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arXiv 2021年

作者： Hertweck, Corinna Räz, Tim Institute for Data Analysis and Process Design Zurich University of Applied Sciences Winterthur Switzerland Department of Informatics University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland Institute of Philosophy University of Bern Bern Switzerland

Impossibility results show that important fairness measures (independence, separation, sufficiency) cannot be satisfied at the same time under reasonable assumptions. This paper explores whether we can satisfy and/or improve these fairness measures simultaneously to a certain degree. We introduce information-theoretic formulations of the fairness measures and define degrees of fairness based on these formulations. The information-theoretic formulations suggest unexplored theoretical relations between the three fairness measures. In the experimental part, we use the information-theoretic expressions as regularizers to obtain fairness-regularized predictors for three standard datasets. Our experiments show that a) fairness regularization directly increases fairness measures, in line with existing work, and b) some fairness regularizations indirectly increase other fairness measures, as suggested by our theoretical findings. This establishes that it is possible to increase the degree to which some fairness measures are satisfied at the same time-some fairness measures are gradually compatible. Copyright © 2021, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Information theory

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A novel augmented reality-based simulator for enhancing orthopedic surgical training

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Computers in Biology and Medicine 2025年 185卷 109536-109536页

作者： Wu, Luohong Seibold, Matthias Cavalcanti, Nicola A. Hein, Jonas Gerth, Tatiana Lekar, Roni Hoch, Armando Vlachopoulos, Lazaros Grabner, Helmut Zingg, Patrick Farshad, Mazda Fürnstahl, Philipp Research in Orthopedic Computer Science Balgrist University Hospital University of Zurich Lengghalde 5 Zurich8008 Switzerland Department of Orthopaedics Balgrist University Hospital University of Zurich Forchstrasse 340 Zurich8008 Switzerland Computer Vision and Geometry Group ETH Zurich Ramistrasse 101 Zurich8092 Switzerland Institute of Computer Science School of Engineering Zurich University of Applied Sciences Obere Kirchgasse 2 Winterthur8401 Switzerland Institute of Data Analysis and Process Design School of Engineering Zurich University of Applied Sciences Technikumstrasse 81 Winterthur8400 Switzerland

Background: Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) is a well-established and common orthopedic surgery. Due to the complexity involved in THA, orthopedic surgeons require rigorous training. However, the current gold standard, the tutor-guided and -evaluated apprenticeship model is time-consuming, costly, and poses risks to patients. There is a pressing need for additional training resources to enhance the efficiency and safety of the training process. In this work, we present a novel Augmented Reality (AR)-based simulator designed for THA that helps enable a new self-paced training and learning paradigm without the need for instructors. Methods: The simulator reduces the need for instructors by integrating an AR guidance module and an automated performance evaluation module. Three types of AR guidance were developed: Overlay, Virtual Twin, and Sectional Views. A feasibility study was conducted with five resident surgeons and two senior surgeons to compare these guidance methods quantitatively and qualitatively. The automated performance evaluation module was assessed against manual performance evaluation using Bland-Altman analysis with limits of agreement (LoA) and Mann–Whitney U tests. Results: The quantitative feasibility results indicate the efficacy of the developed AR guidance, characterized by mean transitional and rotational deviation errors below 3 mm and 3 degrees. Based on the qualitative results, we provide recommendations for efficient AR guidance designs. The Bland-Altman analysis results (0.22±1.32mm with LoA −2.37 to 2.81 mm for distance deviation, 0.94±2.41 degrees with LoA −3.78 to 5.66 degrees for yaw deviation, −0.34±1.30 degrees with LoA −2.90 to 2.22 degrees for pitch deviation) and p-values of Mann–Whitney U tests (0.64 for distance deviation, 0.12 for yaw deviation, 0.11 for pitch deviation) indicate no statistically significant differences between the automated and manual performance evaluation at a significance level of 0.05. Conclusion: This work sh

关键词： Augmented reality

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Artificial neural networks to impute rounded zeros in compositional data

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2020年

作者： Templ, Matthias Institute of Data Analysis and Process Design Zurich University of Applied Sciences Rosenstrasse 3 WinterthurCH-8401 Switzerland

Methods of deep learning have become increasingly popular in recent years, but they have not arrived in compositional data analysis. Imputation methods for compositional data are typically applied on additive, centered or isometric log-ratio representations of the data. Generally, methods for compositional data analysis can only be applied to observed positive entries in a data matrix. Therefore one tries to impute missing values or measurements that were below a detection limit. In this paper, a new method for imputing rounded zeros based on artificial neural networks is shown and compared with conventional methods. We are also interested in the question whether for ANNs, a representation of the data in log-ratios for imputation purposes, is relevant. It can be shown, that ANNs are competitive or even performing better when imputing rounded zeros of data sets with moderate size. They deliver better results when data sets are big. Also, we can see that log-ratio transformations within the artificial neural network imputation procedure nevertheless help to improve the results. This proves that the theory of compositional data analysis and the fulfillment of all properties of compositional data analysis is still very important in the age of deep learning. © 2020, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： Neural networks

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A Novel Augmented Reality-Based Simulator for Enhancing Orthopedic Surgical Training

SSRN

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Wu, Luohong Seibold, Matthias Cavalcanti, Nicola A. Hein, Jonas Gerth, Tatiana Lekar, Roni Hoch, Armando Vlachopoulos, Lazaros Grabner, Helmut Zingg, Patrick Farshad, Mazda Fürnstahl, Philipp Research in Orthopedic Computer Science Balgrist University Hospital University of Zurich Lengghalde 5 Zurich Zurich8008 Switzerland Department of Orthopaedics Balgrist University Hospital University of Zurich Forchstrasse 340 Zurich Zurich8008 Switzerland Computer Vision and Geometry Group ETH Zurich Ramistrasse 101 Zurich Zurich8092 Switzerland Institute of Computer Science School of Engineering Zurich University of Applied Sciences Obere Kirchgasse 2 Winterthur Zurich8401 Switzerland Institute of Data Analysis and Process Design School of Engineering Zurich University of Applied Sciences Technikumstrasse 81 Winterthur Zurich8400 Switzerland

Background: Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) is a well-established and common orthopedic surgery. Due to the complexity involved in THA, orthopedic surgeons require rigorous training. However, the current gold standard, the tutor-guided and -evaluated apprenticeship model is time-consuming, costly, and poses risks to patients. There is a pressing need for additional training resources to enhance the efficiency and safety of the training process. In this work, we present a novel Augmented Reality (AR)-based simulator designed for THA that helps enable a new self-paced training and learning paradigm without the need for ***: The simulator reduces the need for instructors by integrating an AR guidance module and an automated performance evaluation module. Three types of AR guidance were developed: Overlay, Virtual Twin, and Sectional Views. A feasibility study was conducted with five resident surgeons and two senior surgeons to compare these guidance methods quantitatively and qualitatively. The automated performance evaluation module was assessed against manual performance evaluation using Bland-Altman analysis with limits of agreement (LoA) and Mann-Whitney U ***: The quantitative feasibility results indicate the efficacy of the developed AR guidance, characterized by mean transitional and rotational deviation errors below 3 mm and 3 degrees. Based on the qualitative results, we provide recommendations for efficient AR guidance designs. The Bland-Altman analysis results (0.22 ± 1.32 mm with LoA -2.37 to 2.81 mm for distance deviation, 0.94 ± 2.41 degrees with LoA -3.78 to 5.66 degrees for yaw deviation, -0.34 ± 1.30 degrees with LoA -2.90 to 2.22 degrees for pitch deviation) and p-values of Mann-Whitney U tests (0.64 for distance deviation, 0.12 for yaw deviation, 0.11 for pitch deviation) indicate no statistically significant differences between the automated and manual performance evaluation at a significance level of ***: This wor

关键词： Augmented reality

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Bicycle as a traffic mode: From microscopic cycling behavior to macroscopic bicycle flow

Journal of Cycling and Micromobility Research

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Journal of Cycling and Micromobility Research 2024年 2卷

作者： Ying-Chuan Ni Michail A. Makridis Anastasios Kouvelas Traffic Engineering group Institute for Transport Planning and Systems ETH Zurich Stefano-Franscini-Platz 5 Zurich 8093 Switzerland Transport and Traffic Engineering group Institute of Data Analysis and Process Design Zurich University of Applied Sciences Technikumstrasse 81 Winterthur 8400 Switzerland

Cities allocate dedicated road space to bicycles in favor of active-mode road users. For urban environments with a mass bicycle volume, bicycle traffic congestion is likely to occur. Hence, a thorough understanding of bicycle traffic flow is necessary for the assessment of cycling infrastructure and the development of traffic management strategies considering cycling efficiency. This study aims to investigate bicycle flow characteristics using microscopic traffic simulation. As bicycle flow performance is subject to the non-lane-based movement strategy and the behavioral heterogeneity among cyclists, various scenarios with different microsimulation settings are evaluated. Ultimately, we derive the functional form fundamental diagrams and macroscopic fundamental diagrams using a curve-fitting approach and an analytical method, respectively. Important macroscopic traffic flow parameters, such as capacity, critical speed, critical density, backward wave speed, etc., are estimated. The results show that lane width, overtaking incentive, and desired speed distribution are factors that affect bicycle flow performance. The distinct features of bicycle flow under different traffic states are identified by discussing the simulation outcome and comparing the estimated flow parameters. The findings can be utilized by future research regarding large-scale bicycle traffic flow modeling and control.

关键词： Bicycle flow Cycling behavior Fundamental diagram Macroscopic fundamental diagram Microscopic traffic simulation Non-lane-based traffic

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Deep conditional transformation models for survival analysis

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Campanella, Gabriele Kook, Lucas Häggström, Ida Hothorn, Torsten Fuchs, Thomas J. Department of AI and Human Health Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York10029 United States Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai New York10029 United States Epidemiology Biostatistics & Prevention Institute University of Zurich CH-8001 Switzerland Institute for Data Analysis and Process Design Zurich University of Applied Sciences CH-8400 Switzerland Chalmers University of Technology Department of Electrical Engineering 41296 Sweden Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Department of Radiology New York10065 United States

An every increasing number of clinical trials features a time-to-event outcome and records non-tabular patient data, such as magnetic resonance imaging or text data in the form of electronic health records. Recently, several neural-network based solutions have been proposed, some of which are binary classifiers. Parametric, distribution-free approaches which make full use of survival time and censoring status have not received much attention. We present deep conditional transformation models (DCTMs) for survival outcomes as a unifying approach to parametric and semiparametric survival analysis. DCTMs allow the specification of non-linear and non-proportional hazards for both tabular and non-tabular data and extend to all types of censoring and truncation. On real and semi-synthetic data, we show that DCTMs compete with state-of-the-art DL approaches to survival analysis. © 2022, CC BY.

关键词： Magnetic resonance imaging

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Bias, awareness, and ignorance in deep-learning-based face recognition

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AI and Ethics 2021年第3期2卷 509-522页

作者： Wehrli, Samuel Hertweck, Corinna Amirian, Mohammadreza Glüge, Stefan Stadelmann, Thilo School of Social Work Zurich University of Applied Sciences Zurich Switzerland Institute of Data Analysis and Process Design Zurich University of Applied Sciences Winterthur Switzerland Department of Informatics University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland Centre for Artificial Intelligence Zurich University of Applied Sciences Winterthur Switzerland Institute of Neural Information Processing Ulm University Ulm Germany Institute for Applied Simulation Zurich University of Applied Sciences Wädenswil Switzerland ECLT European Centre for Living Technology Venice Italy

Face Recognition (FR) is increasingly influencing our lives: we use it to unlock our phones; police uses it to identify suspects. Two main concerns are associated with this increase in facial recognition: (1) the fact that these systems are typically less accurate for marginalized groups, which can be described as “bias”, and (2) the increased surveillance through these systems. Our paper is concerned with the first issue. Specifically, we explore an intuitive technique for reducing this bias, namely “blinding” models to sensitive features, such as gender or race, and show why this cannot be equated with reducing bias. Even when not designed for this task, facial recognition models can deduce sensitive features, such as gender or race, from pictures of faces—simply because they are trained to determine the “similarity” of pictures. This means that people with similar skin tones, similar hair length, etc. will be seen as similar by facial recognition models. When confronted with biased decision-making by humans, one approach taken in job application screening is to “blind” the human decision-makers to sensitive attributes such as gender and race by not showing pictures of the applicants. Based on a similar idea, one might think that if facial recognition models were less aware of these sensitive features, the difference in accuracy between groups would decrease. We evaluate this assumption—which has already penetrated into the scientific literature as a valid de-biasing method—by measuring how “aware” models are of sensitive features and correlating this with differences in accuracy. In particular, we blind pre-trained models to make them less aware of sensitive attributes. We find that awareness and accuracy do not positively correlate, i.e., that bias $$\ne$$ awareness. In fact, blinding barely affects accuracy in our experiments. The seemingly simple solution of decreasing bias in facial recognition rates by reducing awareness of sensitive features does thus not w

关键词：

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Ethical Aspects of Computational Modelling in Science, Decision Support and Communication 15th

Ethical Aspects of Computational Modelling in Science, Decis...

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15th International Workshop on Artificial Life and Evolutionary Computation, WIVACE 2021

作者： Füchslin, Rudolf Marcel Ambühl, Jacques Faggian, Alessia Fellermann, Harold M. Flumini, Dandolo Geller, Armando Hanczyc, Martin M. Klinkert, Andreas Krütli, Pius Matuttis, Hans-Georg Ott, Thomas Scheidegger, Stephan Schmid, Gary Bruno Smieszek, Timo Schneider, Johannes J. Steiner, Albert Weyland, Mathias S. Institute of Applied Mathematics and Physics Zurich University of Applied Sciences Zurich Technikumstrasse 9 Winterthur8400 Switzerland European Centre for Living Technology Ca’ Bottacin Dorsoduro 3911 Calle Crosera Venice30123 Italy World Bank Group Geneva Switzerland University of Trento Trento38123 Italy School of Computing Newcastle University Science Square 1 Newcastle Upon TyneNE4 5TG United Kingdom GmbH Fraumünsterstrasse 11 Zurich8001 Switzerland Institute of Data Analysis and Process Design Zurich University of Applied Sciences Rosenstrasse 3 Winterthur8400 Switzerland Transdisciplinarity Lab ETH Zurich Zurich8092 Switzerland Department of Mechanical Engineering and Intelligent Systems The University of Electrocommunications Tokyo182-8585 Japan Institute of Computational Life Sciences Zurich University of Applied Sciences Schloss 1 Wädenswil8820 Switzerland Swiss NeuroCreations GmbH Hambergersteig 25 Zurich8008 Switzerland Muesmattweg 70 Allschwil4123 Switzerland

ISBN: (纸本)9783031239281

The development of data science, the increase of computational power, the availability of the internet infrastructure for data exchange and the urgency for an understanding of complex systems require a responsible and ethical use of computational models in science, communication and decision-making. Starting with a discussion of the width of different purposes of computational models, we first investigate the process of model construction as an interplay of theory and experimentation. We emphasise the different aspects of the tension between model variables and experimentally measurable observables. The resolution of this tension is a prerequisite for the responsible use of models and an instrumental part of using models in the scientific processes. We then discuss the impact of models and the responsibility that results from the fact that models support and may also guide experimentation. Further, we investigate the difference between computational modelling in an interdisciplinary science project and computational models as tools in transdisciplinary decision support. We regard the communication of model structures and modelling results as essential;however, this communication cannot happen in a technical manner, but model structures and modelling results must be translated into a "narrative." We discuss the role of concepts from disciplines such as literary theory, communication science, and cultural studies and the potential gains that a broader approach can obtain. Considering concepts from the liberal arts, we conclude that there is, besides the responsibility of the model author, also a responsibility of the user/reader of the modelling results. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

关键词： Decision making

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Lorentzian geometry and variability reduction in airplane boarding: Slow passengers first outperforms random boarding

arXiv

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arXiv 2020年

作者： Erland, Sveinung Kaupužs, Jevgenijs Steiner, Albert Bachmat, Eitan Department of Maritime Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences HaugesundN-5528 Norway Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry Institute of Technical Physics Riga Technical University RigaLV-1048 Latvia Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Information Technologies University of Liepaja LiepajaLV-3401 Latvia Institute of Data Analysis and Process Design Zurich University of Applied Sciences ZHAW Winterthur8401 Switzerland Department of Computer Science Ben-Gurion University Beer-Sheva84105 Israel

Airlines use different boarding policies to organize the queue of passengers waiting to enter the airplane. We analyze three policies in the many-passenger limit by a geometric representation of the queue position and row designation of each passenger, and apply a Lorentzian metric to calculate the total boarding time. The boarding time is governed by the time each passenger needs to clear the aisle, and the added time is determined by the aisle-clearing time distribution through an effective aisle-clearing time parameter. The non-organized queues under the common random boarding policy are characterized by large effective aisle-clearing time. We show that, subject to a mathematical assumption which we have verified by extensive numerical computations in all realistic cases, the average total boarding time is always reduced when slow passengers are separated from faster passengers and the slow group is allowed to enter the airplane first. This is a universal result that holds for any combination of the three main governing parameters: the ratio between effective aisle-clearing times of the fast and the slow group, the fraction of slow passenger, and the congestion of passengers in the aisle. Separation into groups based on aisle-clearing time allows for more synchronized seating, but the result is non-trivial, as the similar fast-first policy — where the two groups enter the airplane in reverse order — is inferior to random boarding for a range of parameter settings. The asymptotic results conform well with discrete-event simulations with realistic number of passengers, and both the slow-first and the fast-first policies have the ability to perform unboundedly better than random boarding. Parameters based on empirical data, with hand luggage as criteria for separating passengers into the slow group, give a 13% reduction in total boarding time for slow first compared to random boarding. Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Queueing theory

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Robust extraction of rain-induced attenuation from microwave link observations using local regression 9

Robust extraction of rain-induced attenuation from microwave...

引用

9th International Workshop on Precipitation in Urban Areas: Urban Challenges in Rainfall analysis, UrbanRain 2012

作者： Schatzmann, A. Scheidegger, A. Rieckermann, J. Ruckstuhl, A. Institute for Data Analysis and Process Design Zurich University of Applied Sciences Winterthur Switzerland Dept. of Urban Water Management Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf Switzerland

ISBN: (纸本)9783906031217

Recently, the rain-induced attenuation of microwave links (MWL) has been suggested as a novel tool to monitor rainfall in urban areas. However, this requires robust methods to identify and remove baseline attenuation during dry weather, which is not trivial. In this paper, we present a novel statistical method to identify the baseline attenuation based on robust local regression (REBS) offline and in real-time. To test the correct baseline removal, we were able to test the algorithm on an extraordinary dataset of a dense network of rain gauges and disdrometers that provides an unrivalled ground truth reference rain fall and avoids uncertainties due to scaling effect between the path-average MWL measurements and point rain gauge observations. Our results show that the robust regression algorithms predict the path-average rainfall intensities from MWL signal levels that are practically unbiased and match the reference rainfall well. Although the scatter for 1-min rainfall intensities can vary up to 80% of the reference measurements, this it reduced to about 20% for 10min average intensities.

关键词： Rain

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