π−π+)=1.97±0.13±0.18, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic. The value of B(B0→D*−τ+ντ)=(1.42±0.094±0.129±0.054)% is obtained, where the third uncertainty is due to the limited knowledge of the branching fraction of the normalization mode. Using the well-measured branching fraction of the B0→D*−μ+νμ decay, a value of R(D*−)=0.291±0.019±0.026±0.013 is established, where the third uncertainty is due to the limited knowledge of the branching fractions of the normalization and B0→D*−μ+νμ modes. This measurement is in agreement with the standard model prediction and with previous results.

关键词： Branching fraction Electroweak interaction Leptonic, semileptonic & radiative decays

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Real-Time Communication for the Internet of Things Using jCoAP

Real-Time Communication for the Internet of Things Using jCo...

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International Symposium on Object-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing

作者： Björsn Konieczek Michael Rethfeldt Frank Golatowski Dirk Timmermann Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering University of Rostock Rostock Germany

The term Internet of Things (IoT) describes a scenario where embedded systems are integrated into everyday objects, turning them into smart devices to assist the user in his everyday life. Each of these smart objects only offers a very limited amount of computational power since it is only specialized in a limited set of tasks. In order to achieve complex goals, the devices have to interact with each other. Therefore, they do not only need to be interconnected either by wire or through wireless technology but also need a set of common protocols to enable vendor-independent communication. In the past years, various protocols pursuing this objective have emerged. One of the most promising approaches is the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) because it offers high interoperability and very low communication overhead at the same time. Typical IoT applications include the observation and manipulation of their environment through sensors and actuators. Since the physical world is continuous in time and does not wait for calculations to finish, it is essential that the execution times of the applications stay within certain boundaries. These timing constraints are referred to as real-time requirements. However, current protocol implementations do not consider real-time requirements for IoT applications. In this paper, we introduce the jCoAP communication stack as a lightweight Java implementation of CoAP. We give a brief introduction to real-time communication and CoAP and provide insight in the design concept of jCoAP and the offered functionalities. Furthermore, a performance evaluation is done in order to point out the suitability of the jCoAP framework for real-time IoT applications.

关键词： Servers Protocols Real-time systems Payloads Timing Standards Interoperability

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