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arXiv 2025年

作者： van Glabbeek, Rob Goltz, Ursula Lippert, Christopher Mennicke, Stephan Data61 CSIRO Sydney Australia Computer Sc. and Engineering University of New South Wales Sydney Australia Institute for Programming and Reactive Systems TU Braunschweig Germany

We analyse two translations from the synchronous into the asynchronous π-calculus, both without choice, that are often quoted as standard examples of valid encodings, showing that the asynchronous π-calculus is just as expressive as the synchronous one. We examine which of the quality criteria for encodings from the literature support the validity of these translations. Moreover, we prove their validity according to much stronger criteria than considered previously in the literature. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Differentiation (calculus)

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An operational petri net semantics for the join calculus 19

An operational petri net semantics for the join calculus

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Combined 19th International Workshop on Expressiveness in Concurrency and 9th Workshop on Structured Operational Semantics, EXPRESS/SOS 2012

作者： Mennicke, Stephan Institute for Programming and Reactive Systems TU Braunschweig Germany

We present a concurrent operational Petri net semantics for the join-calculus, a process calculus for specifying concurrent and distributed systems. There often is a gap between system specifications and the actual implementations caused by synchrony assumptions on the specification side and asynchronously interacting components in implementations. The join-calculus is promising to reduce this gap by providing an abstract specification language which is asynchronously distributable. Classical process semantics establish an implicit order of actually independent actions, by means of an interleaving. So does the semantics of the join-calculus. To capture such independent actions, step-based semantics, e. g., as defined on Petri nets, are employed. Our Petri net semantics for the join-calculus induces step-behavior in a natural way. We prove our semantics behaviorally equivalent to the original join-calculus semantics by means of a bisimulation. We discuss how join specific assumptions influence an existing notion of distributability based on Petri nets. © S. Mennicke This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.

关键词： Semantics

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Feature interaction aware test case generation for embedded control systems

Feature interaction aware test case generation for embedded ...

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作者： Lochau, Malte Goltz, Ursula Institute for Programming and Reactive Systems TU Braunschweig Germany

The growing number and increased coupling of functionality in embedded control systems, e.g. in the automotive domain, leads to complex networks of interacting features and a wide range of variants. Hence, today's software development processes must include systematic approaches to analyze the functional correctness of system specifications and implementations. Model-based testing is of particular importance for embedded software systems as the test cases can be performed at the real system under test and failures arising from the interaction of software and hardware can be discovered. As features are usually designed in a modular and isolated way, unexpected and undesired behavior caused by unintended interferences of insufficiently synchronized and even contradicting features concurrently active in the system often remains undetected which may lead to serious safety problems. To overcome such feature interactions at system integration level is tedious as it leads to a voluminous number of unmanageable test cases. We describe a model-based approach for efficiently generating test cases that particularly aim at feature interaction analysis. We first characterize feature interaction in a formal way based on a rigorous functional architecture model, and describe how to detect potential feature interactions. For test case generation, behavioral models like Statecharts and according coverage criteria can be used as usual, but only those models are integrated into the test model, that contribute to one of the features under consideration. This leads to a trade off between comprehensive test coverage to find possible flaws caused by interacting features, and yet still a reasonable number of test cases. The steps of the approach are illustrated be means of a case study from the automotive domain. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Complex networks

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A static aspect language for modelica models

A static aspect language for modelica models

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2nd International Workshop on Equation-Based Object-Oriented Languages and Tools, EOOLT 2008 - In Conjunction with the ECOOP 2008 Conference

作者： Lochau, Malte Günther, Henning Institute for Programming and Reactive Systems TU Braunschweig Germany

With the introduction of the new Modelica major version 3, innovations mainly consist of further model restrictions for increased model quality. In addition, developers often want to ensure the compliance to further requirements early in the development cycle. Mostly emerging as domain specific conventions that often crosscut model structures, according checking mechanisms are required that are detached from the core language. In this paper, a declarative language is presented for specifying and evaluating quantified rules for static model properties. Based on aspectoriented programming, the language allows for concise and expressive model inspections and a variable and typing concept facilitate subsequent model manipulations. A nascent implementation framework is proposed, based on the logic meta programming paradigm, thus leading to efficient and scalable aspect processing applicable as model query engine for an AOP Modelica Compiler.

关键词： Computer systems programming

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Parameterized preorder relations for model-based testing of software product lines

Parameterized preorder relations for model-based testing of ...

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5th International Symposium on Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods, Verification and Validation: Technologies for Mastering Change, ISoLA 2012

作者： Lochau, Malte Kamischke, Jochen TU Braunschweig Institute for Programming and Reactive Systems Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9783642340253

Software Product Lines (SPLs) are a promising approach for efficiently engineering similar variants and/or evolving versions of software products. SPLs propagate systematic reuse of design artifacts between variants based on commonality and variability specifications in terms of features. Adopting reuse principles also to methods for behavioral conformance verification of product variants to their formal specifications, e.g., using model-based testing, is still an open problem. The sound reuse of verification artifacts such as test cases and test results is challenging due to the syntax-oriented and cross-cutting nature of recent feature-oriented SPL modeling approaches which obstructs reasoning about the behavioral impact of variability. Therefore, we introduce a formal framework for reasoning about artifact reuse in model-based SPL conformance testing. Based on a modal labeled transition system with explicit feature annotations as semantical ground model, we propose a behavioral notion of commonality by means of parameterized testing preorder relations for decorated trace semantics. Thereupon, applications to the reuse of SPL test artifacts are proposed. © 2012 Springer-Verlag.

关键词： Formal specification

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COMPOSITIONAL PRIORITY SPECIFICATION IN REAL-TIME DISTRIBUTED systems

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SADHANA-ACADEMY PROCEEDINGS IN ENGINEERING SCIENCES 1992年第1期17卷 75-93页

作者： SHYAMASUNDAR, RK LIU, LY Computer Science Group Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Bombay India IBM Programming Systems Cary Laboratory Cary USA

In this paper, we develop a compositional denotational semantics for prioritized real-time distributed programming languages. One of the interesting features is that it extends the existing compositional theory proposed by Koymans et al (1988) for prioritized real-time languages preserving the compositionality of the semantics. The language permits users to define situations in which an action has priority over another action without the requirement of preassigning priorities to actions for partially ordering the alphabet of actions. These features are part of the languages such as Ada designed specifically keeping in view the needs of real-time embedded systems. Further, the approach does not have the restriction of other approaches such as prioritized internal moves can preempt unprioritized actions etc. Our notion of priority in the environment is based on the intuition that a low priority action can proceed only if the high priority action cannot proceed due to lack of the handshaking partner at that point of execution. In other words, if some action is possible corresponding to that environment at some point of execution then the action takes place without unnecessary waiting. The proposed semantic theory provides a clear distinction between the semantic model and the execution model - this has enabled us to fully ensure that there is no unnecessary waiting.

关键词： COMPOSITIONAL SPECIFICATION REAL-TIME DISTRIBUTED systems PRIORITY SPECIFICATION MESSAGE PASSING MODELS

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Towards incremental test suite optimization for software product lines 14

Towards incremental test suite optimization for software pro...

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6th International Workshop on Feature-Oriented Software Development, FOSD 2014

作者： Baller, Hauke Lochau, Malte Institute for Programming and Reactive Systems Braunschweig Germany Real-time Systems Lab Darmstadt Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781450329804

The design of an appropriate test suite for software testing is a challenging task. It requires a suitable tradeoff between effectiveness, e.g., a suficient amount of test cases to satisfy the test goals of a given coverage criterion, and eficiency, e.g., a redundancy-reduced selection of test cases. Recent test suite optimization approaches, therefore, usually require an explicit enumeration of existing test cases to select from. The test suite design for covering entire software product lines is even more problematic as the dependency between test cases, test goals and product configurations has to be taken into account. Due to the exponential number of configurations w.r.t. the number of features, an explicit enumeration of all products for optimizing a product-line test suite is impractible. To tackle this problem, we propose an incremental test suite optimization approach for product-line testing that does not require an explicit representation of the set of configurations under test, but rather uses a symbolic representation in terms of feature constraints. The approach is illustrated by means of a running example. © Copyright 2014 ACM.

关键词： Software testing

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Incremental model-based testing of delta-oriented software product lines

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6th International Conference on Tests and Proofs, TAP 2012

作者： Lochau, Malte Schaefer, Ina Kamischke, Jochen Lity, Sascha TU Braunschweig Institute for Programming and Reactive Systems Germany TU Braunschweig Institute for Software Systems Engineering Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9783642304729

Software product line (SPL) engineering provides a promising approach for developing variant-rich software systems. But, testing of every product variant in isolation to ensure its correctness is in general not feasible due to the large number of product variants. Hence, a systematic approach that applies SPL reuse principles also to testing of SPLs in a safe and efficient way is essential. To address this issue, we propose a novel, model-based SPL testing framework that is based on a delta-oriented SPL test model and regression-based test artifact derivations. Test artifacts are incrementally constructed for every product variant by explicitly considering commonality and variability between two consecutive products under test. The resulting SPL testing process is proven to guarantee stable test coverage for every product variant and allows the derivation of redundancy-reduced, yet reliable retesting obligations. We compare our approach with an alternative SPL testing strategy by means of a case study from the automotive domain. © 2012 Springer-Verlag.

关键词： Testing

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Cyclical oscillations and absorbing-state probabilities in optional public goods games: Interplay of reward and group size

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Physical Review E 2025年第1期111卷 014138-014138页

作者： Eduardo V. Stock Pablo Valverde Juan Carlos González-Avella José Roberto Iglesias Sebastian Gonçalves Roberto da Silva Instituto de Física Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Caixa Postal 15051 91501-970 Porto Alegre RS Brazil Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Quito 170525 Ecuador Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Physics and Complex Systems UIB-CSIC Palma de Mallorca 07122 Spain Advanced Programming Solutions SL Palma de Mallorca 07120 Spain Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Sistemas Complexos CBPF Rio de Janeiro 22290-180 RJ Brazil

The optional public goods game (OPGG) is a three-strategy model in which individuals can cooperate, defect, or not participate. Despite its simplicity, this model effectively captures various social dilemmas, including those involving public services, environmental sustainability, and broader societal issues. In this study, we investigate how the reward (r) and group size of potential players (S) of public goods games influence the steady-state coexistence of these strategies or the alternation of their dominance in a rock-paper-scissors dynamic. The OPGG is simulated using Monte Carlo in a nonspatial scenario, meaning there is no topology connecting the agents, allowing any player to interact with any other player. We show that under sufficiently noisy conditions, the system consistently evolves to an absorbing state, with the prevailing strategy determined by the values of r and S. In the range 2≤r≤S, the system shows multiple stable absorbing states, with groups of size S=4 exhibiting more pronounced and transient rock-paper-scissors dynamics with longer average absorbing times. We present a thorough analysis of our results in terms of the fraction of time the system spends in rock-paper-scissor cycles, the number of cycles, and the average probability that the system relaxes to each possible absorbing state, including scenarios where the system does not reach an absorbing state at all.

关键词： Risk assessment

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Delta-oriented model-based SPL regression testing

Delta-oriented model-based SPL regression testing

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2012 3rd International Workshop on Product LinE Approaches in Software Engineering, PLEASE 2012

作者： Lity, Sascha Lochau, Malte Schaefer, Ina Goltz, Ursula TU Braunschweig Institute for Programming and Reactive Systems Braunschweig Germany TU Braunschweig Institute for Software Systems Engineering Braunschweig Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781467317511

Testing software product lines by considering each product variant in isolation is impracticable due to the high number of potential product configurations. Therefore, applying SPL reuse principles also to test artifacts in a concise way is essential. We address this open issue by a novel, model-based SPL testing framework based on reusable delta-oriented state machine test models and regression-based test suite evolution. Therein, SPL test artifacts are incrementally evolved for every product variant by explicitly considering commonality and variability between two subsequent products under test. Our approach guarantees for every product configuration stable test coverage and allows the derivation of redundancy-reduced, yet reliable retesting obligations. We illustrate our framework by means of an automotive case study and compare our experimental results with alternative SPL testing strategies w.r.t. efficiency improvements. © 2012 IEEE.

关键词： Model checking

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