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arXiv 2025年

作者： Rohde, Peter P. Huang, Zixin Ouyang, Yingkai Huang, He-Liang Su, Zu-En Devitt, Simon Ramakrishnan, Rohit Mantri, Atul Tan, Si-Hui Liu, Nana Harrison, Scott Radhakrishnan, Chandrashekar Brennen, Gavin K. Baragiola, Ben Q. Dowling, Jonathan P. Byrnes, Tim Munro, William J. Centre for Quantum Software and Information Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology University of Technology Sydney SydneyNSW Australia Hearne Institute for Theoretical Physics Louisiana State University Baton Rouge United States School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences Macquarie University NSW2109 Australia School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences University of Sheffield SheffieldS3 7RH United Kingdom Henan Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Cryptography Henan Zhengzhou450000 China Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale Department of Modern Physics University of Science & Technology of China Hefei China CAS Centre for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Centre in Quantum Information & Quantum Physics University of Science & Technology of China Hefei China CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory Shanghai China InstituteQ Aalto University Espoo02150 Finland Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India Singapore University of Technology & Design Singapore Centre for Quantum Technologies National University of Singapore Singapore Horizon Quantum Ireland 24 Fitzwilliam Place Dublin 2 D02 T296 Ireland Institute of Natural Sciences Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai200240 China School of Mathematical Sciences Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai200240 China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory in Scientific and Engineering Computing Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai200240 China Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Shanghai China University of Michigan Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute Shanghai200240 China Leibniz Institute for Research & Information in Education Frankfurt am Main Germany Department of Computer Science and Engineering NYU Shanghai 567 West Yangsi Road Shanghai200124 China Centre of Excellence in Engineered Quantum Systems Macquarie University NSW Australia Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology School of Science RMIT University VIC

The desire to share and unite remote digital assets motivated the development of the classical internet, the enabler of the entire 21st century economy and our modern way of life. As we enter the quantum era, it is to be expected there will be a similar demand for networking quantum assets, motivating a global quantum internet for bringing together the world's quantum resources, leveraging off their exponential trajectory in capability. We present models for quantum networking, how they might be applied in the future, and the implications they will have. Socially, economically, politically and geostrategically, the upcoming era of quantum supremacy will be as significant for the 21st century as the transistor was for the 20th. The inherently different scaling in the computational power of quantum computers fundamentally changes the dynamics of how they will operate in the future. Given their high expected initial cost, a client/server model for outsourcing computation will be essential for enabling the accessibility and proliferation of this technology, and ensuring its economic viability. We therefore anticipate the emergence of cloud quantum computing, a model for outsourcing quantum computations to the network. We argue that economic efficiency will mandate that all future quantum computers be united into a single global virtual quantum computer, offering exponentially more power to all network participants than if they were to keep their resources to themselves. This model for the allocation of computational resources is uniquely quantum, with no classical analogue, completely altering the economic landscape for the future of computation. Given the sensitivity of much of the data to which future quantum computers are going to foreseeably be applied, protocols for encrypted quantum computation will be essential - the outsourcing of computations that neither an eavesdropper nor even the server performing the computation can spy upon. This will enable new models fo

关键词： Outsourcing

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Robust and efficient verification of graph states in blind measurement-based quantum computation

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Li, Zihao Zhu, Huangjun Hayashi, Masahito State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics Department of Physics Fudan University Shanghai200433 China Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing Fudan University Shanghai200433 China Center for Field Theory and Particle Physics Fudan University Shanghai200433 China School of Data Science The Chinese University of Hong Kong Longgang District Shenzhen518172 China Futian District Shenzhen518048 China Graduate School of Mathematics Nagoya University Nagoya464-8602 Japan

Blind quantum computation (BQC) is a secure quantum computation method that protects the privacy of clients. Measurement-based quantum computation (MBQC) is a promising approach for realizing BQC. To obtain reliable results in blind MBQC, it is crucial to verify whether the resource graph states are accurately prepared in the adversarial scenario. However, previous verification protocols for this task are too resource consuming or noise susceptible to be applied in practice. Here, we propose a robust and efficient protocol for verifying arbitrary graph states with any prime local dimension in the adversarial scenario, which leads to a robust and efficient protocol for verifying the resource state in blind MBQC. Our protocol requires only local Pauli measurements and is thus easy to realize with current technologies. Nevertheless, it can achieve the optimal scaling behaviors with respect to the system size and the target precision as quantified by the infidelity and significance level, which has never been achieved before. Notably, our protocol can exponentially enhance the scaling behavior with the significance level. Copyright © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： quantum cryptography

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Codimension-2 defects and higher symmetries in (3+1)D topological phases

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Barkeshli, Maissam Chen, Yu-An Huang, Sheng-Jie Kobayashi, Ryohei Tantivasadakarn, Nathanan Zhu, Guanyu Department of Physics Condensed Matter Theory Center Joint Quantum Institute University of Maryland College ParkMD20742 United States Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science University of Maryland College ParkMD20742 United States Walter Burke Institute for Theoretical Physics Department of Physics California Institute of Technology PasadenaCA91125 United States Department of Physics Harvard University CambridgeMA02138 United States IBM Quantum IBM T.J. Watson Research Center Yorktown HeightsNY10598 United States

(3+1)D topological phases of matter can host a broad class of non-trivial topological defects of codimension-1, 2, and 3, of which the well-known point charges and flux loops are special cases. The complete algebraic structure of these defects defines a higher category, and can be viewed as an emergent higher symmetry. This plays a crucial role both in the classification of phases of matter and the possible fault-tolerant logical operations in topological quantum error-correcting codes. In this paper, we study several examples of such higher codimension defects from distinct perspectives. We mainly study a class of invertible codimension-2 topological defects, which we refer to as twist strings. We provide a number of general constructions for twist strings, in terms of gauging lower dimensional invertible phases, layer constructions, and condensation defects. We study some special examples in the context of Z2 gauge theory with fermionic charges, in Z2 × Z2 gauge theory with bosonic charges, and also in non-Abelian discrete gauge theories based on dihedral (Dn) and alternating (A6) groups. The intersection between twist strings and Abelian flux loops sources Abelian point charges, which defines an H4 cohomology class that characterizes part of an underlying 3-group symmetry of the topological order. The equations involving background gauge fields for the 3-group symmetry have been explicitly written down for various cases. We also study examples of twist strings interacting with non-Abelian flux loops (defining part of a non-invertible higher symmetry), examples of non-invertible codimension-2 defects, and examples of the interplay of codimension-2 defects with codimension-1 defects. We also find an example of geometric, not fully topological, twist strings in (3+1)D A6 gauge theory. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Defects

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Experimental implementation of an efficient test of quantumness

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Lewis, Laura Zhu, Daiwei Gheorghiu, Alexandru Noel, Crystal Katz, Or Harraz, Bahaa Wang, Qingfeng Risinger, Andrew Feng, Lei Biswas, Debopriyo Egan, Laird Vidick, Thomas Cetina, Marko Monroe, Christopher Institute for Quantum Information and Matter Department of Computing and Mathematical Sciences California Institute of Technology CA91125 United States Division of Physics Mathematics and Astronomy California Institute of Technology CA91125 United States Joint Quantum Institute Departments of Physics and Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Maryland College ParkMD20742 United States Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science NIST University of Maryland College ParkMD20742 United States IonQ Inc. College ParkMD20740 United States Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Maryland College ParkMD20742 United States Institute for Theoretical Studies ETH Zürich CH 8001 Switzerland Duke Quantum Center Department of Physics Duke University DurhamNC27708 United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Duke University DurhamNC27708 United States Chemical Physics Program Institute for Physical Science and Technology University of Maryland College ParkMD20742 United States

A test of quantumness is a protocol where a classical user issues challenges to a quantum device to determine if it exhibits non-classical behavior, under certain cryptographic assumptions. Recent attempts to implement such tests on current quantum computers rely on either interactive challenges with efficient verification, or non-interactive challenges with inefficient (exponential time) verification. In this paper, we execute an efficient non-interactive test of quantumness on an ion-trap quantum computer. Our results significantly exceed the bound for a classical device’s success. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Qubits

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On a gap in the proof of the generalised quantum Stein's lemma and its consequences for the reversibility of quantum resources

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Berta, Mario Brandão, Fernando G.S.L. Gour, Gilad Lami, Ludovico Plenio, Martin B. Regula, Bartosz Tomamichel, Marco Institute for Quantum Information RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany Department of Computing Imperial College London London United Kingdom Institute for Quantum Information and Matter California Institute of Technology PasadenaCA United States AWS Center for Quantum Computing PasadenaCA United States Department of Mathematics and Statistics Institute for Quantum Science and Technology University of Calgary ABT2N 1N4 Canada Institut für Theoretische Physik und IQST Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 UlmD-89069 Germany QuSoft Science Park 123 Amsterdam1098 XG Netherlands Korteweg–de Vries Institute for Mathematics University of Amsterdam Science Park 105-107 Amsterdam1098 XG Netherlands Institute for Theoretical Physics University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 Amsterdam1098 XH Netherlands Saitama Wako351-0198 Japan Department of Physics Graduate School of Science The University of Tokyo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo113-0033 Japan Center for Quantum Technologies National University of Singapore Singapore Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering College of Design and Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore

We show that the proof of the generalised quantum Stein’s lemma [Brandão & Plenio, Commun. Math. Phys. 295, 791 (2010)] is not correct due to a gap in the argument leading to Lemma III.9. Hence, the main achievability result of Brandão & Plenio is not known to hold. This puts into question a number of established results in the literature, in particular the reversibility of quantum entanglement [Brandão & Plenio, Commun. Math. Phys. 295, 829 (2010);Nat. Phys. 4, 873 (2008)] and of general quantum resources [Brandão & Gour, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 070503 (2015)] under asymptotically resource non-generating operations. We discuss potential ways to recover variants of the newly unsettled results using other approaches. © 2022, CC BY.

关键词： quantum entanglement

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Mutual Information Maximizing quantum Generative Adversarial Network and Its Applications in Finance

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Lee, Mingyu Shin, Myeongjin Lee, Junseo Jeong, Kabgyun Department of Computer Science and Engineering Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of QDQ Corp. Seoul06999 Korea Republic of School of Computing KAIST Daejeon34141 Korea Republic of School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Yonsei University Seoul03722 Korea Republic of Quantum Computing R&D Norma Inc. Seoul04799 Korea Republic of Research Institute of Mathematics Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of School of Computational Sciences Korea Institute for Advanced Study Seoul02455 Korea Republic of

One of the most promising applications in the era of NISQ (Noisy Intermediate-Scale quantum) computing is quantum machine learning. quantum machine learning offers significant quantum advantages over classical machine learning across various domains. Specifically, generative adversarial networks have been recognized for their potential utility in diverse fields such as image generation, finance, and probability distribution modeling. However, these networks necessitate solutions for inherent challenges like mode collapse. In this study, we capitalize on the concept that the estimation of mutual information between high-dimensional continuous random variables can be achieved through gradient descent using neural networks. We introduce a novel approach named InfoQGAN, which employs the Mutual Information Neural Estimator (MINE) within the framework of quantum generative adversarial networks to tackle the mode collapse issue. Furthermore, we elaborate on how this approach can be applied to a financial scenario, specifically addressing the problem of generating portfolio return distributions through dynamic asset allocation. This illustrates the potential practical applicability of InfoQGAN in real-world contexts. © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： Generative adversarial networks

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Magnon-mediated perpendicular magnetization switching by topological crystalline insulator SnTe with high spin Hall conductivity

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Zhao, Pengnan Shi, Guoyi Lu, Wentian Yang, Lihuan Tan, Hui Ru Guo, Kaiwei Lai, Jia-Min Yu, Zhonghai Soumyanarayanan, Anjan Yuan, Zhe Wang, Fei Xu, Xiaohong Yang, Hyunsoo Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials of Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Materials Science Shanxi Normal University Taiyuan030006 China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore117576 Singapore Singapore138634 Singapore Department of Physics National University of Singapore Singapore117551 Singapore Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing Fudan University Shanghai200433 China Interdisciplinary Center for Theoretical Physics and Information Sciences Fudan University Shanghai200433 China

Magnons possess the ability to transport spin angular momentum in insulating magnetic materials, a characteristic that sets them apart from traditional electronics where power consumption arises from the movement of electrons. However, the practical application of magnon devices demands room temperature operation and low switching power of perpendicular magnetization. Here we demonstrate the low-power manipulation of perpendicular magnetization via magnon torques in SnTe/NiO/CoFeB devices at room temperature. Topological crystalline insulator SnTe exhibits a high spin Hall conductivity of σs ≈ 6.1 x 104 (ℏ /2e) (Ω \. m)-1, which facilitates the generation of magnon currents in an antiferromagnetic insulator NiO. The magnon currents traverse the 20-nm-thick NiO layer and subsequently exert magnon torques on the adjacent ferromagnetic layer, leading to magnetization switching. Notably, we achieve a 22-fold reduction in power consumption in SnTe/NiO/CoFeB heterostructures compared to Bi2Te3/NiO/CoFeB control samples. Our findings establish the low-power perpendicular magnetization manipulation through magnon torques, significantly expanding the range of topological materials with practical applications. © 2025, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： Tin alloys

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Real-Time Decoding for Fault-Tolerant quantum computing: Progress, Challenges and Outlook

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Battistel, Francesco Chamberland, Christopher Johar, Kauser Overwater, Ramon W.J. Sebastiano, Fabio Skoric, Luka Ueno, Yosuke Usman, Muhammad Qblox Elektronicaweg 10 Delft2628 XG Netherlands AWS Center for Quantum Computing PasadenaCA91125 United States IQIM California Institute of Technology PasadenaCA91125 United States Riverlane Ltd Cambridge United Kingdom QuTech Department of Quantum and Computer Engineering Delft University of Technology Delft2600 GA Netherlands Graduate School of Information Science and Technology The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan Department of Computer Engineering Technical University of Munich Garching Germany School of Physics The University of Melbourne Parkville3010 Australia Data61 CSIRO Clayton3168 Australia

quantum computing is poised to solve practically useful problems which are computationally intractable for classical supercomputers. However, the current generation of quantum computers are limited by errors that may only partially be mitigated by developing higher-quality qubits. quantum error correction (QEC) will thus be necessary to ensure fault tolerance. QEC protects the logical information by cyclically measuring syndrome information about the errors. An essential part of QEC is the decoder, which uses the syndrome to compute the likely effect of the errors on the logical degrees of freedom and provide a tentative correction. The decoder must be accurate, fast enough to keep pace with the QEC cycle (e.g., on a microsecond timescale for superconducting qubits) and with hard real-time system integration to support logical operations. As such, real-time decoding is essential to realize fault-tolerant quantum computing and to achieve quantum advantage. In this work, we highlight some of the key challenges facing the implementation of real-time decoders while providing a succinct summary of the progress to-date. Furthermore, we lay out our perspective for the future development and provide a possible roadmap for the field of real-time decoding in the next few years. As the quantum hardware is anticipated to scale up, this perspective article will provide a guidance for researchers, focusing on the most pressing issues in real-time decoding and facilitating the development of solutions across quantum and computer science. Copyright © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Fault tolerance

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Pauli topological subsystem codes from Abelian anyon theories

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Ellison, Tyler D. Chen, Yu-An Dua, Arpit Shirley, Wilbur Tantivasadakarn, Nathanan Williamson, Dominic J. Department of Physics Yale University New HavenCT06511 United States Department of Physics Condensed Matter Theory Center Joint Quantum Institute Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science University of Maryland College ParkMD20742 United States Department of Physics Institute for Quantum Information and Matter California Institute of Technology PasadenaCA91125 United States School of Natural Sciences Institute for Advanced Study PrincetonNJ08540 United States Walter Burke Institute for Theoretical Physics Department of Physics California Institute of Technology PasadenaCA91125 United States Department of Physics Harvard University CambridgeMA02138 United States Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems School of Physics University of Sydney SydneyNSW2006 Australia

We construct Pauli topological subsystem codes characterized by arbitrary two-dimensional Abelian anyon theories – this includes anyon theories with degenerate braiding relations and those without a gapped boundary to the vacuum. Our work both extends the classification of two-dimensional Pauli topological subsystem codes to systems of composite-dimensional qudits and establishes that the classification is at least as rich as that of Abelian anyon theories. We exemplify the construction with topological subsystem codes defined on four-dimensional qudits based on the Z(1)4 anyon theory with degenerate braiding relations and the chiral semion theory – both of which cannot be captured by topological stabilizer codes. The construction proceeds by "gauging out" certain anyon types of a topological stabilizer code. This amounts to defining a gauge group generated by the stabilizer group of the topological stabilizer code and a set of anyonic string operators for the anyon types that are gauged out. The resulting topological subsystem code is characterized by an anyon theory containing a proper subset of the anyons of the topological stabilizer code. We thereby show that every Abelian anyon theory is a subtheory of a stack of toric codes and a certain family of twisted quantum doubles that generalize the double semion anyon theory. We further prove a number of general statements about the logical operators of translation invariant topological subsystem codes and define their associated anyon theories in terms of higher-form symmetries. © 2022, CC BY.

关键词： Topology

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Noncommuting conserved charges in quantum thermodynamics and beyond

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Majidy, Shayan Braasch, William F. Lasek, Aleksander Upadhyaya, Twesh Kalev, Amir Halpern, Nicole Yunger Institute for Quantum Computing University of Waterloo WaterlooONN2L 3G1 Canada Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics WaterlooONN2L 2Y5 Canada Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science NIST University of Maryland College ParkMD20742 United States Department of Physics University of Maryland College ParkMD20742 United States Information Sciences Institute University of Southern California ArlingtonVA22203 United States Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Southern California Los AngelesCA90089 United States Institute for Physical Science and Technology University of Maryland College ParkMD20742 United States

Thermodynamic systems typically conserve quantities ("charges") such as energy and particle number. The charges are often assumed implicitly to commute with each other. Yet quantum phenomena such as uncertainty relations rely on observables’ failure to commute. How do noncommuting charges affect thermodynamic phenomena? This question, upon arising at the intersection of quantum information theory and thermodynamics, spread recently across many-body physics. Charges’ noncommutation has been found to invalidate derivations of the thermal state’s form, decrease entropy production, conflict with the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis, and more. This Perspective surveys key results in, opportunities for, and work adjacent to the quantum thermodynamics of noncommuting charges. Open problems include a conceptual puzzle: Evidence suggests that noncommuting charges may hinder thermalization in some ways while enhancing thermalization in others. © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： Entropy

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