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arXiv 2025年

作者： Qing, Jiaxin Leong, Philip H.W. Lee, Kin-Hong Yeung, Raymond W. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong The School of Electrical and Information Engineering The University of Sydney Australia The Department of Computer Science Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong The Department of Information Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong The Institute of Network Coding The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Limited Hong Kong

network coding enhances performance in network communications and distributed storage by increasing throughput and robustness while reducing latency. Batched Sparse (BATS) codes are a class of capacity-achieving network codes, but their practical applications are hindered by their structure, computational intensity, and power demands of finite field operations. Most literature focuses on algorithmic-level techniques to improve coding efficiency. Optimization with an algorithm/hardware co-designing approach has long been neglected. Leveraging the unique structure of BATS codes, we first present CS-BATS, a hardware-friendly variant. Next we propose a simple but effective bounded-value generator, to reduce the size of a finite field multiplier by up to 70%. Finally, we report on a scalable and resource-efficient FPGA-based network coding accelerator that achieves a throughput of 27 Gbps, a speedup of more than 300 over software. © 2025, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： Integrated circuit design

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Hardware Efficient and Transceiver IQ Skew-Tolerant DSP Scheme under Baud-Rate Sampling for Short-Reach Coherent Optical Interconnects

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Journal of Lightwave Technology 2025年第12期43卷 5645-5652页

作者： Gong, Siyu Yang, Yanfu Xiang, Qian Fan, Linsheng Jin, Yongchao Cheng, Chen Zhang, Qun Zuo, Tianjian Gao, Zhensen Harbin Institute of Technology Department of Electronic and Information Engineering Shenzhen China Huawei Technology Company Ltd. Network Technology Laboratory Shenzhen China Guangdong University of Technology Institute of Advanced Photonics Technology School of Information Engineering Guangzhou China

Coherent detection with baud-rate sampling is considered an effective solution for power-sensitive short-reach optical interconnects. To effectively address transceiver IQ skew under baud-rate sampling, this paper proposes a hardware-efficient and transceiver IQ skew-robust baud-rate DSP scheme in self-coherent transmission systems, where it can further reduce cost and eliminate the impact of frequency offset. The proposed scheme independently performs timing recovery on the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components, naturally compensating for transceiver IQ skew. Additionally, a tap-configurable simplified baud-rate equalizer significantly reduces DSP complexity after precise timing synchronization. Through detailed theoretical and simulation analyses, we reveal that the coupling effects resulting from transmitter IQ skew and path mismatch between the signal and local oscillator (LO) light are critical determinants of DSP performance. When using narrow-linewidth ECL lasers, the proposed scheme shows strong tolerance to this coupling effect. Notably, with wide-linewidth DFB lasers, strict control of transmitter IQ skew or path mismatch is necessary to prevent performance degradation. Experimental results from 56 GBaud polarization-multiplexed 16QAM transmission demonstrate that the proposed scheme shows strong stability in BER performance over a wide range of transceiver IQ skew compared to existing baud-rate DSP schemes, reducing the real-valued multipliers for the equalizer by approximately 71%. Compared to traditional DSP schemes (@2 SPS), the proposed scheme has a minimal receiver optical power (ROP) sensitivity penalty while reducing complexity by about 85%. © 2025 IEEE. All rights reserved.

关键词： Radio transceivers

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DDoS Attack Tracking Using Multi-Round Iterative Viterbi Algorithm in Satellite Internet

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China Communications 2025年第3期22卷 148-163页

作者： Guo Wei Xu Jin Pei Yukui Yin Liuguo Feng Wei Department of Electronic Engineering Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China China Telecom Cybersecurity Technology Co. LtdBeijingChina Operation Center of Network Security Products China Telecom Co.Ltd.BeijingChina Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology Beijing 100084China Research Institute of Tsinghua Pearl River DeltaGuangzhou 510530China

Satellite Internet(SI)provides broadband access as a critical information infrastructure in ***,with the integration of the terrestrial Internet,the influx of massive terrestrial traffic will bring significant threats to SI,among which DDoS attack will intensify the erosion of limited bandwidth ***,this paper proposes a DDoS attack tracking scheme using a multi-round iterative Viterbi algorithm to achieve high-accuracy attack path reconstruction and fast internal source locking,protecting SI from the ***,to reduce communication overhead,the logarithmic representation of the traffic volume is added to the digests after modeling SI,generating the lightweight deviation degree to construct the observation probability matrix for the Viterbi ***,the path node matrix is expanded to multi-index matrices in the Viterbi algorithm to store index information for all probability values,deriving the path with non-repeatability and maximum ***,multiple rounds of iterative Viterbi tracking are performed locally to track DDoS attack based on trimming tracking *** and experimental results show that the scheme can achieve 96.8%tracking accuracy of external and internal DDoS attack at 2.5 seconds,with the communication overhead at 268KB/s,effectively protecting the limited bandwidth resources of SI.

关键词： DDoS tracking iterative Viterbi algorithm satellite Internet 6G

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Influence of Local Reflection on Photon Counting OTDR and Its Mitigation

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Journal of Lightwave Technology 2025年第11期43卷 5506-5511页

作者： Wu, Peng Fan, Yun-Ru Guo, Kai Zhang, Ji Song, Ri-Yao Zhang, Rui-Ming Wang, You Song, Hai-Zhi Deng, Guang-Wei Xie, Zong-Liang Li, Bin Guo, Guang-Can Zhou, Qiang Ams Institute of Systems Engineering Beijing100141 China China Department of Cloud and Network Chengdu610012 China University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences Chengdu610054 China Southwest Institute of Technical Physics Chengdu610041 China Chinese Academy of Science Institute of Optics and Electronics Chengdu610209 China Avic Chengdu Aircraft Design and Research Institute Chengdu610091 China University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Key Laboratory of Quantum Physics and Photonic Quantum Information Ministry of Education Chengdu611731 China Tianfu Jiangxi Laboratory Center for Quantum Internet Chengdu641419 China University of Science and Technology of China Cas Key Laboratory of Quantum Information Hefei230026 China

Photon counting optical time-domain reflectometry (PC-OTDR), leveraging single photon detection, offers superior spatial resolution and high dynamic range in the testing of optical fiber links. However, the dead time and afterpulsing of the single photon detector could cause distortions on the PC-OTDR trace, especially for the fiber links with strong local reflections, such as the Fresnel reflection from fiber connection, the influence of which has yet to be investigated. In this work, we study the influences of local reflections with different strengths, then propose and demonstrate a scheme of multiple time-gating with narrow temporal filtering to mitigate these influences. Distortions are observed in a simulation system with a relative intensity of local reflection greater than 25.0 dB. To mitigate these distortions, we employ an optical intensity modulator driven by periodic electronic signals with different relative delays to manipulate the optical signal, and then process the measured traces with narrow temporal filtering. A trace without distortion is obtained in the simulation system, where a local reflection with a relative intensity of 37.5 dB is tolerated using our scheme. Furthermore, a PC-OTDR trace of a 70-m-long fiber link is obtained without distortion, where the relative intensity of the Fresnel reflection reaches 35.2 dB. Our results reveal the influence of local reflection on the PC-OTDR trace, and pave an available avenue for the testing of fiber links with strong local reflections. © 1983-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Optical fibers

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RIS-assisted Multi-cell Over-the-air Computation

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IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 2025年

作者： Xiao, Yue Tegos, Sotiris A. Huang, Shaocheng Diamantoulakis, Panagiotis D. Tyrovolas, Dimitrios Ma, Zheng Karagiannidis, George K. Fan, Pingzhi Southwest Jiaotong University Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Coding and Transmission Chengdu610031 China Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Thessaloniki54124 Greece Southwest Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications Sichuan Chengdu610041 China

The advent of sixth-generation (6G) wireless communication systems represents a transformative leap in global connectivity, moving from traditional internet of things (IoT) frameworks to an advanced artificial intelligence of things (AIoT) paradigm. This evolution presents significant challenges, primarily due to exponential growth in data volume, complexity, and latency requirements. To address these challenges, over-the-air (OTA) computation has emerged as a breakthrough approach by integrating computational processes directly into the communication framework, overcoming the inefficiencies of traditional separate designs. In this study, we explore the integration of OTA computation with reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) within multi-cell multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) networks. RIS technology enhances signal propagation, mitigates interference, and optimizes wireless coverage, thereby complementing the OTA computation paradigm’s ability to facilitate real-time data aggregation and processing. Specifically, we propose a novel joint optimization framework aimed at minimizing the mean squared error (MSE) in multi-cell environments. This framework addresses the complexity of beamforming design through an innovative power-iteration-based majorization-minimization approach and a successive alignment technique. In addition, we perform asymptotic analysis to elucidate the performance benefits of large-scale MIMO and RIS configurations. We also consider the fairness of MSE computation throughout the multi-cell system. Finally, numerical simulations validate the effectiveness of the proposed methods and provide additional insights based on the asymptotic analysis. © 2002-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Asymptotic analysis

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Complex Pythagorean Fuzzy Decision-Based Approach for Developing English Translation of the Scripture-Based Multiclustering Algorithms

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International Journal of information Technology and Decision Making 2025年第2期24卷 473-533页

作者： Ahmed, Mohammed A. Zaidan, A.A. Qahtan, Sarah Alsattar, Hassan A. Zaidan, B.B. Mourad, Nahia Baharin, Hanif Kou, Gang Yatim, Khaironi Institute of IR 4.0 Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Bangi43600 Malaysia Network Engineering Department College of Engineering Al-Iraqia University Al Adhmia-Haiba Khaton Baghdad10053 Iraq SP Jain School of Global Management Lidcombe SydneyNSW2141 Australia Information Technology Unit College of Health and Medical Technology-Baghdad Middle Technical University Baghdad Iraq Research Center Mazaya University College Nasiriyah Iraq MEU Research Unit Middle East University Amman Jordan Faculty of Engineering and IT British University in Dubai Dubai United Arab Emirates School of Business Administration Faculty of Business Administration Southwestern University of Finance and Economics Chengdu611130 China Computer and Information Sciences Faculty of Sciences and Information Technology Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Seri Iskandar32610 Malaysia

The English Translation of the Quran Tafsir (ETQT) is essential to understanding and interpreting Allah's words. Clustering is a common text mining technique for eliciting meaningful knowledge from a text collection. It is commonly used when the selected datasets lack typical ground truths. To the best of our knowledge, no study has evaluated and benchmarked ETQTs to select the most comprehensive and appropriate one. The process of evaluating and benchmarking ETQTs falls under the multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) problem because of different issues, namely, multiple internal clustering validation criteria, data variation, and trade-offs between different criteria. The fuzzy decision by opinion score method (FDOSM) is one of the most recommended MCDM ranking methods in the literature to address the said issues. FDOSM has been extended under different fuzzy set (FS) environments to address issues of uncertainty and vagueness caused by expert feedback subjectivity. Although prior versions of FDOSM improved the uncertainty and vagueness issues, they remain open issues. Therefore, this paper extended FDOSM into the complex Pythagorean fuzzy decision by opinion score method (CPFDOSM) to evaluate and benchmark ETQTs. The proposed method consists of two main phases. The first phase formulates decision-matrix-based cluster algorithms and internal cluster validation criteria. The second phase (CPFDOSM development) prioritizes ETQTs and selects the optimum one. Data generation is performed on five different cluster algorithms and six internal cluster validation criteria using 16 ETQTs based on three decision-makers (DMs). Results show the following: (1) 6.25% of the individual decision-making results are identical among the three DMs, whereas 93.75% (n = 15/16) are different when I = 0.5 and I = 2. When I = 0.5. In addition, T7 has consistent ranks (Rank=16) across all DMs, whereas T14 has consistent ranks (Rank=1) across all DMs when I = 1. (2) The results of the group de

关键词： Clustering algorithms

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A Systematic Review of the Future of Education in Perspective of Block Chain

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Journal of Mobile Multimedia 2025年第5期19卷 1221-1254页

作者： Shams Tabrez Siddiqui Haneef Khan Md Imran Alam Kamal Upreti Sarika Panwar Sheela Hundekari Department of Computer Science Jazan University Saudi Arabia Department of Computer and Network Engineering Jazan University Saudi Arabia CHIRST (Deemed to be University) Ghaziabad India Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering AISSMS's Institute of Information Technology Pune India MIT ADT University Pune India

Blockchain is one of the most revolutionary technologies in the past decade due to its decentralisation, data integrity, reliability, and security. Blockchain technology is the next popular topic, and it has the potential to significantly alter the educational environment in many ways. Blockchain technology must be used in the education sector despite its challenges. Education is one of the sectors where blockchain-based solutions are still in use. Many academics possess extensive knowledge of the societal benefits blockchain technology might bring. The vast potential of blockchain can only be realised if education expands its knowledge of the technology. The primary goal of this research is to identify current problems related to educational institutions and identify blockchain features that could assist in addressing them. This research article will provide an overview of existing activities and address several perspectives on how blockchain can revolutionize the education sector. In prolongation, this article investigates the categories of blockchain technology applications, especially in the field of education. An in-depth discussion on the benefits and impact that blockchain brings to education is explored. Further, deliberate the abundant challenges of adopting blockchain in education. This study will direct the organizations/institutions to decide which blockchain application will benefit the most based on their requisites. The analysis will also provide information about other educational fields that may benefit from blockchain technology.

关键词： Privacy Electronic learning Federated learning Scalability Education Blockchains Security Reliability Secure storage Systematic literature review

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A Multi-Frequency Reflector Base Station Antenna With Enhanced Beam Scanning Capabilities for 6G

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IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 2025年

作者： Xie, Yujie Wang, Zhengpeng Li, Yujian Miao, Jungang Gao, Steven Electromagnetic Laboratory School of Electronic and Information Engineering Beijing100191 China Beijing Jiaotong University Institute of Lightwave Technology and the Key Laboratory of All Optical Network and Advanced Telecommunication Network Ministry of Education Beijing100044 China Chinese University of Hong Kong Department of Electronic Engineering Hong Kong

This letter presents a multi-frequency base station antenna with enhanced beam scanning capabilities for high data rate 6 G communication. The antenna consists of a dual-polarized multi-frequency feed and a novel dual-cylindrical reflector antenna (DCRA). Through the rotation of the sub-reflector, which is illuminated by the feed, the beam can be scanned across a wide angle along the planar cylindrical orientation of the main reflector. This scanning process results in a beam scanning angle that is roughly twice the rotation angle of the sub-reflector. The phase center of the reflected beam from the sub-reflector is designed to coincide with the focal line of the main reflector, enabling two-dimensional focusing of the beam without loss of the scanning angle. A concise design formula based on the described antenna structure is derived, enabling the entire antenna design to follow a clear design flowchart, which incorporates a rapid method for determining the focal length product and focal point locations using near-field Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The designed antenna achieves ±20° beam scanning coverage at 45 GHz, 100 GHz, and 220 GHz, with a gain exceeding 50 dBi at 220 GHz. Both simulation and experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2002-2011 IEEE.

关键词： Antenna reflectors

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Deep Learning-Driven Throughput Maximization in Covert Communication for UAV-RIS Cognitive Systems

IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society

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IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society 2025年 6卷 4140-4155页

作者： Nhan Vo, Van Quoc Long, Nguyen Dang, Viet-Hung Dac Ho, Tu Tran, Hung Chatzinotas, Symeon Tran, Dinh-Hieu Sanguanpong, Surasak So-In, Chakchai Duy Tan University Faculty of Information Technology Da Nang550000 Viet Nam Duy Tan University Institute of Research and Development Da Nang550000 Viet Nam Norwegian University of Science and Technology Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering Department of Information Security and Communication Technology Trondheim7034 Norway National Economics University DATCOM Lab Faculty of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence College of Technology Hanoi12116 Viet Nam University of Luxembourg Interdisciplinary Centre for Security Reliability and Trust Esch-sur-Alzette4365 Luxembourg Kasetsart University Faculty of Engineering Department of Computer Engineering Bangkok10900 Thailand Khon Kaen University Applied Network Technology College of Computing Khon Kaen40002 Thailand

This paper examines a cognitive radio (CR) nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system in which an unmanned aerial vehicle equipped with a reconfigurable intelligent surface (UAV-RIS) plays two roles: relaying and friendly jamming. The communication protocol has two phases. The first is an energy harvesting phase in which the UAV harvests radio frequency energy from a power beacon. In the second phase, a secondary transmitter (ST) simultaneously sends superimposed signals to secondary receivers (SRs) (a public SR and a covert SR) via NOMA with the assistance of the UAV-RIS. Then, a UAV warden and a UAV jammer launch a cooperative attack, in which the first adversary wiretaps the signals from the ST and UAV-RIS, whereas the second interferes with the SRs to force the ST to increase its transmit power. For improved secrecy, the UAV-RIS uses its harvested energy to combat the UAV warden. For this system, the secrecy performance is evaluated on the basis of the concept of covert communication. In particular, optimization algorithms are employed to maximize the covert SR throughput under outage probability and security constraints. A deep neural network model is subsequently trained to discover the relationships between the environmental parameters and optimized parameters to enable rapid adaptation to environmental conditions. © 2020 IEEE.

关键词： Drones

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VoNTN: Real-Time and High-Quality Voice Services Over Narrowband Non-Terrestrial networks

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IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 2025年

作者： Liu, Gang Quan, Wei Cheng, Nan Liu, Mingyuan Li, Yuxuan Li China Telecom Research Institute Department of Fundamental Network Operations Shanghai200120 China Beijing Jiaotong University School of Electronic and Information Engineering Beijing100044 China Xidian University School of Telecommunication Engineering Xi'an710071 China

Non-Terrestrial networks (NTNs) are crucial for guaranteeing emergency communication services. However, providing voice services over narrowband NTNs remains challenging due to their extremely limited data rate. Therefore, this article presents a novel Voice over NTN (VoNTN) mechanism that combines a parametric voice codec and an artificial intelligence (AI) reconstruction model, achieving remarkably low data rate requirements of sub-1 Kbps. The parametric voice codec operates by first compressing and encoding vocal acoustic features at an ultra-low bitrate of 450 bps. These compressed features then enable real-time streaming inference through the AI reconstruction model, which synthesizes high-quality audio waveforms. The reconstruction model has a three-layer neural network specifically engineered for resource-constrained satellite equipment, achieving low inference latency with lightweight computational load. We implement and evaluate VoNTN in our testbed using an actual narrowband satellite. Experimental results show that VoNTN can provide a low-latency and high-fidelity voice service without high-performance computing hardware. 1967-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Multilayer neural networks

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