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quantum computing for High-Energy Physics: State of the Art and Challenges

PRX quantum 2024年第3期5卷 037001-037001页

作者： Alberto Di Meglio Karl Jansen Ivano Tavernelli Constantia Alexandrou Srinivasan Arunachalam Christian W. Bauer Kerstin Borras Stefano Carrazza Arianna Crippa Vincent Croft Roland de Putter Andrea Delgado Vedran Dunjko Daniel J. Egger Elias Fernández-Combarro Elina Fuchs Lena Funcke Daniel González-Cuadra Michele Grossi Jad C. Halimeh Zoë Holmes Stefan Kühn Denis Lacroix Randy Lewis Donatella Lucchesi Miriam Lucio Martinez Federico Meloni Antonio Mezzacapo Simone Montangero Lento Nagano Vincent R. Pascuzzi Voica Radescu Enrique Rico Ortega Alessandro Roggero Julian Schuhmacher Joao Seixas Pietro Silvi Panagiotis Spentzouris Francesco Tacchino Kristan Temme Koji Terashi Jordi Tura Cenk Tüysüz Sofia Vallecorsa Uwe-Jens Wiese Shinjae Yoo Jinglei Zhang 1211 Geneva Switzerland CQTA Computation-based Science and Technology Research Center 8803 Rüschlikon Switzerland Department of Physics IBM Quantum Physics Division Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) Notkestraße 85 22607 Hamburg Germany Templergraben 55 52062 Aachen Germany TIF Lab Dipartimento di Fisica Institut für Physik 〈aQa Physics Division Department of Computer Science Facultad de Ciencias Institute of Theoretical Physics 38116 Braunschweig Germany Transdisciplinary Research Area “Building Blocks of Matter and Fundamental Interactions” (TRA Matter) and Helmholtz Institute for Radiation and Nuclear Physics (HISKP) Institute for Theoretical Physics 6020 Innsbruck Austria Department of Physics and Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics Munich Germany Institute of Physics CNRS/IN2P3 IJCLab Department of Physics and Astronomy Via Marzolo 8 35131 Padua Italy Science Park 105 1098 XG Amsterdam Netherlands Department of Gravitational Waves and Fundamental Physics International Center for Elementary Particle Physics Department of Physical Chemistry 20018 Donostia–San Sebastián Spain EHU Quantum Center University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU P.O. Box 644 48080 Bilbao Spain Basque Foundation for Science Via Sommarive 14 38123 Povo Trento Italy Department Física Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials (CeFEMA) Instituto Superior Técnico Lisbon Portugal Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies (LaPMET) Lisbon Portugal Kirk and Pine Street Batavia Illinois 60510 USA Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics Institute for Theoretical Physics 98 Rochester Sreet Upton New York 11973 USA Institute for Quantum Computing Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada

quantum computers offer an intriguing path for a paradigmatic change of computing in the natural sciences and beyond, with the potential for achieving a so-called quantum advantage—namely, a significant (in some cases exponential) speedup of numerical simulations. The rapid development of hardware devices with various realizations of qubits enables the execution of small-scale but representative applications on quantum computers. In particular, the high-energy physics community plays a pivotal role in accessing the power of quantum computing, since the field is a driving source for challenging computational problems. This concerns, on the theoretical side, the exploration of models that are very hard or even impossible to address with classical techniques and, on the experimental side, the enormous data challenge of newly emerging experiments, such as the upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider. In this Roadmap paper, led by CERN, DESY, and IBM, we provide the status of high-energy physics quantum computations and give examples of theoretical and experimental target benchmark applications, which can be addressed in the near future. Having in mind hardware with about 100 qubits capable of executing several thousand two-qubit gates, where possible, we also provide resource estimates for the examples given using error-mitigated quantum computing. The ultimate declared goal of this task force is therefore to trigger further research in the high-energy physics community to develop interesting use cases for demonstrations on near-term quantum computers.

关键词： quantum computation quantum simulation

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The Lieb-Robinson light cone for power-law interactions

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2021年

作者： Tran, Minh C. Guo, Andrew Y. Baldwin, Christopher L. Ehrenberg, Adam Gorshkov, Alexey V. Lucas, Andrew Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science NIST/University of Maryland College ParkMD20742 United States Joint Quantum Institute NIST/University of Maryland College ParkMD20742 United States Department of Physics University of Colorado BoulderCO80309 United States Center for Theory of Quantum Matter University of Colorado BoulderCO80309 United States

The Lieb-Robinson theorem states that information propagates with a finite velocity in quantum systems on a lattice with nearest-neighbor interactions. What are the speed limits on information propagation in quantum systems with power-law interactions, which decay as 1/rα at distance r? Here, we present a definitive answer to this question for all exponents α > 2d and all spatial dimensions d. Schematically, information takes time at least rmin{1,α−2d} to propagate a distance r. As recent state transfer protocols saturate this bound, our work closes a decades-long hunt for optimal Lieb-Robinson bounds on quantum information dynamics with power-law interactions. Copyright © 2021, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： quantum optics

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Large-Scale Simulation of quantum Computational Chemistry on a New Sunway Supercomputer

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2022年

作者： Shang, Honghui Shen, Li Fan, Yi Xu, Zhiqian Guo, Chu Liu, Jie Zhou, Wenhao Ma, Huan Lin, Rongfen Yang, Yuling Li, Fang Wang, Zhuoya Zhang, Yunquan Li, Zhenyu Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China Hefei National Laboratory University of Science and Technology of China Anhui Hefei230088 China Henan Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Cryptography Henan Zhengzhou450000 China Hunan Normal University Changsha410081 China National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi Wuxi China Department of Computer Science and Technology Tsinghua University Beijing China Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Qingdao China

quantum computational chemistry (QCC) is the use of quantum computers to solve problems in computational quantum chemistry. We develop a high performance variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) simulator for simulating quantum computational chemistry problems on a new Sunway supercomputer. The major innovations include: (1) a Matrix Product State (MPS) based VQE simulator to reduce the amount of memory needed and increase the simulation efficiency;(2) a combination of the Density Matrix Embedding theory with the MPS-based VQE simulator to further extend the simulation range;(3) A three-level parallelization scheme to scale up to 20 million cores;(4) Usage of the Julia script language as the main programming language, which both makes the programming easier and enables cutting edge performance as native C or Fortran;(5) Study of real chemistry systems based on the VQE simulator, achieving nearly linearly strong and weak scaling. Our simulation demonstrates the power of VQE for large quantum chemistry systems, thus paves the way for large-scale VQE experiments on near-term quantum computers. © 2022, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： Simulators

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Generating Approximate Ground States of Molecules Using quantum Machine Learning

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2022年

作者： Ceroni, Jack Stetina, Torin F. Kieferová, Mária Marrero, Carlos Ortiz Arrazola, Juan Miguel Wiebe, Nathan Xanadu TorontoONM5G 2C8 Canada Department of Mathematics University of Toronto TorontoONM5S 3E1 Canada Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing BerkeleyCA94704 United States Berkeley Quantum Information and Computation Center University of California BerkeleyCA94720 United States Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology Centre for Quantum Software and Information University of Technology SydneyNSW2007 Australia AI & Data Analytics Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory RichlandWA99354 United States Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering North Carolina State University RaleighNC27607 United States Department of Computer Science University of Toronto ONM5S 1A1 Canada High Performance Computing Group Pacific Northwest National Laboratory RichlandWA99354 United States

The potential energy surface (PES) of molecules with respect to their nuclear positions is a primary tool in understanding chemical reactions from first principles. However, obtaining this information is complicated by the fact that sampling a large number of ground states over a high-dimensional PES can require a vast number of state preparations. In this work, we propose using a generative quantum machine learning model to prepare quantum states at arbitrary points on the PES. The model is trained using quantum data consisting of ground-state wavefunctions associated with different classical nuclear coordinates. Our approach uses a classical neural network to convert the nuclear coordinates of a molecule into quantum parameters of a variational quantum circuit. The model is trained using a fidelity loss function to optimize the neural network parameters. We show that gradient evaluation is efficient and numerically demonstrate our method’s ability to prepare wavefunctions on the PES of hydrogen chains, water, and beryllium hydride. In all cases, we find that a small number of training points are needed to achieve very high overlap with the groundstates in practice. From a theoretical perspective, we further prove limitations on these protocols by showing that if we were able to learn across an avoided crossing using a small number of samples, then we would be able to violate Grover’s lower bound. Additionally, we prove lower bounds on the amount of quantum data needed to learn a locally optimal neural network function using arguments from quantum Fisher information. This work further identifies that quantum chemistry can be an important use case for quantum machine learning. © 2022, CC BY.

关键词： Molecules

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Minimum Trotterization Formulas for a Time-Dependent Hamiltonian

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2022年

作者： Ikeda, Tatsuhiko N. Abrar, Asir Chuang, Isaac L. Sugiura, Sho RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing Saitama Wako351-0198 Japan Department of Physics Boston University BostonMA02215 United States Institute for Solid State Physics University of Tokyo Chiba Kashiwa277-8581 Japan Physics and Informatics Laboratory NTT Research Inc. 940 Stewart Dr. SunnyvaleCA94085 United States Department of Physics Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Co-Design Center for Quantum Advantage Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02139 United States Laboratory for Nuclear Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02139 United States

When a time propagator eδtA for duration δt consists of two noncommuting parts A = X + Y, Trotterization approximately decomposes the propagator into a product of exponentials of X and Y. Various Trotterization formulas have been utilized in quantum and classical computers, but much less is known for the Trotterization with the time-dependent generator A(t). Here, for A(t) given by the sum of two operators X and Y with time-dependent coefficients A(t) = x(t)X + y(t)Y, we develop a systematic approach to derive high-order Trotterization formulas with minimum possible exponentials. In particular, we obtain fourth-order and sixth-order Trotterization formulas involving seven and fifteen exponentials, respectively, which are no more than those for time-independent generators. We also construct another fourth-order formula consisting of nine exponentials having a smaller error coefficient. Finally, we numerically benchmark the fourth-order formulas in a Hamiltonian simulation for a quantum Ising chain, showing that the 9-exponential formula accompanies smaller errors per local quantum gate than the well-known Suzuki formula. © 2022, CC BY.

关键词： Hamiltonians

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Yang-Lee edge singularity triggered entanglement transition

引用

Physical Review B 2021年第16期104卷 L161107-L161107页

作者： Shao-Kai Jian Zhi-Cheng Yang Zhen Bi Xiao Chen Condensed Matter Theory Center Department of Physics University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA Joint Quantum Institute University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA Department of Physics The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania 16802 USA Department of Physics Boston College Chestnut Hill Massachusetts 02467 USA

We show that a class of PT symmetric non-Hermitian Hamiltonians realizing the Yang-Lee edge singularity exhibits an entanglement transition in the long-time steady state evolved under the Hamiltonian. Such a transition is induced by a level crossing triggered by the critical point associated with the Yang-Lee singularity and hence is first order in nature. At the transition, the entanglement entropy of the steady state jumps discontinuously from a volume-law to an area-law scaling. We exemplify this mechanism using a one-dimensional transverse field Ising model with additional imaginary fields, as well as the spin-1 Blume-Capel model and the three-state Potts model. We further make a connection to the forced-measurement induced entanglement transition in a Floquet nonunitary circuit subject to continuous measurements followed by post-selections. Our results demonstrate a new mechanism for entanglement transitions in non-Hermitian systems harboring a critical point.

关键词： Entanglement entropy First order phase transitions Open quantum systems & decoherence quantum entanglement quantum quench Lee-Yang & Fisher zeroes Spin chains

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High-Rate Four Photon Subtraction from Squeezed Vacuum: Preparing Cat State for Optical quantum Computation

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2025年

作者： Endo, Mamoru Nomura, Takefumi Sonoyama, Tatsuki Takahashi, Kazuma Takasu, Sachiko Fukuda, Daiji Kashiwazaki, Takahiro Inoue, Asuka Umeki, Takeshi Nehra, Rajveer Marek, Petr Filip, Radim Takase, Kan Asavanant, Warit Furusawa, Akira Department of Applied Physics School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo Tokyo113-8656 Japan Optical Quantum Computing Research Team RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing 2-1 Hirosawa Saitama Wako351-0198 Japan National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology 1-1-1 Umezono Ibaraki Tsukuba305-8563 Japan AIST-UTokyo Advanced Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory 1-1-1 Umezono Ibaraki Tsukuba305-8563 Japan NTT Device Technology Labs NTT Corporation 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya Kanagawa Atsugi243-0198 Japan Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Massachusetts Amherst 100 Natural Resources Rd AmherstMA01003 United States Department of Physics University of Massachusetts Amherst 100 Natural Resources Rd AmherstMA01003 United States College of Information and Computer Science University of Massachusetts Amherst 100 Natural Resources Rd AmherstMA01003 United States Department of Optics Palacky University 17. listopadu 1192/12 Olomouc77146 Czech Republic

Generating logical qubits, essential for error detection and correction in quantum computation, remains a critical challenge in continuous-variable (CV) optical quantum information processing. The Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) code is a leading candidate for logical qubits, and its generation requires large-amplitude coherent state superpositions—Schrödinger cat states. However, experimentally producing these resource states has been hindered in the optical domain by technical challenges. The photon subtraction method, a standard approach for generating cat states using a squeezed vacuum and a photon number-resolving detector, has proven difficult to scale to multi-photon operations. While the amplitude of the generated cat states increases with the number of subtracted photons, limitations in the generation rate have restricted the maximum photon subtraction to n = 3 for over a decade. In this work, we demonstrate high-rate photon subtraction of up to four photons from a squeezed vacuum with picosecond wavepackets generated by a broadband optical parametric amplifier. Using a Ti-Au superconducting-transition-edge sensor, we achieve high-speed, high-resolution photon number discrimination. The resulting states exhibit Wigner function negativity without loss correction, and their quantum coherence is verified through off-diagonal density matrix elements in CV representation. These results overcome long-standing limitations in multi-photon operations, providing a critical foundation for generating quantum resources essential for fault-tolerant quantum computing and advancing ultrafast optical quantum processors. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Parametric amplifiers

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Characterisation of state-preparation uncertainty in quantum key distribution

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2022年

作者： Huang, Anqi Mizutani, Akihiro Lo, Hoi-Kwong Makarov, Vadim Tamaki, Kiyoshi Institute for Quantum Information State Key Laboratory of High Performance Computing College of Computer Science and Technology National University of Defense Technology Changsha410073 China Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka560-8531 Japan Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Department of Physics University of Toronto TorontoONM5S 3G4 Canada Department of Physics University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong Quantum Bridge Technologies Inc. 100 College Street TorontoONM5G 1L5 Canada Russian Quantum Center Skolkovo Moscow121205 Russia Shanghai Branch National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information University of Science and Technology of China Shanghai201315 China NTI Center for Quantum Communications National University of Science and Technology MISiS Moscow119049 Russia Faculty of Engineering University of Toyama Gofuku 3190 Toyama930-8555 Japan

To achieve secure quantum key distribution, all imperfections in the source unit must be incorporated in a security proof and measured in the lab. Here we perform a proof-of-principle demonstration of the experimental techniques for characterising the source phase and intensity fluctuation in commercial quantum key distribution systems. When we apply the measured phase fluctuation intervals to the security proof that takes into account fluctuations in the state preparation, it predicts a key distribution distance of over 100 km of fiber. The measured intensity fluctuation intervals are however so large that the proof predicts zero key, indicating a source improvement may be needed. Our characterisation methods pave the way for a future certification standard. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： quantum cryptography

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Emergence of Spacetime from Fluctuations

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2023年

作者： Reitz, Marcus Šoda, Barbara Kempf, Achim Jagiellonian University Astronomy and Applied Computer Science Institute of Theoretical Physics Lojasiewicza 11 KrakówPL 30-348 Poland Department of Physics University of Waterloo WaterlooONN2L 3G1 Canada Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics WaterlooONN2L 2Y5 Canada Department of Applied Mathematics University of Waterloo WaterlooONN2L 3G1 Canada Institute for Quantum Computing University of Waterloo WaterlooONN2L 3G1 Canada

We use a result of Hawking and Gilkey to define a Euclidean path integral of gravity and matter which has the special property of being independent of the choice of basis in the space of fields. This property allows the path integral to describe also physical regimes that do not admit position bases. These physical regimes are pre-geometric in the sense that they do not admit a mathematical representation of the physical degrees of freedom in terms of fields that live on a spacetime. In regimes in which a spacetime representation does emerge, the geometric properties of the emergent spacetime, such as its dimension and volume, depend on the balance of fermionic pressure and bosonic and gravitational pull. That balance depends, at any given energy scale, on the number of bosonic and fermionic species that contribute, which in turn depends on their masses. This yields an explicit mechanism by which the effective spacetime dimension can depend on the energy scale. © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： Gravitation

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Efficiently Computable Bounds for Magic State Distillation

引用

Physical Review Letters 2020年第9期124卷 090505-090505页

作者： Xin Wang Mark M. Wilde Yuan Su Institute for Quantum Computing Baidu Research Beijing 100193 China Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA Hearne Institute for Theoretical Physics Department of Physics and Astronomy and Center for Computation and Technology Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803 USA Department of Computer Science and Institute for Advanced Computer Studies University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA

Magic-state distillation (or nonstabilizer state manipulation) is a crucial component in the leading approaches to realizing scalable, fault-tolerant, and universal quantum computation. Related to nonstabilizer state manipulation is the resource theory of nonstabilizer states, for which one of the goals is to characterize and quantify nonstabilizerness of a quantum state. In this Letter, we introduce the family of thauma measures to quantify the amount of nonstabilizerness in a quantum state, and we exploit this family of measures to address several open questions in the resource theory of nonstabilizer states. As a first application, we establish the hypothesis testing thauma as an efficiently computable benchmark for the one-shot distillable nonstabilizerness, which in turn leads to a variety of bounds on the rate at which nonstabilizerness can be distilled, as well as on the overhead of magic-state distillation. We then prove that the max-thauma can be used as an efficiently computable tool in benchmarking the efficiency of magic-state distillation, and that it can outperform previous approaches based on mana. Finally, we use the min-thauma to bound a quantity known in the literature as the “regularized relative entropy of magic.” As a consequence of this bound, we find that two classes of states with maximal mana, a previously established nonstabilizerness measure, cannot be interconverted in the asymptotic regime at a rate equal to one. This result resolves a basic question in the resource theory of nonstabilizer states and reveals a difference between the resource theory of nonstabilizer states and other resource theories such as entanglement and coherence.

关键词： quantum benchmarking quantum computation quantum gates quantum protocols Resource theories Quarks

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