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Static hazards of drum filling. II. Electrostatic models: Theory and experiment

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Process Safety Progress 1988年第1期7卷 63-78页

作者： Laurence G. Britton Jack A. Smith Larry Britton earned BS and PhD degrees in Fuel and Combustion Science at Leeds University England. After four years as Research Fellow in Applied Electrostatics at Southampton University he joined Union Carbide's Safety Research Laboratory in 1981 and is currently a Project Scientist. He is a Fellow of the Institute of Energy a Member of AIChE and the Combustion Institute and is a Chartered Engineer in the UK. He was cowinner of the AIChE “Bill Doyle” Award in 1987. Larry serves on the “Classification and Properties of Flammable Liquids” and “Properties of Hazardous Chemicals” committees of the NFPA. Jack Smith is a staff engineer for the Applied Mathematics and Process Simulation group of Central Research and Engineering at Union Carbide specializing in software development for engineering workstations and computational chemistry. He holds M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Florida in chemical physics and a B.S. from Purdue University in chemistry and mathematics.

For drum filling, a demarcation of 50 pS/m (below which a liquid may accumulate hazardous static in a grounded drum) is conservative and takes account of the effects of temperature and/or charge density on relaxation rate. The worst-case conductivity as regards static accumulation rate is about 0.5 pS/m, but in practice this should not correspond to the worst-case charge generation rate. Published forms of the Schon equation are not conservative for smooth-bore pipes and hoses; a new equation is proposed. Certain rough-bore hoses containing an inner grounding spiral can generate almost as much charge as a microfilter. Theory and experiment are discussed with reference to published Codes and Guidelines; attention is given to filter placement and drum linings.

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Multiphase Flow Effects on Mixed Convection in an Irregular Hexagonal Cavity Filled with Hybrid Nanofluid: Numerical Simulation and Statistical Analysis

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SSRN

SSRN 2024年

作者： Shahid, Muhammad Ashhad Dayer, Mojtaba Hashim, Ishak Ali, Haris ur-Rahim, Moheez Qadri, Syed Shah Sultan Mohiuddin Momani, Shaher Department of Mathematical Sciences Faculty of Science & Technology Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Selangor Bangi43600 Malaysia Department of Basic Sciences DHA Suffa University Sindh Karachi75500 Pakistan Solar Energy Research Institute Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Selangor Bangi43600 Malaysia Ajman University PO Box 346 Ajman United Arab Emirates Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Selangor Bangi43600 Malaysia Department of Sciences & Humanities National University of Computing and Emerging Sciences-FAST Sindh Karachi Pakistan Department of Industrial Engineering Çankaya University Ankara Turkey Department of Mathematics Faculty of Science University of Jordan Amman11942 Jordan

The behavior of fluids inside the cavity with distinct specifications is crucial for convective heat transfer. This insight is essential to improve the performance of engineering systems. The primary focus of the current research is to numerically investigate the behavior of hybrid-nanofluid, considering multiphase flow within the irregular hexagonal cavity. The irregular hexagonal cavity is equipped with double lid-driven walls to facilitate mixed convection, along with a thermal obstacle inside the cavity. The cavity is filled with hybrid nanofluid. The governing equations for laminar flow with multiphase diffusivity effects are transformed into dimensionless form using appropriate dimensionless parameters. The Buongiorno’s model is employed to account for multiphase flow considerations. The Rayleigh number, dimensionless velocity, inclination of cold walls, and position of thermal block inside the cavity are considered as input parameters. The Galerkin’s weighted residual method is applied to solve the derived dimensionless equations subject to geometry-specific boundary conditions. The Newton Raphson’s method is also implemented to mitigate the non-linearity effect of the momentum equation. The obtained results are presented in the form of streamlines, isothermal lines and normalized solid volume fraction. The study achieved a peak Nusselt number (Nu) of 6.4376, a pivotal insight for optimizing and advancing systems reliant on convective heat transfer. Furthermore, a statistical analysis is conducted on the Nusselt number data obtained from the numerical solution, all the parameters are found to be significant. A novel predictive equation is derived, demonstrating a high level of accuracy in Nu values. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Multiphase flow

MHD Effect on Nano-Maxwell fluid with Cobalt nanoparticles passing over a Plate with Porous medium

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2019年第1期1366卷

作者： Sidra Aman Abid Hussanan Zulkhibri Ismail Mohd Zuki Salleh Applied and Industrial Mathematics Research Group Centre for Mathematical Sciences Universiti Malaysia Pahang 26300 UMP Kuantan Pahang Malaysia Faculty of Mathematics and Statistics Ton Duc Thang University Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Vietnam Division of Computational Mathematics and Engineering Institute for Computational Science Ton Duc Thang University Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Vietnam

This article presents the study on the flow of Nano-Maxwell fluids with cobalt nanoparticles over a vertical plate in a porous medium. Free convection flow and magnetic effects are influencing the flow. The present problem is modelled in terms of PDE's with boundary conditions. Non-dimensional variables are interposed to transform the governing equations into dimensionless form. The resulting equations are tackled via Laplace transform technique. Exact solutions are evaluated for velocity and temperature. These solutions are significantly controlled by some parameters involved. The present outcomes are compared with previous published results and briefly explained. Increasing the amount of cobalt nanoparticles in the Maxwell fluid causes enhancement in the thermal conductivity, the viscosity forces tend to strengthen as the fluids becomes denser.

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Classical information theory of networks

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arXiv 2019年

作者： Radicchi, Filippo Krioukov, Dmitri Hartle, Harrison Bianconi, Ginestra Center for Complex Networks and Systems Research School of Informatics Computing and Engineering Indiana University BloomingtonIN47408 United States Network Science Institute Northeastern University BostonMA022115 United States Department of Physics Department of Mathematics Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Northeastern University BostonMA02115 United States Department of Physics Northeastern University BostonMA02115 United States School of Mathematical Sciences Queen Mary University of London LondonE1 4NS United Kingdom Alan Turing Institute LondonNW1 2DB United Kingdom

Heterogeneity is among the most important features characterizing real-world networks. Empirical evidence in support of this fact is unquestionable. Existing theoretical frameworks justify heterogeneity in networks as a convenient way to enhance desirable systemic features, such as robustness, synchronizability and navigability. However, a unifying information theory able to explain the natural emergence of heterogeneity in complex networks does not yet exist. Here, we fill this gap of knowledge by developing a classical information theoretical framework for networks. We show that among all degree distributions that can be used to generate random networks, the one emerging from the principle of maximum entropy is a power law. We also study spatially embedded networks finding that the interactions between nodes naturally lead to nonuniform distributions of points in the space. The pertinent features of real-world air transportation networks are well described by the proposed framework. Copyright © 2019, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Information theory

Discovery of smectic charge and pair-density-wave orders in topological monolayer 1T′-MoTe2

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Wei, Li-Xuan Xiao, Peng-Cheng Li, Fangsen Wang, Li Deng, Bo-Yuan Cheng, Fang-Jun Zheng, Fa-Wei Hao, Ning Zhang, Ping Ma, Xu-Cun Xue, Qi-Kun Song, Can-Li State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics Department of Physics Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China School of Physics and Physical Engineering Qufu Normal University Qufu273165 China Vacuum Interconnected Nanotech Workstation Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences Suzhou215123 China Key Lab of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement School of Physics Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing100081 China Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions High Magnetic Field Laboratory HFIPS Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei230031 China Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics Beijing100088 China Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information Beijing100084 China Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering Department of Physics Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen518055 China Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences Beijing100193 China

Symmetry-breaking phenomena are observed in numerous strongly-correlated systems including high-temperature superconductors. However, identifying these exotic phases and understanding their interplay with superconductivity in topological materials remain challenging. Here we employ a cryogenic scanning tunneling microscopy to discover a unidirectional (striped) charge order (CO) and a primary pair-density-wave (PDW) in topological monolayer 1T′-MoTe2. The two orders are spatially modulated uniaxially and share the same periodicity of five-unit cells or a wavevector QC ͌ QP ͌ (0, 0.4)π/b (b is the lattice constant along the Mo chains). Importantly, the primary PDW state features a two-gap superconductivity below the transition temperature of 6.0 K and induces another unique particle-hole-symmetric CO at twice the PDW wavevector. Combining these results and our density functional calculations, we reveal that the two striped orders are primarily driven by nesting behaviors between electron and hole pockets. Our findings establish monolayer 1T′-MoTe2 as a topological paradigm for exploring multiple preexisting symmetry-breaking states. © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： Monolayers

Dynamic ¹³C Flux Analysis Captures the Reorganization of Adipocyte Glucose Metabolism in Response to Insulin (vol 23, 100855, 2020)

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Iscience 2020年第12期23卷 100855页

作者： Quek, Lake-Ee Krycer, James R. Ohno, Satoshi Yugi, Katsuyuki Fazakerley, Daniel J. Scalzo, Richard Elkington, Sarah D. Dai, Ziwei Hirayama, Akiyoshi Ikeda, Satsuki Shoji, Futaba Suzuki, Kumi Locasale, Jason W. Soga, Tomoyoshi James, David E. Kuroda, Shinya Charles Perkins Centre The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia School of Mathematics and Statistics The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia Sydney Medical School The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia Department of Biological Sciences Graduate School of Science University of Tokyo Hongo 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia Institute for Advanced Biosciences Keio University Tsuruoka Yamagata 997-0052 Japan YCI Laboratory for Trans-Omics Young Chief Investigator Program RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho Tsurumi-ku Yokohama Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology Duke University School of Medicine Duke University Durham NC 27710 USA AMED-CREST AMED 1-7-1 Otemachi Chiyoda-Ku Tokyo 100-0004 Japan Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences Graduate School of Frontier Sciences University of Tokyo 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa Chiba 277-8562 Japan CREST Japan Science and Technology Agency Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan

Cellular metabolism is dynamic, but quantifying non-steady metabolic fluxes by stable isotope tracers presents unique computational challenges. Here, we developed an efficient 13 C-tracer dynamic metabolic flux analysis (13C-DMFA) framework for modeling central carbon fluxes that vary over time. We used B-splines to generalize the flux parameterization system and to improve the stability of the optimization algorithm. As proof of concept, we investigated how 3T3-L1 cultured adipocytes acutely metabolize glucose in response to insulin. Insulin rapidly stimulates glucose uptake, but intracellular pathways responded with differing speeds and magnitudes. Fluxes in lower glycolysis increased faster than those in upper glycolysis. Glycolysis fluxes rose disproportionally larger and faster than the tricarboxylic acid cycle, with lactate a primary glucose end product. The uncovered array of flux dynamics suggests that glucose catabolism is additionally regulated beyond uptake to help shunt glucose into appropriate pathways. This work demonstrates the value of using dynamic intracellular fluxes to understand metabolic function and pathway regulation.

关键词： Biological sciences Flux Data Metabolomics Metabolic Flux Analysis

Generalized word shift graphs: A method for visualizing and explaining pairwise comparisons between texts

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arXiv 2020年

作者： Gallagher, Ryan J. Frank, Morgan R. Mitchell, Lewis Schwartz, Aaron J. Reagan, Andrew J. Danforth, Christopher M. Dodds, Peter Sheridan Network Science Institute Northeastern University BostonMA02115 United States Department of Informatics and Networked Systems University of Pittsburgh PittsburghPA15260 United States Connection Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02139 United States Institute for Human-Centered Artifical Intelligence Stanford University StanfordCA94305 United States School of Mathematical Sciences The University of Adelaide SA5005 Australia Computational Story Lab Vermont Complex Systems Center Vermont Advanced Computing Core The University of Vermont BurlingtonVT05401 United States Gund Institute for Environment & Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources The University of Vermont BurlingtonVT05401 United States Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado at Boulder BoulderCO80309 United States MassMutual Data Science AmherstMA01002 United States MassMutual Center of Excellence for Complex Systems and Data Science Department of Mathematics and Statistics The University of Vermont BurlingtonVT05401 United States

A common task in computational text analyses is to quantify how two corpora differ according to a measurement like word frequency, sentiment, or information content. However, collapsing the texts' rich stories into a single number is often conceptually perilous, and it is difficult to confidently interpret interesting or unexpected textual patterns without looming concerns about data artifacts or measurement validity. To better capture fine-grained differences between texts, we introduce generalized word shift graphs, visualizations which yield a meaningful and interpretable summary of how individual words contribute to the variation between two texts for any measure that can be formulated as a weighted average. We show that this framework naturally encompasses many of the most commonly used approaches for comparing texts, including relative frequencies, dictionary scores, and entropy-based measures like the Kullback-Leibler and Jensen-Shannon divergences. Through several case studies, we demonstrate how generalized word shift graphs can be flexibly applied across domains for diagnostic investigation, hypothesis generation, and substantive interpretation. By providing a detailed lens into textual shifts between corpora, generalized word shift graphs help computational social scientists, digital humanists, and other text analysis practitioners fashion more robust scientific narratives. Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

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XAI for Cybersecurity: State of the Art, Challenges, Open Issues and Future Directions

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Srivastava, Gautam Jhaveri, Rutvij H. Bhattacharya, Sweta Pandya, Sharnil Rajeswari Maddikunta, Praveen Kumar Reddy Yenduri, Gokul Hall, Jon G. Alazab, Mamoun Gadekallu, Thippa Reddy Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Brandon University BrandonMBR7A 6A9 Canada Department of Computer Science and Engineering School of Technology Pandit Deendayal Energy University Gujarat Gandhinagar382007 India School of Information Technology Vellore Institute of Technology Tamilnadu Vellore632014 India Symbiosis Institute of Technology Symbiosis International Deemed University Maharashtra Pune412115 India School of Computing & Communications The Open University Kents Hill Milton Keynes MK7 6AA United Kingdom Charles Darwin University Ellengowan Dr Casuarina NT0810 Australia

In the past few years, artificial intelligence (AI) techniques have been implemented in almost all verticals of human life. However, the results generated from the AI models often lag explainability. AI models often appear as a blackbox wherein developers are unable to explain or trace back the reasoning behind a specific decision. Explainable AI (XAI) is a rapid growing field of research which helps to extract information and also visualize the results generated with an optimum transparency. The present study provides and extensive review of the use of XAI in cybersecurity. Cybersecurity enables protection of systems, networks and programs from different types of attacks. The use of XAI has immense potential in predicting such attacks. The paper provides a brief overview on cybersecurity and the various forms of attack. Then the use of traditional AI techniques and its associated challenges are discussed which opens its doors towards use of XAI in various applications. The XAI implementations of various research projects and industry are also presented. Finally, the lessons learnt from these applications are highlighted which act as a guide for future scope of research. © 2022, CC BY.

关键词： Cybersecurity

Experimental implementation of an efficient test of quantumness

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Lewis, Laura Zhu, Daiwei Gheorghiu, Alexandru Noel, Crystal Katz, Or Harraz, Bahaa Wang, Qingfeng Risinger, Andrew Feng, Lei Biswas, Debopriyo Egan, Laird Vidick, Thomas Cetina, Marko Monroe, Christopher Institute for Quantum Information and Matter Department of Computing and Mathematical Sciences California Institute of Technology CA91125 United States Division of Physics Mathematics and Astronomy California Institute of Technology CA91125 United States Joint Quantum Institute Departments of Physics and Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Maryland College ParkMD20742 United States Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science NIST University of Maryland College ParkMD20742 United States IonQ Inc. College ParkMD20740 United States Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Maryland College ParkMD20742 United States Institute for Theoretical Studies ETH Zürich CH 8001 Switzerland Duke Quantum Center Department of Physics Duke University DurhamNC27708 United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Duke University DurhamNC27708 United States Chemical Physics Program Institute for Physical Science and Technology University of Maryland College ParkMD20742 United States

A test of quantumness is a protocol where a classical user issues challenges to a quantum device to determine if it exhibits non-classical behavior, under certain cryptographic assumptions. Recent attempts to implement such tests on current quantum computers rely on either interactive challenges with efficient verification, or non-interactive challenges with inefficient (exponential time) verification. In this paper, we execute an efficient non-interactive test of quantumness on an ion-trap quantum computer. Our results significantly exceed the bound for a classical device’s success. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Qubits