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Predictive Battery Cooling in Heavy-Duty Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles

IFAC-PapersOnLine 2022年第24期55卷 304-310页

作者： Banu Ç Büyüker Alessandro Ferrara Christoph Hametner Institute of Mechanics and Mechatronics Division of Process Control and Automation TU Wien Vienna Austria

In electric vehicles, it is essential to prevent battery overheating due to excessive ohmic losses or inadequate cooling. Indeed, the temperature of battery systems significantly impacts their performance, lifetime, and safety. This paper proposes a predictive cooling optimization method for the battery thermal management system of heavy-duty fuel cell electric vehicles. The predictive cooling strategy is based on a model predictive control (MPC) formulation to maintain the battery temperature in its optimal range (to increase efficiency) and avoid high-temperature peaks (to increase lifetime and safety). The predictive thermal management relies on the ohmic losses forecast provided by a predictive energy management system. Simulations of a real-world driving cycle validate the proposed MPC and assess the impact of the predictive horizon length, which is critical for thermal management performance. The comparison against a simple hysteresis control strategy highlights the significant benefits of the proposed MPC for higher battery efficiency and lifetime.

关键词： Battery Thermal Management System Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles Model Predictive control Predictive Cooling Strategies Battery Thermal Model

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Predictive Battery Cooling in Heavy-Duty Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles 10th

Predictive Battery Cooling in Heavy-Duty Fuel Cell Electric ...

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10th IFAC Symposium on Advances in Automotive control, AAC 2022

作者： Büyüker, Banu Ç. Ferrara, Alessandro Hametner, Christoph Institute of Mechanics and Mechatronics Division of Process Control and Automation TU Wien Vienna Austria Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Control and Monitoring of Automotive Powertrain Systems TU Wien Vienna Austria

关键词： Model predictive control

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Fault Detection and Isolation for a Secondary Loop Refrigeration System

SSRN

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SSRN 2022年

作者： Poks, Agnes Fallmann, Markus Fink, Lorenz Rinnofner, Lukas Kozek, Martin Vienna University of Technology Institute of Mechanics and Mechatronics Division of Control and Process Automation Getreidemarkt 9 Vienna1060 Austria

Secondary loop refrigeration systems pose advantages over conventional system architectures: leakage reduction, refrigerant charge reduction, maintenance simplification, and reduced safety *** article presents a fault detection and isolation scheme for a secondary loop refrigeration system where parametric faults (dirt/ice-buildup and secondary loop pump failure) and sensor faults (four temperature sensors in the secondary loop) are detected and isolated. The Fault Detection and Isolation (FDI) system is based on Unknown Input Observers (UIO)s and on Extended-Kalman-Filters (EKF)s. The models are obtained through physical relations combined with experimental parameter determination (gray-box model) and are cross-validated against measurement data. The complete FDI architecture is experimentally validated on a secondary loop refrigeration system mounted on a cooling box inside a climate chamber. Experimental results show that the important parametric faults can be reliably detected and isolated, and the FDI of sensor faults is also successful. © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Fault detection

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Impeller Position in a Magnetically Levitated Rotodynamic Blood Pump and Its Impact on In-Silico Hemocompatibility

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ASAIO Journal 2025年 2025 Apr 3页

作者： Grujic, Marko Schoefbeck, Rosmarie Thamsen, Bente Aigner, Philipp Röhrich, Michael Jakubek, Stefan Zimpfer, Daniel Granegger, Marcus Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanical Circulatory Support Department of Cardiac Surgery Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria Department of Anaesthesia Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria Division of Control and Process Automation Institute of Mechanics and Mechatronics Vienna University of Technology Vienna Austria

In magnetically levitated rotodynamic blood pumps (RPBs), the impeller position depends on a balance of electromagnetic and fluid dynamic forces. The aim of this study was to describe the impeller position of the HeartMate 3 over a wide range of operating conditions and assess its potential impact on hemocompatibility. Three-dimensional impeller positions were measured using a transparent HeartMate 3 pump casing, laser distance measurements, and a high-speed camera. Accompanying computational fluid dynamic (CFD) hemocompatibility predictions of a displaced and centered impeller at a typical operating point were compared. Impeller positions vary substantially with different operating points with a maximum axial displacement of 223 µm at 7 L/min and 7,000 rpm and a maximum radial displacement of 145 µm at 0 L/min and 7,000 rpm. In CFD, a displaced impeller had only a minor influence on global pump parameters ( © ASAIO 2025.

关键词： Computational fluid dynamics

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Adaptive Energy Management Strategy to Avoid Battery Temperature Peaks in Fuel Cell Electric Trucks

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IFAC-PapersOnLine 2022年第24期55卷 311-316页

作者： Alessandro Ferrara Matthias Hütter Christoph Hametner Institute of Mechanics and Mechatronics Division of Process Control and Automation TU Wien Vienna Austria AVL List GmbH Graz Austria Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Control and Monitoring of Automotive Powertrain Systems TU Wien Vienna Austria

Thermal management is essential in electric vehicles to preserve battery life. In particular, avoiding temperature peaks is critical to prevent accelerated degradation. The battery thermal management problem is crucial in fuel cell electric trucks due to the heavy vehicle weight, especially on mountain or hilly roads. Therefore, this paper proposes an energy management strategy that reduces battery degradation by limiting its usage at high temperatures to allow its cooldown and avoid peaks. The energy management strategy is adaptive because the main control parameters for the fuel cell/battery power-split are adjusted depending on the battery temperature. The comparison between adaptive and non-adaptive strategies proves the effectiveness of the proposed formulation in avoiding temperature peaks without hindering fuel consumption or fuel cell degradation. The robustness of the proposed energy management strategy is validated with simulations of several real-world driving cycles with various speed and elevation profiles.

关键词： Energy Management Heavy-Duty Fuel Cell Vehicle Adaptive control Battery Temperature Fuel Cell Degradation Battery Thermal Management

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Eco-driving of fuel cell electric trucks: optimal speed planning combining dynamic programming and Pontryagin’s minimum principle

Eco-driving of fuel cell electric trucks: optimal speed plan...

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IEEE Conference on Vehicular Technology (VTC)

作者： Alessandro Ferrara Christoph Hametner Division of Process Control and Automation TU Wien Institute of Mechanics and Mechatronics Vienna Austria Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Control and Monitoring of Automotive Powertrain Systems TU Wien Vienna Austria

ISBN: (纸本)9781665454698

Eco-driving is an energy-aware driving style that improves the overall vehicle efficiency to reduce operating costs and extend the driving range. This paper focuses on the eco-driving of fuel cell electric trucks, optimizing the speed plan based on the route elevation, and studying the trade-off between driving time and range. In particular, the optimal speed plan is created by combining two methods from optimal control theory (dynamic programming and Pontryagin’s minimum principle) to include an energy management strategy for fuel consumption optimization. The speed plan created with the proposed method increases the vehicle range by 8% compared with a constant speed plan. Moreover, the study shows that the vehicle range can be extended up to 50% if the driving time is increased, which might be an essential solution to cope with the undeveloped hydrogen refueling infrastructure. The conclusion of this work indicates several directions to continue the research on the topic: for example, addressing robustness to traffic conditions and including component degradation mitigation targets in the optimization (e.g. SoC operating range and fuel cell voltage degradation).

关键词： Degradation Vehicular and wireless technologies Hydrogen Fuel cells Voltage Robustness Planning

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In-vitro Hemocompatibility Evaluation of the HeartMate 3 under Realistic Operating Conditions

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IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 2025年 PP卷 PP页

作者： He, Xiangyu Narayanaswamy, Krishnaraj Fischer, Michael B. Schmitt, Leonie Ruthmeier, Teresa Messner, Barbara Jakubek, Stefan Zimpfer, Daniel Granegger, Marcus Medical University of Vienna Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanical Circulatory Support Department of Cardiac Surgery Vienna Austria Medical University of Vienna Clinic for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapy Vienna Austria Medical University of Vienna Department of Cardiac Surgery Vienna Austria Vienna University of Technology Division of Control and Process Automation Institute of Mechanics and Mechatronics Vienna Austria

Objective: Operating conditions significantly influence hemolysis generation in rotodynamic blood pumps (RBPs). Previous experiments conducted under constant operating conditions have demonstrated that lower flow rates are associated with a higher normalized index of hemolysis (NIH). However, in clinical scenarios, the pump flow rate fluctuates in response to the residual cardiac function. This study aims to investigate the effects of various pulsatile operating conditions on hemolysis generation and von Willebrand Factor (vWF) degradation of RBP. Methods: To investigate these conditions, pulsatile flow experiments were conducted for 12 hours using HeartMate 3 (HM3, Abbott Inc, USA) in a hybrid mock circulatory loop with citrated human blood from hemochromatosis patients. Three operating conditions (high, low, and no residual cardiac function) were examined under two pump speed settings: normal (5400rpm, 4.3L/min) and low (4800rpm, 2.5L/min). Hemolysis was assessed by measuring delta free hemoglobin every 30 minutes (dfHb30min) and calculating NIH. High molecular weight (HMW) vWF multimer degradation was assessed using immunoblotting. Results: There was no significant difference in dfHb30min (p>0.388), NIH (p>0.382), and HMW vWF multimers degradation (p>0.364) between the three operating conditions, but differences in these parameters were observed between the normal and low speed settings. Meanwhile, a consistent trend in the hemolysis outcomes was observed with slightly elevated hemolysis in no and high pulsatility conditions of both speed settings. Conclusion: Hemocompatibility of the HM3 is not significantly affected by periodic high/low flow or backflows through the pump in in-vitro evaluation but rather by the pump operating condition: flow rate and pump speed. © 1964-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Flow rate

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An atraumatic mock loop for realistic hemocompatibility assessment of blood pumps

TechRxiv

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TechRxiv 2023年

作者： Bender, Moritz Escher, Andreas Röhrich, Michael Fischer, Michael Bernhard Hametner, Christoph Laufer, Günther Kertzscher, Ulrich Zimpfer, Daniel Jakubek, Stefan Granegger, Marcus The Department of Cardiac Surgery Medical University of Vienna Austria The Division of Control and Process Automation Institute of Mechanics and Mechatronics Vienna University of Technology Vienna1040 Austria Biofluid Mechanics Laboratory Berlin Germany The Division of Special Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Department of Anesthesia Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine Medical University of Vienna Austria The Department for Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine Medical University of Vienna Austria

Conventional mock circulatory loops (MCLs) cannot replicate realistic hemodynamic conditions without inducing blood trauma. This constrains in-vitro hemocompatibility examinations of blood pumps to static operating conditions that do not reflect clinical scenarios. This study aimed at developing an atraumatic MCL based on a hardware-in-the-loop concept (H-MCL) that enables hemocompatibility assessment under realistic hemodynamic conditions. The atraumatic H-MCL was designed for 450±50 ml of blood with the sole blood-contacting components being the polycarbonate reservoirs, the silicone/polyvinyl-chloride tubing and the blood pump under investigation. To account for inherent coupling effects a decoupling pressure control was derived by feedback linearization, whereas the level control was addressed by an optimization task to overcome periodic loss of controllability. The HeartMate 3 was showcased to evaluate the H-MCL’s accuracy at typical hemodynamic conditions and to demonstrate the H-MCL’s atraumatic properties. Pilot hemolysis experiments were conducted with bovine (n=2) and human (n=2) blood, and evaluated in terms of the normalized index of hemolysis (NIH). Typical hemodynamic scenarios of patients with full and partial support were replicated with marginal coupling effects and root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.74±1.37 mmHg and 0.94±0.83 mmHg, respectively, while the fluid level did not exceed a range of ±4% of its target value. The initial examinations of hemolysis demonstrated the atraumatic characteristics of the novel H-MCL, as evidenced by levels of NIH (bovine: 5.1-7.2mg/100L;human: 1.6-1.8mg/100L) that are consistent with those reported in existing literature. Collectively, these findings indicated the H-MCL’s potential for in-vitro hemocompatibiltiy assessment of blood pumps within realistic hemodynamic conditions. © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： Hemodynamics

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Rule-Based Energy Management Strategy of Fuel Cell/Ultracapacitor/Battery Vehicles: winner of the IEEE VTS Motor Vehicles Challenge 2020

Rule-Based Energy Management Strategy of Fuel Cell/Ultracapa...

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IEEE Conference on Vehicle Power and Propulsion (VPPC)

ISBN: (数字)9781728189598

ISBN: (纸本)9781728189604

This paper focuses on the energy management of fuel cell/ultracapacitor/battery hybrid vehicles. A robust rule-based strategy is proposed to effectively reduce hydrogen consumption, increase vehicle lifetime, and handle multiple constraints. This strategy won the IEEE VTS Motor Vehicles Challenge 2020. The formulation of the control rules is heavily based on the vehicle model and the analysis of the assigned cost function. A stochastic generation of driving scenarios is proposed to deal with the limited information provided by the challenge, guarantying a robust design of the energy management strategy. The results are analyzed on a large set of synthetic driving cycles.

关键词： Hydrogen Stochastic processes Fuel cells Supercapacitors Propulsion Batteries Fuels

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Wholistic simulation of an all-electric refrigerated delivery vehicle

Wholistic simulation of an all-electric refrigerated deliver...

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SICE International Symposium on control Systems (ISCS)

作者： Agnes Poks Elisabeth Luchini Filip Kitanoski Martin Kozek Division of Control and Process Automation Getreidemarkt 9/325-A5 Institute of Mechanics and Mechatronics Vienna Austria PRODUCTBLOKS GmbH Stockerauer Str. 106 Korneuburg Austria

ISBN: (数字)9784907764647

Large amounts of goods have to be discarded because of a disrupted cooling chain, where last mile delivery is often the crucial part. For future refrigerated trucks which are fully electrified the limited battery capacity calls for detailed investigations. The main contribution of this paper is a detailed model of such an electric truck together with an electric cooling unit, which covers both the power consumption of the drive train and the cooling unit for various driving conditions. The proposed simulation framework is parameterized using measured data from literature, it comprises different weather conditions, door openings, traffic volume as well as the driver aggressiveness. The simulation model uses a minimum number of parameters for an easy fit, and due to it computational efficiency it can be used for applications like model predictive control.

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