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A comprehensive survey of image compression methods: from prediction models to advanced techniques

Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年 1-39页

作者： Devadason, Joshua Rajah D, Aju School of Computer Science and Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore India

Images are used widely nowadays. Images are used in many fields such as medicine to terrain mapping. There is a need to compress the images and represent them in shorter form for effective transmission. Several techniques are reviewed in this paper. The first group of techniques is the data compression technique. The data compression methods are Huffman encoding, Lempel–Ziv Welch (LZW), arithmetic encoding, run length encoding, and Shannon-Fano encoding. The second group of methods is prediction, here the neighboring pixels are utilized in the prediction of the present pixel and the error is encoded using an entropy encoder. In wavelet-based techniques, the source image is transformed from the spatial domain to the wavelet domain, and the coefficients are encoded. In learning-based techniques, a neural network is used to model the image data for compression. Fractal encoding is a compression method that searches for similar blocks in an image and compresses the difference between the blocks. With an average bitrate of 4.87 bpp (bits per pixel) on the first 10 photos of the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) image collection, the results indicate that LZW is the top performing data compression technique among the data compression techniques. In prediction-based techniques, Context Adaptive Lossless Image Codec (CALIC) is the best performing with 3.5 bpp. The modern neural method, compressive autoencoder outperforms established methods such as Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG), by achieving a PSNR of 35 on the Kodak dataset compared with 32 PSNR on the same dataset at 1.0 bpp. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Pixels

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Phrase-level emotion intensity detection of text using lexicon-based unit circle and pipelined neural networks approaches

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Neural Computing and Applications 2025年第5期37卷 3151-3166页

作者： Patil, Bhuvaneshwari Ajit Vadlakunta, Vishnu Vardhan Guruvu, Poojaa Pranathi Mathew, Meenu Prakash, Jay Computer Science and Engineering National Institute of Technology Calicut Kozhikode India

Emotions have a significant impact on how people make decisions. Due to its potential applications in various fields, emotion intensity detection has attracted a lot of attention recently. Several methods have been proposed in the past using natural language processing to recognize emotions from the text. These methods include the keyword-based approach, the lexicon-based approach and the machine learning approaches. Nevertheless, there were a few limitations with the lexicon-based unit circle approach, as it focuses on detecting emotion intensity at the word-level. This research proposes an integrated model by considering the advantages of the lexicon-based unit circle and pipelined neural networks approaches. The model is trained on a large corpus of text data. The proposed approach aims to determine emotion intensity, analyzing text at the phrase-level, thereby achieving higher performance in terms of accuracy and F1-score compared to other models. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Neural networks

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Emotion mining for early suicidal threat detection on both social media and suicide notes using context dynamic masking-based transformer with deep learning

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Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年第13期84卷 11729-11752页

作者： Kodati, Dheeraj Tene, Ramakrishnudu Department of Computer Science and Engineering National Institute of Technology Warangal India

Suicide represents a poignant societal issue deeply entwined with mental well-being. While existing research primarily focuses on identifying suicide-related texts, there is a gap in the advanced detection of mental health states leading to suicidal tendencies. The purpose is to recognize the emotions influencing individuals’ mental states, potentially leading to suicidal behavior. This study seeks to identify specific emotions like anger, depression, anxiety, guilt, fear, stress, and sadness within suicide-related texts sourced from both social media and suicide notes. We introduce a novel suicide severity assessment method emphasizing emotion detection across categories like suicidal ideation, suicide planning, attempted, committed, suicide notes, describing, and cannot dare. By identifying high-intensity negative emotions, our approach enables early detection of potential suicide threats. Existing studies often struggle to capture nuances and semantic relationships, particularly in suicide-related contexts. To address this, we propose a context dynamic masking based on bidirectional long short-term memory along with a multi-head self-attention and convolutional neural network (CoDyn-BMHSA-CNN) model, capturing bidirectional contexts and maintaining variable-length sequences. Our model achieves accuracies of 98.2% and 97.4%, with F1 scores of 95.5% and 93.8% for social media and suicide note datasets, respectively. We perform ablation tests to pinpoint the key components of our proposed models. Furthermore, a thorough comparative analysis evaluates the model’s performance across various contexts and platforms. Experimental results illustrate the superior effectiveness of our model in identifying emotions from text sequences compared to state-of-the-art approaches. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Semantics

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Exploring Nonuniform Structure of NSRTDs for Characterizing MACA Rules in the Null-Boundary Condition

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Complex Systems 2025年第1期34卷 91-127页

作者： Hazra, Suvadip Banerjee, Som Dalui, Mamata Chakraborty, Bidesh Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Information Technology Karnataka Dharwad58009 India Department of Computer Science and Engineering National Institute of Technology West Bengal Durgapur713209 India Department of Computer Science and Engineering Haldia Institute of Technology West Bengal Haldia721657 India

The cellular automaton (CA), a discrete model, is gaining popularity in simulations and scientific exploration across various domains, including cryptography, error-correcting codes, VLSI design and test pattern generation. This paper examines a two-state three-neighborhood nonuniform finite CA with a specified number of fixed points. We utilize a graph-based tool known as the next state rule minterm transition diagram (NSRTD) to analyze the spatiotemporal behavior of these cellular automata (CAs) across all lengths. We devise methods for synthesizing nonuniform single length cycle multi-attractor CAs (MACAs), a specialized class of irreversible CA with a predefined number of fixed points for any arbitrary length. Despite the method’s exponential worstcase time complexity, it offers the advantage of selecting rules for each CA cell from a set of candidate rules, ensuring the desired number of fixed points. © 2025, Complex Systems Publications, Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： cellular automata fixed-point attractor length cycle multi-attractor cellular automata MACA next state rule minterm transition diagram NSRTD

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Memory-enhanced text style transfer with dynamic style learning and calibration

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science China(Information sciences) 2024年第4期67卷 181-196页

作者： Fuqiang LIN Yiping SONG Zhiliang TIAN Wangqun CHEN Diwen DONG Bo LIU College of Computer Science and Technology National University of Defense Technology Department of Computer Science and Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Strategic Assessments and Consultation Institute Academy of Military Sciences

Text style transfer aims to rephrase a sentence to match the desired style while retaining the original content. As a controllable text generation task, mainstream approaches use content-independent style embedding as control variables to guide stylistic generation. Nonetheless, stylistic properties are contextsensitive even under the same style. For example, “delicious” and “helpful” convey positive sentiments,although they are more likely to describe food and people, respectively. Therefore, desired style signals must vary with the content. To this end, we propose a memory-enhanced transfer method, which learns fine-grained style representation concerning content to assist transfer. Rather than employing static style embedding or latent variables, our method abstracts linguistic characteristics from training corpora and memorizes subdivided content with the corresponding style representations. The style signal is dynamically retrieved from memory using the content as a query, providing a more expressive and flexible latent style space. To address the imbalance between quantity and quality in different content, we further introduce a calibration method to augment memory construction by modeling the relationship between candidate *** results obtained using three benchmark datasets confirm the superior performance of our model compared to competitive approaches. The evaluation metrics and case study also indicate that our model can generate diverse stylistic phrases matching context.

关键词： style transfer memory-enhanced method text generation deep learning text representation

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Boosting cervical cancer detection with a multi-stage architecture and complementary information fusion

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Soft Computing 2025年第2期29卷 1191-1206页

作者： Sahoo, Pranab Saha, Sriparna Sharma, Saksham Kumar Mondal, Samrat Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Patna India Computer Science University of Maryland Baltimore CountyMD United States

Cervical cancer is one of the most fatal and prevalent illnesses affecting women globally. Early detection of cervical cancer is crucial for effective treatment. Pap smear tests are commonly used, but population-based screening is time-consuming, expensive, and requires expert physicians. computer-aided Diagnosis (CAD) has shown promise in addressing this challenge. However, accurately predicting the disease using a single model can be difficult due to the complex data patterns involved. This research proposes a multi-stage architecture to improve cervical cancer screening. Initially, three pre-trained models are employed for image classification, after which the proposed advanced fusion technique is applied to combine the predictions. Additionally, we introduce a filtering approach in the third stage to refine the predictions. Unlike traditional fusion methods, the proposed architecture considers the confidence score of the base classifiers in making the final predictions on test samples. To enhance the performance of the models, we incorporate advanced augmentation techniques, including CutMix, CutOut, and MixUp. We assessed the performance of the proposed framework using a 5-fold cross-validation technique on two benchmark datasets. We evaluated the performance of the proposed framework through 5-fold cross-validation on two benchmark datasets. Remarkably, our framework achieved a classification accuracy of 97.62% and an F1-score of 97.64% on the SIPaKMeD dataset, demonstrating its effectiveness in accurately categorizing various cell types in the dataset. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Cervical cancer computer-aided detection Deep learning Ensemble learning

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Enhancing sustainable 5G powered agriculture 4.0 : Summary of low power connectivity, internet of UAV things, AI solutions and research trends

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Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年第17期84卷 17389-17433页

作者： Majumdar, Parijata Mitra, Sanjoy Bhattacharya, Diptendu Bhushan, Bharat Department of Computer Science and Engineering Techno College of Engineering Agartala Maheshkhola Madhuban799004 India Department of Computer Science and Engineering Tripura Institute of Technology Agartala Narsingarh Agartala799009 India Department of Computer Science and Engineering National Institute of Technology Agartala Jirania Agartala799046 India Department of Computer Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Technology Sharda University Greater Noida201310 India

Emerging technologies of Agriculture 4.0 such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Cloud Computing, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and 5G network services are being rapidly deployed to address smart farming implementation-related concerns and to fulfill the increasing food demand of the expanding demographics. Adoption of 5G offers numerous benefits including Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) required to reduce communication delays in time-sensitive applications, non-public networks to allocate part of the frequency spectrum on demand, and network slicing to fulfill the diverse requirements requested by a specific application etc. for realizing the full potential of Agriculture 4.0 operations. In this paper, a comprehensive review of 5G radio enhancements, enabling technologies, and multi-tier heterogeneous 5G network architecture are presented. The main focus is to concisely cover AI integration with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) leveraging 5G technologies and Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) for supporting intelligent, long-range, cost-effective and energy-saving data transmission across the network and seamless Agriculture 4.0 operations. Cloud computing architectures that permit centralized management of Agriculture 4.0 operations through sharing of computations, configurable networks, and servers are also studied in detail to reveal the need for edge computation as increasing number of IoT devices allows only to perform complex computations on-site. Extensive survey reveals the recent advances of 5G-enabled Agriculture 4.0 operations, future research opportunities of 5G networks including Energy Harvesting techniques for the deployment of massive to critical IoT applications, and the socio-demographic impacts of 5G networks in Agriculture 4.0 to support ubiquitous connectivity of exponentially increasing IoT devices. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Energy efficiency

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Early Detection of Colletotrichum Kahawae Disease in Coffee Cherry Based on computer Vision Techniques

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computer Modeling in engineering & sciences 2024年第4期139卷 759-782页

作者： Raveena Selvanarayanan Surendran Rajendran Youseef Alotaibi Department of Computer Science and Engineering Saveetha School of EngineeringSaveetha Institute of Medical and Technical ScienceChennai602105India Department of Computer Science College of Computer and Information SystemsUmm Al-Qura UniversityMakkah21955Saudi Arabia

Colletotrichum kahawae(Coffee Berry Disease)spreads through spores that can be carried by wind,rain,and insects affecting coffee plantations,and causes 80%yield losses and poor-quality coffee *** deadly disease is hard to control because wind,rain,and insects carry *** researchers utilized a deep learning system to identify CBD in coffee cherries at three growth stages and classify photographs of infected and uninfected cherries with 93%accuracy using a random forest *** the dataset is too small and noisy,the algorithm may not learn data patterns and generate accurate *** overcome the existing challenge,early detection of Colletotrichum Kahawae disease in coffee cherries requires automated processes,prompt recognition,and accurate *** proposed methodology selects CBD image datasets through four different stages for training and *** to train a model on datasets of coffee berries,with each image labeled as healthy or *** themodel is trained,SHAP algorithmto figure out which features were essential formaking predictions with the proposed *** of these characteristics were the cherry’s colour,whether it had spots or other damage,and how big the Lesions *** inception is important for classification to virtualize the relationship between the colour of the berry is correlated with the presence of *** evaluate themodel’s performance andmitigate excess fitting,a 10-fold cross-validation approach is *** involves partitioning the dataset into ten subsets,training the model on each subset,and evaluating its *** comparison to other contemporary methodologies,the model put forth achieved an accuracy of 98.56%.

关键词： computer vision coffee berry disease colletotrichum kahawae XG boost shapley additive explanations

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A multi-fused convolutional neural network model for fruit image classification

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International Journal of Cognitive Computing in engineering 2024年第1期5卷 416-424页

作者： Sinha, Bam Bahadur Dhanalakshmi, R. Computer Science and Engineering National Institute of Technology Sikkim 737139 India Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Information Technology Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu 620012 India

Fruit categorization presents a significant challenge due to the diverse range of fruit types and their similarities in color, shape, size, and structure. This challenge is addressed in this research by proposing a multi-fused CNN approach that integrates three state-of-the-art deep learning models, namely EfficientNet-B0, MobileNetV2, and ResNet50V2, into a unified pipeline. The primary objective is to enhance prediction accuracy and mitigate overfitting issues commonly encountered with conventional techniques. Utilizing the Fruit-360 dataset (both small and full versions), the proposed multi-fused CNN model demonstrates superior performance, achieving an impressive accuracy rate of 99.32% and 97.15% in classifying fruit types across 24 and 131 different categories, respectively. This substantial improvement underscores the potential of the proposed approach in reliably detecting fruit types. In future work, efforts will be directed towards optimizing the model for enhanced processing speed, facilitating real-time performance in practical applications, particularly in agricultural automation. Additionally, rigorous experiments on diverse real-world fruit images will be conducted to further validate the robustness of the proposed model. © 2024 The Authors

关键词： Fruits

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Enhanced prediction of agricultural CO2 emission using ensemble machine learning-based imputation approach

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Neural Computing and Applications 2024年第36期36卷 22867-22887页

作者： Thendral, M. Sathya Abinaya, S. Devi, M. K. Kavitha Department of Computer Science and Engineering Thiagarajar College of Engineering Madurai625015 India School of Computer Science and Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology Chennai600127 India

The agricultural sector contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, which cause global warming and climate change. Numerous mathematical models have been developed to predict the greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. However, the database utilized for prediction has thousands of missing values and imbalanced data records due to various factors, such as environmental disasters, sensor failure, maintenance issues, and budgetary constraints. Many researchers have either completely discarded records with missing values or have only partially addressed the issue, leading to less precise predictions. This study proposes a machine learning-based ensemble approach that uses multiple imputation by chained equations (MICE), K-nearest neighbors (KNN), and MissForest techniques to impute the missing values by reducing uncertainties and improves robustness in predictions. Furthermore, Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE R) addresses data imbalance in CO2 emissions prediction by generating synthetic data to balance the target variable's distribution in the regression problem. Thereby the proposed SMOTE R and ensemble imputation approach aims to improve prediction accuracy and reliability by tackling data completeness and distribution issues simultaneously. The experiments are conducted on the GRACEnet database shows that the proposed approach outperforms the existing work in measure of R2, MAE, and RMSE metrics. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Greenhouse gas emissions

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