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A Review of Terahertz Solid-State Electronic/Optoelectronic Devices and Communication systems

Chinese Journal of Electronics 2025年第1期34卷 26-48页

作者： Wenbo Li Hongxin Zeng Lin Huang Sen Gong Haoyi Cao Weipeng Wang Zheng Wang Hongji Zhou Shixiong Liang Ziqiang Yang Yaxin Zhang University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Huzhou Key Laboratory of Terahertz Integrated Circuits and Systems Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou)University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Terahertz Institute Zhangjiang National Laboratory National Key Laboratory of Application Specific Integrated Circuit Hebei Semiconductor Research Institute

With the rapid development of modern communication technology, spectrum resources have become non-renewable and precious resources, and the terahertz frequency band has entered people's vision. Nowadays, terahertz communication technology has become one of the core technologies for future high-capacity and high-rate communication. This paper discusses and analyzes the core technologies related to the field of terahertz *** introduce the characteristics, domestic and international comparisons and development trends of the core devices for terahertz communication, and also introduce and discuss the terahertz solid-state frequency mixing communication system, terahertz direct modulation communication system, and terahertz optoelectronic communication ***, we summarize the development of terahertz communication technology and the outlook of future applications.

关键词： Frequency modulation Reviews Solids Market research Terahertz communications

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Investigating the Regularization of Deep Neural Networks for Affect Recognition with Relevance-Guided Local Explanations 19th

Investigating the Regularization of Deep Neural Networks f...

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19th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence: Methodology, systems, and Applications, AIMSA 2024

作者： Rieger, Ines Chair for Cognitive Systems University of Bamberg Bamberg Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS Erlangen Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9783031815416

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have demonstrated remarkable performance in various computer vision tasks. However, they face challenges that can inhibit their performance and transparency such as the learning of spurious patterns and a lack of explanatory power. This paper addresses these challenges in the domain of affect recognition, particularly for facial expressions. Our first contribution focuses on the integration of domain-specific knowledge into DNNs. To achieve this, we improve on a regularization method that constrains class co-occurrences, thereby outperforming existing state-of-the-art approaches. Our second contribution evaluates the impact of this regularization by employing an adapted explainable AI (XAI) method that incorporates expert knowledge. The results reveal that the regularization term encourages the learning of more generalized features. Consequently, XAI methods enhance the transparency of DNNs, contributing to the development of more reliable AI systems. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.

关键词： Deep Neural Networks Explainable AI Regularization

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CTXNL: A Software-Hardware Co-designed Solution for Efficient CXL-Based Transaction Processing 25

CTXNL: A Software-Hardware Co-designed Solution for Efficien...

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30th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating systems, ASPLOS 2025

作者： Wang, Zhao Chen, Yiqi Li, Cong Guan, Yijin Niu, Dimin Guan, Tianchan Du, Zhaoyang Wei, Xingda Sun, Guangyu School of Integrated Circuits School of Computer Science Peking University Beijing China Peking University School of Integrated Circuits Beijing China Damo Academy Alibaba Group Hupan Lab Hangzhou China Shanghai Jiao Tong University Institute of Parallel and Distributed Systems Seiee Shanghai China School of Integrated Circuits Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits Peking University Beijing China

ISBN: (纸本)9798400710797

Transaction processing systems are the crux for modern data-center applications, yet current multi-node systems are slow due to network overheads. This paper advocates for Compute Express Link (CXL) as a network alternative, which enables low-latency and cache-coherent shared memory accesses. However, directly adopting standard CXL primitives leads to performance degradation due to the high cost of maintaining cross-node cache coherence. To address the CXL challenges, this paper introduces CTXNL, a software-hardware co-designed system that implements a novel hybrid coherence primitive tailored to the loosely coherent nature of transactional data. The core innovation of CTXNL is empowering transaction system developers with the ability to selectively achieve data coherence. Our evaluations on OLTP workloads demonstrate that CTXNL enhances performance, outperforming current network-based systems and achieves up to 2.08x greater throughput than vanilla CXL memory sharing architectures across universal transaction processing policies. © 2025 ACM.

关键词： Cache memory

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Two Differential Wideband SIW-to-RWG Transitions for Thin Single Layer Substrates With Additional Tapering for D-Band Applications

Two Differential Wideband SIW-to-RWG Transitions for Thin Si...

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2025 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium, RWS 2025

作者： Braun, Tobias T. Romstadt, Justin Hansen, Steffen Schweer, Christian Pohl, Nils Institute for Integrated Systems Ruhr University Bochum Bochum Germany Integrated Circuits and Sensor Systems Fraunhofer FHR Wachtberg Germany Comfort Electronics Kostal Automobil Elektrik GmbH & Co. KG Dortmund Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798350377743

Rectangular waveguides (RWGs) are the standard interface above 110 GHz, starting with the D-Band. Thus, transitions to connect integrated circuits and components, offering a low insertion loss across the complete waveguide band are required. This paper presents the design of such transitions from an RWG to a differential microstrip transmission line. Apart from a multi-section stepped impedance transformer it proposes the use of an additional substrate taper at the first step. This design is verified via a realization in two different single layer substrates with thick metal cladding. Those are the Rogers RT/duroid 5880 and RO3003, respectively. Measurement results show return losses above 15 dB and 12 dB, respectively. The best achieved insertion loss equals 0.6 dB, while the corresponding 3 d B bandwidths cover more than the entire D-band. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： Insertion losses

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Design and Validation of Enhanced Fixtures for THz Dielectric Waveguide Sensors and Applications

Design and Validation of Enhanced Fixtures for THz Dielectri...

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German Microwave Conference

作者： Kristof Dausien Irwin Barengolts Francesca Schenkel Jan Barowski Christoph Baer Ilona Rolfes Christian Schulz Institute of Microwave Systems Ruhr University Bochum Germany Institute of Electronic Circuits Ruhr University Bochum Germany

ISBN: (数字)9783982039749

ISBN: (纸本)9798331521790

In this paper, we present the design, validation, and characterization of effective fixtures for 3D-printed dielectric waveguides (DWGs) operating in the sub-THz to THz domain. To minimize interference with DWG performance, various layer heights were designed and analyzed using a 3D full-wave electromagnetic (EM) solver. An innovative 3D-printed fixture, termed the RF-brim, provides an efficient solution by securely supporting DWGs in a floating configuration. This design minimizes signal loss and suppresses the propagation of higher-order modes. Additionally, the RF-brim offers scalability, enabling its use in large sensoric, antenna, or fluidic channel applications without disrupting signal propagation. To validate the simulation results, experimental measurements were conducted, highlighting the fabrication limitations of different fixtures, primarily influenced by variations in layer size.

关键词： Antenna measurements Fabrication Fixtures Electromagnetic waveguides Dielectric measurement Sensor systems Dielectrics Frequency measurement Terahertz communications Sensor arrays

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Terahertz Remote Respiration Rate Monitoring

Terahertz Remote Respiration Rate Monitoring

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International Workshop on Mobile Terahertz systems (IWMTS)

作者： Svenja Nicola Kobel Yamen Zantah Andreas Prokscha Christian Wiede Gerd vom Bögel Thomas Kaiser Karsten Seidl Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems (IMS) Duisburg Germany Institute of Digital Signal Processing University of Duisburg-Essen Duisburg Germany Department of Electrical Components and Circuits University of Duisburg-Essen Duisburg Germany

ISBN: (数字)9798350365832

ISBN: (纸本)9798350365849

Terahertz technology positions itself as a promising alternative to conventional vital signs measurement methods due to its unique characteristics, making it particularly suitable for non-contact measurements in free space. In this work, the influence of different frequency bands and clothing on the accuracy of respiration rate measurements is analyzed, using a motion-based method that utilizes amplitude information. The highest accuracy is obtained in the lowest studied frequency band of 220 GHz − 330 GHz, with a mean absolute error of 0.34 rpm. Notably, clothing does not impede the measurements. The results demonstrate the capability of terahertz technology to effectively detect and monitor respiration rate.

关键词： Accuracy Clothing Terahertz materials Medical services Position measurement Extraterrestrial measurements Thorax Frequency measurement Monitoring Terahertz communications

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Laser Scribed CNTs/PEEK/TPU Composites Film for High-performance Stretchable Electrodes

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IEEE Sensors Journal 2025年第10期25卷 16666-16674页

作者： Jiang, Caiyun Tang, Lei Hou, Jian Ding, Guqiao Sheng, Bin University of Shanghai for Science and Technology College of Optical Electrical and Computer Engineering Shanghai200093 China Engineering Research Center of Optical Instruments and System Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Systems Shanghai200093 China Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology Shanghai200050 China

In this paper, an elastic composite material comprising carbon nanotubes (CNTs), polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK), and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is presented, in which direct laser-induced graphitization was used to fabricate high-performance stretchable electrodes. The introduction of CNTs can enhance the conductivity and mechanical strength of the composites, thus improving the overall performance of the sensors. Flexible strain sensors with porous structures were prepared by appropriate encapsulation methods, which exhibited superior gauge factors of 72, 367, and 972 in the 0-30%, 30-44%, and 44-53% strain regions, respectively. Furthermore, it features a rapid response time (100 ms), excellent stability and durability, and is capable of detecting both large-scale human movement and monitoring of small physical signals. In addition, patterned laser-induced graphene interdigital electrodes (LIG-IDEs) were fabricated on composites using laser light. Highly sensitive humidity sensors were obtained using graphene oxide as the humidity-sensing material for respiratory monitoring and non-contact sensing. The thermoplastic properties of TPU allow the straight fiber to be thermoformed into highly stretchable helical electrode, which was of a helix index of 5 and with a high-quality factor (Q=130) at 1250% strain. In conclusion, the preparation of LIG on stretchable composite films by direct laser scribing shows a promising approach for large-scale fabrication of wearable devices. © 2001-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Humidity sensors

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Reconfigurable Radiation-Hardened SRAM Cell Design for Different Radiation Environments

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IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated circuits and systems 2025年

作者： Bai, Na Wang, Fudong Xu, Yaohua Wang, Shaowei Wen, Xiaoqing Anhui University School of Integrated Circuits Hefei230601 China Kyushu Institute of Technology School of Computer Science and Systems Engineering Fukuoka8208502 Japan

This paper proposes a novel and effective 14T (14-transistors) reconfigurable radiation-hardened static-random access-memory (SRAM) cell design under the SMIC 65nm process, featuring a unique memory reconfigurability architecture with two operation modes, namely the high reliability (HR) mode and the triple-time memory (TTM) mode for meeting different radiation environmental requirements. The proposed HR mode provides strong protection of the memory arrays in harsh radiation environments. Compared with the traditional triple modular redundancy (TMR) structure, the proposed HR mode reduces area overhead by 30%, delay by 37%, and power consumption by 16%. The TTM mode uses the EN (enable) circuit to expand the capacity threefold in less harsh radiation environments, avoiding the area wastage caused by the traditional TMR structure. By implementing the two innovative operation modes, the proposed design overcomes the limitations of the traditional TMR structure, reducing area overhead while retaining the radiation hardening capability. In addition, this paper presents a mode-switching mechanism composed of a detection circuit and an EN circuit. The detection circuit can detect errors in the reconfigurable architecture. With the proposed mode-switching mechanism, two operation modes can switch in response to different radiation environments. Besides, to ensure the normal operations of the TTM mode in radiation environments, the proposed 14T cell serves as a bitcell in the memory reconfigurable architecture. Compared with typical existing designs, such as radiation-hardened based design (RHBD), writability enhanced (WE-Quatro), and dual interlocked storage cell (DICE) cells, the proposed 14T cell design has better delay, critical charge, and HSNM. © 1982-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Radiation hardening

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A Systematic Design Method Based on Vector Analysis for mmW DCML Divider

A Systematic Design Method Based on Vector Analysis for mmW ...

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IEEE Annual Conference on Wireless and Microwave Technology (WAMICON)

作者： Wangming Liu Wenbo Guo Chunqi Shi Jinghong Chen Runxi Zhang Institute of Microelectronic Circuits and Systems East China Normal University Shanghai China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Houston Houston TX USA

ISBN: (数字)9798331509606

ISBN: (纸本)9798331509613

The traditional RC delay model and the small-signal model do not suffice for a precise analysis of the dynamic current mode logic (DCML) divider in the millimeter-wave (mmW) frequency band. This paper explores the current vector model and examines the prerequisites for the proper functioning of the DCML, including phase, gain, and amplitude aspects, using expressions and vector diagrams as references. To fulfill the frequency division requirements of mmW ultra-wideband phaselocked loops, a broadband DCML4 divider has been designed based on the aforementioned analysis. Simulation results show that with an input power of -4 dBm, the maximum frequency division range for a single sub-band can reach up to 137.5% (from 5 to 27 GHz). The center frequency is adjusted via biasing, enabling the total frequency coverage to achieve 150% (ranging from 5 to 35 GHz). At a supply voltage of 1.2 V, the average power consumption is only 6.72 mW.

关键词： Wireless communication Analytical models Power demand Systematics Simulation Millimeter wave technology Voltage Frequency conversion Vectors Ultra wideband technology

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Impact of EMI on the Reliability of Crossbar Architecture-based Inference in CMOS Technology

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IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology 2025年

作者： Shivdeep Boyapati, Subrahmanyam Das, Devarshi Mrinal Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Department of Electrical Engineering Punjab Rupnagar140001 India Carinthia University of Applied Sciences Center for Integrated Systems and Circuits Design Austria

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) can compromise the accuracy of inference and, hence, the reliable decision-making of an AI-based autonomous circuit. The summing amplifier at the crossbar’s output converts the weighted sum of currents into voltage. Amplifiers are inherently susceptible to EMI, which induces a DC offset at the output, leading to incorrect summation. This can potentially compromise the reliability of crossbar-based hardware implementing artificial intelligence for mission-critical applications. This paper investigates the EMI susceptibility of amplifiers and crossbar circuits. We have designed the crossbar circuit of size 2×2 using 180 nm CMOS technology to show the EMI-induced offset, considering resistive weights. The effect of weights of the crossbar circuit on the EMI susceptibility is discussed. The EMI-immune amplifier and crossbar circuit design to achieve immunity without trading off the area, power, and complexity is proposed, as these are critical parameters for large crossbar circuits. The problem is illustrated by implementing the 2×2 crossbar circuit with commercial OpAmp ICs. A 7-segment digit recognition application is implemented on a 7×10 crossbar to illustrate the incorrect inference due to EMI susceptibility and made EMI-immune. © 2011-2012 IEEE.

关键词： CMOS integrated circuits

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