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Exploration of alzheimer disease using design of experiments

Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年第3期84卷 1079-1101页

作者： Gupta, Pranav Pandey, Kavita Gupta, Sanskar Department of Computer Science & Engineering and Information Technology Jaypee Institute of Information Technology Noida India

This study examines the use of experimental designs, specifically full and fractional factorial designs, for predicting Alzheimer’s disease with fewer variables. The full factorial design systematically investigates the effects of selected factors, providing a comprehensive analysis of their individual and interactive impacts on Alzheimer’s prediction. On the other hand, the fractional factorial design simplifies the model by selecting key factors and removing non-significant ones. For Alzheimer’s, among all the factors examined, the MMSE (Mini-mental state Examination) score emerged as the most significant, which was further cross-validated using Minitab Software Analysis. Importantly, the findings suggest that the fractional factorial design is a better alternative, particularly when time and cost constraints are present. The results highlight the effectiveness and efficiency of these experimental designs, demonstrating their potential for early detection, prevention, and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. By contributing to the expanding knowledge base on experimental designs in medical research, this study emphasizes their crucial role in understanding and combating complex diseases like Alzheimer’s. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Design of experiments

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Complex preference analysis: a score-based evaluation strategy for ranking and comparison of the evolutionary algorithms

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Soft Computing 2025年第4期29卷 1967-1980页

作者： Sarkar, Debojyoti Biswas, Anupam Department of Computer Science and Engineering National Institute of Technology Silchar Assam Silchar788010 India

In this paper, an evaluation strategy is proposed for evaluation of optimization algorithms, called the Complex Preference Analysis, that assesses the efficiency of different evolutionary algorithms by considering multiple performance metrics concurrently across diverse dimensions and generating a single score for ranking. The proposed strategy allows for a thorough evaluation by assigning distinct priorities in the form of weights, to various performance parameters. The algorithm’s performances on each performance parameter are captured and the best and worst performances in each performance category are identified. The deviation of each algorithm from the best and worst performances in the respective performance category is formulated to generate a single score for each of the algorithms for comparison. The flexibility to adjust weights provides a valuable tool for customizing evaluations according to individual needs and preferences. The proposed evaluation strategy is studied by running evaluations on nine evolutionary algorithms based on their performance over five performance indicators on six datasets of the Travelling Salesman Problem. Conducting Complex Preference Analysis on the different evolutionary algorithms reveals distinctive patterns in their performance, with some algorithms such as Simulated Annealing, Tabu Search, Bat Algorithm, Genetic Algorithm, etc. consistently demonstrating superior results across multiple Travelling Salesman Problem instances, while other algorithms such as Ant Colony Optimization, Teaching Learning Based Optimization, etc. rank lower. The algorithms’ performances on individual performance parameters, when reflected on the final rank of the algorithms, generated based on the collective impact of all the parameters, elucidate the efficiency of the proposed evaluation strategy. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Optimization algorithms

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Imbalanced multilabel retinal disease classification using threshold moving and ensemble learning

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Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年 1-19页

作者： Pendharkar, Gaurav Balaji, Sudharshanan Kumar, B. Muhesh Malathi, G. School of Computer Science and Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology Tamil Nadu Chennai600127 India

Billions of people worldwide are affected by vision impairment majorly caused due to age-related degradation and refractive errors. Diabetic Retinopathy(DR) and Macular Hole(MH) are among the most prevalent senescent retinal diseases. Machine Intelligence can assist ophthalmologists and clinicians in fast and accurate disease diagnosis by identifying patterns in disease progression for a better healthcare system. In this paper, the Retinal Fundus Multi-disease Image Dataset (RFMiD) is used to design a machine intelligence system with two chief components namely a disease risk classifier, and a multi-label classifier. The disease risk classifier predicts whether the retinal fundus image is infected or not. Based on the prediction of the disease risk classifier, a multi-label classifier can be applied to obtain probabilities for the susceptibility to DR and MH. Finally, an ensemble is employed with the best of 3 models for each classifier. The disease riskpredictor attained a peak F1-score of 88%, while the multi-label classifier achieved an Area Under the Curve(AUC) score of 86%. However, the individual binary classifiers for DR and MH reached maximum F-scores of 91% and 93%, respectively. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Risk perception

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Text steganography: enhanced character-level embedding algorithm using font attribute with increased resilience to statistical attacks

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Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年第11期84卷 9367-9392页

作者： KL, Shreya Narasimhan R, Bala Krishnan Department of Computer Science and Engineering National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu Tiruchirappalli India

Text steganography, the science of hiding secret messages in innocent-looking text documents ensures the secrecy of the embedded secret. Cryptography, on the other hand, encrypts and converts the secret message into an unintelligible form ensuring confidentiality, integrity, and authentication of the message. It is to be noted that both steganography and cryptography are expected to work together hand-in-hand in order to attain a better security. Hence, a methodology that combines techniques from both steganography and cryptography is an unavoidable one for the complete protection of sensitive data. This paper aims to achieve one such methodology. The best existing method which works in similar direction is observed to use character spacing feature of text documents to embed the secrets. The method is reported to attain an average embedding capacity of ≈2 bits/cover-character and 8-bits/distortion with high imperceptibility and considerable cryptographic security. However, during experimentation, it is noticed that the methodology has the potential vulnerability of leaving clues for attackers with a probability of 0.51% which paves way for possible statistical attacks namely frequency analysis. This vulnerability occurred because of the constant left circular shift operation that is performed after embedding each secret character. This paper aims to address this vulnerability by proposing a novel modification that facilitates the methodology to perform both left and right circular shifts in an unbiased manner, based on the embedded secret, without affecting the notable achievements of the existing methodology. The proposed modification is successfully implemented, and further analysis indicated that the performed modification has in fact embedded the secret characters uniformly thereby reducing the standard deviation by 24%. This increased the resilience of the extended method to potential attacks that rely on statistical techniques. © The Author(s), under exclusive

关键词： Cryptography

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Hierarchical blockchain-based secure data storage in cloud using Merkle tree approach

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International Journal of Cloud Computing 2024年第6期13卷 605-626页

作者： Bruno, Judy Flavia Chelliah, Balika J. Department of Computer Science and Engineering SRM Institute of Science and Technology Ramapuram Tamil Nadu Chennai India

An authenticated manager must reinforce huge applications and operating systems, keeping information in the cloud while resisting potentially unreliable service providers. This article explores the presence of multiple service providers based on the cloud to store and manage customer information. It has investigated the creation of an optimal system for shared cloud storage to facilitate flexible operations and information migration. This paper uses the Merkle tree approach to describe the experimental outcomes and designs of security systems provided by blockchain in cloud computing. We proposed that good authenticity and security be implemented with minimal significant degradation. The method was based on the position of the conscious Merkle tree that employs a three-tuple technique that has proven reliable in terms of authentication and encryption of security functions. The proposed system performance was measured by parameters such as retrieval time of information in blockchain technology, cost of storage, and average time with conventional information storage methods. The results indicate that the proposed blockchain technology solution has a response time almost 50% faster than conventional methods. Also, it claims that the storage cost would be around 20% lower. Copyright © 2024 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

关键词： Cloud storage

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Feedback-based trust module for IoT networks using machine learning

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International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Computing 2024年第1期27卷 78-91页

作者： Iqbal, Sania Qureshi, Shaima Department of Computer Science and Engineering National Institute of Technology Jammu & Kashmir Srinagar India

The increasing emergence of IoT in healthcare, industrial automation, manufacturing, infrastructure, business and the home undoubtedly provides more conveniences in different aspects of human life. Any IoT security and trust solution must consider the heterogeneity and mobility of IoT devices, and the features of other devices connected to the network. Traditional security measures face computation, storage and communication challenges in securing IoT, and the increasing reliance on IoT services and applications has exacerbated this issue. It is crucial to identify a security management model to handle these constraints. Trust as a security regime in the IoT has far-reaching implications. This paper proposes a novel trust-based security mechanism by combining machine learning and traditional summations to determine a node’s trustworthiness in an IoT environment in milliseconds. Based on this, a computational trust management model is designed by aggregating direct and feedback-based trust information. The model parameters like the trust breach window and trust re-initiation point are selected based on extensive experimentation to dynamically calculate each node’s trust value to reach the proposed model’s peak performance. The model’s effectiveness is verified through simulation. In 500 iterations, the proposed model achieved 97% accuracy with a run time of 0.37 seconds. Copyright © 2024 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

关键词： Network security

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Leveraging Network Slicing in SDNs for Handling Application Failures

IAENG International Journal of Computer Science

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IAENG International Journal of computer science 2024年第4期51卷 409-421页

作者： Lokesh, Bommareddy Rajagopalan, Narendran School of Computer Science and Engineering VIT-AP University Andhra Pradesh Amaravati522237 India Department of Computer Science and Engineering National Institute of Technology Puducherry Karaikal609609 India

Unlike traditional networks, Software-defined networks (SDNs) provide an overall view and centralized control of all the devices in the network. SDNs enable the network administrator to implement the network policy by programming applications on top of the SDN controller using generic APIs. One or more controller instances can be deployed to administer the data flow by maintaining unified control of the entire network. The controller is expected to respond quickly to queries from forwarding devices. Presuming quick responses from the controller while enforcing a complex security mechanism is unreasonable. In this paper, the authors propose a unique, adaptive, lightweight, yet efficient technique called ISOLATOR to mitigate the effect of insider attacks and malfunctioning of distributed applications in an SDN-enabled cloud. The proposed security application upon detecting any suspicious activity by a virtual machine, isolates it by removing the interface to its respective shared network and reconnects it through a restricted network operating in a highly selective mode. By subjecting the data traffic to deep packet inspection, the restricted network searches for a match with a known worm pattern. The application is programmed for the OpenDayLight controller and the results show a significant improvement in identifying malicious activities with minimal latency and computational cost. © (2024), (International Association of Engineers). All Rights Reserved.

关键词： Controllers

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A Novel Music Recommendation System Using Filtering Techniques

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Informatica (Slovenia) 2024年第4期48卷 595-610页

作者： Vashishtha, Srishti Varshney, Deepika Sarin, Eva Kaur, Simran Computer Science and Engineering Dept. Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Engineering GGSIPU New Delhi India Computer Science and Engineering Dept. Jaypee Institute of Information Technology Noida India

With the growth of the World Wide Web, a large amount of music data is available on the Internet. A large number of people listen to music online rather than downloading and listening offline. But only some sites provide personalized and accurately recommended songs while they listen to an auto-playing playlist. Hence the need for recommendation systems arises. Two approaches can be applied to the recommendation system: content based filtering and collaborative filtering. While in content-based filtering approach, analysis on the songs’ content which has been preferred by the user in history is done and the songs with relative similarity are recommended. While latter suggests songs that certain users of similar listening pattern have preferred. But collaborative filtering-based recommendation systems not only requires time to attain stability but also might recommend unsuitable music because it is not personalized to each user’s preference. Also, the latter requires the songs to be listened by a few users already to recommend it any other user. Hence for overall analysis, answers to few questions need to be implemented in recommendation systems: the very first one is how the properties should be analyzed, next one is how the analysis should be done and last is how the songs related to the user’s preference should be chosen. So, for suggesting the better system which solves these three questions as well as provides better and personalized recommendations, In this paper we build a collaborative filtering as well as content based filtering recommendation system, where various factors determine the essence of the songs, i.e. liveliness, keys used, loudness, pitch, valence, etc., are analyzed for comparison. From the experimental analysis in has been identified that content-based filtering technique performed best on KNN machine learning classifier with accuracy of 85%. © 2024 Slovene Society Informatika. All rights reserved.

关键词： Collaborative filtering

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Leveraging Transfer Learning for Efficient Diagnosis of COPD Using CXR Images and Explainable AI Techniques

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Inteligencia Artificial 2024年第74期27卷 133-151页

作者： Ikechukwu, Agughasi Victor Department of Computer Science & Engineering Maharaja Institute of Technology Karnataka Mysore571477 India

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a predominant global health concern, ranking third in mortality rates, yet frequently remains undiagnosed until its advanced stages. Given its prevalence, the need for innovative and widely accessible diagnostic tools has never been more paramount. While spirometry tests serve as conventional diagnostic benchmarks, their reach remains limited, especially in regions with constrained medical resources. The presented research harnesses deep learning algorithms to facilitate early-stage COPD detection, specifically targeting Chest X-rays (CXRs). The clinically annotated VinDR-CXR dataset provides the primary foundation for model training, complemented by incorporating the ChestX-ray14 dataset for initial model pre-training. Such a dualdataset strategy augments model generalization and adaptability. Among several explored Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures, the Xception model emerges as a frontrunner. Through transfer learning methodologies, this model produces a noteworthy recall rate of 98.2%, markedly surpassing the metrics of the ResNet50 model. Recognizing the imperative for transparency in AI applications in medical imaging, the research integrates essential explainability approaches viz: Gradient Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP). These techniques elucidate the AI’s decision-making process, offering invaluable visual and analytical insights for fostering trust among medical professionals. In essence, this study not only underscores the potential of integrating AI with medical imaging for COPD detection but also accentuates the pivotal role of transparency in AI-driven medical interventions. © IBERAMIA and the authors.

关键词： Decision making

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A brief review on Quantum Key Distribution Protocols

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Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年 1-40页

作者： Kumar, Mandeep Mondal, Bhaskar Department of Computer Science & Engineering National Institute of Technology Patna Bihar Patna800005 India

Development in Quantum computing paves the path to Quantum key distribution (QKD) by using the principles of quantum physics. QKD enables two remote parties to produce and share secure keys while removing all computing constraints on an adversary. The basic physics laws are used to identify any outside parties eavesdropping on the key exchange. In recent years many revolutionary developments in the field of QKD have been developed to overcome security and networking constraints. This survey provides an overview of the QKD protocol’s evolution and quantum network architecture. The paper also demonstrates QKD deployment techniques and elements of the QKD network. It also highlights ongoing design challenges by considering security and error estimation and correction, in contrast to studies concentrating on optical channels and equipment. Finally, this paper examines the possible directions for future research and offers design principles to guide the development of QKD and its related area. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Quantum computers

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