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Innovative applications of black box testing: A new strategy for teaching assessment in higher education1 (March 2025)

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IEEE Access 2025年 13卷 90514-90526页

作者： Wang, Hanjiao Zhang, Yongbin Fu, Xiuli Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing102600 China Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology Department of Information Engineering Beijing102617 China

Grade inflation in traditional teacher-led evaluation methods in higher education undermines the accurate assessment of students' abilities, hinders their subsequent learning and career development, and negatively affects institutions and society. To address this problem, this paper describes an innovative approach that applies the black box testing method, traditionally used in software testing, to the evaluation of college course grades. This method eliminates direct teacher involvement in course teaching and management;instructors design assessment questions solely based on the syllabus to evaluate students' learning outcomes. Using the C language course offered during the spring semester of 2021-2022 for mechanical engineering students at the Beijing institute of Printing as a case study, this research compares student performance under the black box test method with traditional instructor-designed assessments. Results reveal that students scored significantly lower under the black box testing approach, validating its potential to mitigate grade inflation. This study not only highlights a novel application of black box testing in education but also offers a more objective and equitable framework for evaluating academic performance, benefiting students, parents, educational institutions, and society. © 2013 IEEE.

关键词： Black-box testing

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Wearable Saudi Sign Language Recognition Device Based on Neural Network 21

Wearable Saudi Sign Language Recognition Device Based on Neu...

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21st International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals and Devices, SSD 2024

作者： Algahtani, Shouq Zuhairy, Rana Almarghalani, Olla Aljohani, Mawadda Elmanfaloty, Rania A. King Abdulaziz University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Jeddah Saudi Arabia Alexandria Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Alexandria Egypt

ISBN: (纸本)9798350374131

In Saudi Arabia, over 750,000 individuals are deaf or mute, often facing communication barriers due to limited sign language familiarity among the general population. This research introduces a wearable device leveraging neural networks to recog-nize Saudi Sign Language, aiming to bridge this communication gap. The device simultaneously processes data from both hands, integrating inputs from the non-dominant hand with those from the dominant. Three primary phases define the system: data acquisition, machine learning model development, and real-time sign recognition. Data were gathered using electromyography (EMG) and inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors, facilitated by the Arduino IDE, with two Arduino Nano 33 BLE micro-controllers managing collection and transmission. The dataset, comprising 25 signs from four subjects with each sign repeated 20 times, informed the machine learning process. Utilizing Python, a model incorporating dual Convolutional Neural Networks for feature extraction from sensor readings and dense neural networks for training was built. Subsequent sign recognition was realized by deploying the model on Arduino via TensorFlow Lite. Impressively, this innovative system boasts a 92 % accuracy rate, marking a significant stride toward inclusive communication solutions. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Data acquisition

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On the Importance of Trust in Next-Generation Networked Cyber-Physical Systems

On the Importance of Trust in Next-Generation Networked Cybe...

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International Conference on Computing, Networking and communications (ICNC)

作者： Torkzaban, Nariman Gholami, Anousheh Baras, John S. Institute for Systems Research Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering United States

ISBN: (纸本)9798350371000;9798350370997

With 5G and beyond promises to realize massive machine-type communications, a wide range of applications have driven interest in complex heterogeneous networked systems, including multi-agent optimization, large-scale distributed learning, 5G service provisioning, etc. This trend highlights the essence of seamless control, management, and security mechanisms to be in place for the next-generation networked cyber-physical systems (CPS). In this paper, we interpret trust as a relation among networked collaborating entities that can set forth a measure for evaluating the status of network components and secure the execution of the collaborative protocol. In this paper, we will first elaborate on the importance of trust as a metric and then present a mathematical framework for trust computation and aggregation within a network. We consider two use-case examples where trust can be incorporated into the next-generation networked CPS and improve the security of decision-making, i.e. i) federated learning (FL), and ii) network resource provisioning. Finally, we explain the challenges associated with aggregating the trust evidence and briefly explain our ideas to tackle them.

关键词： Cyber-physical systems trust model trusted federated learning trusted network service placement

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Experimental Demonstration of SIC in a Co-linearly Polarised Full-Duplex Antenna for 6G and its Multi-Element Implementation

Experimental Demonstration of SIC in a Co-linearly Polarised...

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2024 IEEE Microwaves, Antennas, and Propagation Conference, MAPCON 2024

作者： Dash, Jogesh Chandra Sarkar, Debdeep Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering National Institute of Technology Rourkela India Department of Electrical Communication Engineering Indian Institute of Science Bengaluru India

ISBN: (纸本)9798350379693

In this paper, we showcase an affordable in-house experimental setup to demonstrate the antenna domain self-interference-cancellation in a co-linearly polarized full-duplex antenna with 1-Tx and 1-Rx configuration. The experimental setup uses off-the-shelf devices such as MATLAB Simulink-operated software-defined radio and spectrum analyser with the developed FD antenna. Experiments are conducted for different propagation environments such as indoor and anechoic chamber to validate the design effectiveness of the developed FD antenna. Further, the FD antenna design is extended to a multi-element configuration having 1-Tx and 2-Rx configurations. |Sij| of less than −30 dB and −70 dB are achieved between 2-Rx antennas and between Tx-Rx for a three-element FD configuration respectively. Further, it is validated using fabrication and measurements. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： MATLAB

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Compact Wideband Antenna Array with DGS-Based Metamaterial for Efficient Smartphone communication and SAR Reduction

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Progress in Electromagnetics Research B 2025年 110卷 15-28页

作者： Megahed, Amany A. Hussein, Amr H. Al-Gburi, Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Elabd, Rania Hamdy Electronic and Communication Department Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology in New Damietta Damietta34517 Egypt Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering Tanta University Egypt Malacca Malaysia Electronics and Communications Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering Horus University Egypt New Damietta Egypt

This study investigates a high-gain, miniaturized antenna array featuring semicircular Defected Ground Structures (DGSs) based metamaterial designed for wideband smartphone applications. The antenna array, measuring 49 × 25 mm2 is constructed on an FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.3 and a thickness of 1.6 mm. The design incorporates two orthogonal antennas, each with a U-shaped radiating patch and a semicircular DGS to control bandwidth and reduce size. A T-shaped stub is positioned at the center of the U-shaped radiating area, with a star-shaped element attached to the leg of the T-shaped stub to enable wideband operation. The antenna demonstrates strong S11 performance, achieving approximately −38 dB at 5.8 GHz and −42 dB at 8.1 GHz, making it ideal for Sub-6 GHz and C-band applications. The proposed antenna array operates across a frequency range from 4 GHz to beyond 10 GHz, reaching a peak gain of 11 dBi and an efficiency of 95%. A time-domain analysis was conducted to verify radiation efficiency, and the specific absorption rate (SAR) is approximately 0.0475 for 1 g of tissue and 0.0101 for 10 g of tissue at 4.5 GHz, confirming the array's suitability for wideband smartphone devices within the target frequency band. The simulated and experimental results of the proposed antenna array show excellent agreement. © (2025), (Electromagnetics Academy). All rights reserved.

关键词： Tissue

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Achieving Secured Medical Network (SMN) through Stateless Mechanism and SkeyM in Medical-Internet of Things (M-IoT)

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Journal of engineering and Applied Science 2024年第1期71卷 128页

作者： Nithya, S. Palanisamy, SatheeshKumar Nivethitha, T. Department of Computer Science and Engineering Kumaraguru College of Technology Tamil Nadu Coimbatore641049 India Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering BMS Institute of Technology and Management Karnataka Bengaluru560064 India Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Sri Eshwar College of Engineering Tamil Nadu Coimbatore641202 India

Medical Internet of Things (M-IoT) synchronizes medical devices in a network to provide smart healthcare monitoring to doctors and to provide an interactive model for patients. This embedded networked system gained lots of importance in the last few years. Now almost every hospital adopts M-IoT. Though it had a lot of challenges in the initial stages of implementation such as feasibility, accuracy, and autonomy, now it has bridged the flaws with the help of several researchers in this field. But still, M-IoT lags behind in security and privacy aspects due to which attackers can intrude on the network and exploit patients’ health data. By examining the various intensive security threats imposed on M-IoT a unique way of handling and transferring data over the network is proposed in this paper. From our research findings, this would resolve the data security issues in M-IoT and commence the next advancements. © The Author(s) 2024.

关键词： Internet of things

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Customized Graph-Cut Segmentation with Superpixels for Snowfall Detection on Solar Panels 4

Customized Graph-Cut Segmentation with Superpixels for Snowf...

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4th International Conference on Sentiment Analysis and Deep Learning, ICSADL 2025

作者： Pavithra, V. Danisha, B.R. Divyadharshini, V. Koresh, H. James Deva Kpr Institute of Engineering and Technology Department of Computer Science and Engineering Coimbatore India Kpr Institute of Engineering and Technology Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Coimbatore India

ISBN: (纸本)9798331523923

Snow accumulation on solar panels reduces their performance in energy generation regions. Hence certain image processing methods were developed for segmenting snow from the normal areas of solar panels. Graph Cut and Flood Fill are the popular semi-automatic method used for this application where it relies on detecting an efficient region for marking the segmentation process. Similarly, the manual intervention fails to provide consistent results in such methods. Therefore, a customized graph cut methodology is proposed in this work by combining super pixel-based feature extraction and k-means clustering. At first, the input images are preprocessed by dividing the pixels to form super pixels as a group to reduce the computational complexity without losing the meaningful information. Features like intensity, edge density, texture, and color are extracted from these super pixel groups for segmenting the snow-covered regions on a solar panel. Further, the extracted features are normalized by a k-means clustering algorithm for identifying the highest intensity regions to observe the snow-covered regions. A graph cut-based segmentation technique is applied at the end to ensure the precise boundary delineation. The work is also incorporated with several post-processing techniques for improving the segmentation mask quality. This proposed method is evaluated against Graph cut and flood fill and satisfied with an average dice similarity coefficient of 93.09% and 95.11%. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： Image segmentation

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K-Test: An Analytical Model for Measurement-Based Server Selection Based on Response Time

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IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 2023年第2期72卷 2338-2351页

作者： Sou, Sok-Ian Bhooanusas, Nuntanut Lin, Yi-Bing Deng, Der-Jiunn National Cheng Kung University Department of Electrical Engineering Institute of Computer and Communication Engineering Tainan City701 Taiwan National Chiao Tung University Department of Computer Science Hsinchu Taiwan National Changhua University of Education Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering Changhua500 Taiwan

Different paradigms employ server selection to establish a fast connection to end users, thereby reducing the delay associated with exchanging data between mobile users and servers. To efficiently infer the statistics of the server response, we propose an analytical model for server selection based on K measured response times, namely, the K-Test method. First, the probability that the user device correctly selects the best server and the corresponding time taken in K-Test method are investigated. Then, we study the server switch when connection failure is encountered. The proposed analytical model for K-Test method considers the distribution of the response time of candidate servers and derives three metrics, namely the probability of selecting the best server, the expected latency of the server selection process, and the false connection failure detection probability. The analytical model is validated by the simulation. Numerical results show that both the value of K and the number of candidate servers significantly affect the selection probability. Also, it needs more test rounds to correctly find the best server when users experience a variation in the network response times. © 1967-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Analytical models

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ABES: attention bi-directional ensemble SVM for early detection of brain tumors

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Neural Computing and Applications 2024年第26期36卷 16179-16193页

作者： Subramaniam, Erana Veerappa Dinesh Krishnasamy, Valarmathi Department of Computer Science and Business Systems Ramco Institute of Technology Rajapalayam India Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering P.S.R. Engineering College Sivakasi India

Brain tumor is the most serious and deadly disease, and it is formed due to abnormal cell production. There are two different sorts of tumors including benign (non-cancerous) and malignant (cancerous), and the third level of a brain tumor is cancerous, which is a highly deadly form of cancer. Detecting brain tumors early is crucial for accurate diagnosis and efficient treatment planning. Although numerous techniques are established, the prediction techniques are time-consuming, have higher computational complexity, prone to overfitting, and have limited accuracy. Thus we proposed an Attention Bi-directional Gated Recurrent Unit Ensemble Support Vector Machine (ABES model) for detecting brain tumors. Here, the Bi-GRU layer learns the most important context information for every image. The attention layer also uses the attention mechanism to assign weights to each Bi-GRU layer output. The ensemble SVM classifier performs the categorization of brain tumors. Then, the training set is used to train the Attention BiGRU model and Ensemble SVM classifiers. The ABES classifier weights are optimized by utilizing the improved whale optimization algorithm. To demonstrate the efficiency of our proposed method, we compare it to four existing methods including Fully Automatic Heterogeneous Segmentation-based Support Vector Machine, Whale Harris Hawks Optimization-based Deep Learning, Machine learning-based back propagation neural networks, and Deep Convolutional Neural Network. Also, the ABES model is validated using the MRI dataset and the Figshare brain tumor dataset. Accuracy, precision, specificity, and sensitivity are the performance metrics used to evaluate classification performance, which achieves 97.2% accuracy, 98.61% Precision, 96.48% Specificity, and 97.34% Sensitivity, respectively. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Support vector machines

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Real-Time Electrochemical Model-Based BMS Control for Mitigating Li-Plating and Extending Battery Life

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IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification 2025年第3期11卷 7403-7419页

作者： Qasem, Mohammad Haddadin, Mariana Yassin, Yazan Ratrout, Sadam Chen, Chengxiu Stoyanov, Stoyan Al-Hallaj, Said Krishnamurthy, Mahesh Southern Methodist University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering DallasTX75205 United States Illinois Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering ChicagoIL60616 United States Beam Global BroadviewIL60155 United States

It is well-known that lithium plating significantly reduces the capacity of Li-ion batteries, particularly at elevated charging rates, high state of charge (SoC), and low temperatures. This study presents a simplified electrochemical battery model incorporating side reactions for real-time (RT) applications. The proposed model is implemented on a battery management system (BMS) using the TI TMS320F28335 DSP, the model’s internal and external states are validated through extensive experimental tests against the high-fidelity P2D model by Gamma Technology. The results demonstrated the model’s ability to accurately depict the behavior of a commercially available type 21 700 cylindrical cell while minimizing execution power consumption. The lithium plating/stripping model is examined and compared with the actual voltage plateau characteristics observed in practical testing. Finally, various controllers are designed and implemented into the BMS to optimize the charging current and eliminate plating without significantly increasing charging duration. The battery demonstrated an increase in capacity of 8.3% when using the proposed charging control algorithm compared with the common constant current (CC)–constant voltage (CV) technique, with a charging time increase of less than 30 min, resulting in a 17% improvement in SoH. This demonstrates the effectiveness of enhancing battery performance and longevity with minimal additional charging time. © 2015 IEEE.

关键词： Lithium-ion batteries

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