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Multimodal and Temporal Graph Fusion Framework for Advanced Phishing Website Detection

IEEE Access 2025年 13卷 74128-74146页

作者： Kavya, S. Sumathi, D. Vellore Institute of Technology School of Computer Science Engineering and Information Systems Vellore India

Phishing attacks are among the persistent threats that are dynamically evolving and demand advanced detection mechanisms to counter more sophisticated techniques. Traditional detection approaches are usually based on single-modal features or static analysis, failing to capture the complex, multi-faceted nature of phishing websites and their dynamic behaviors. Thus, we present a robust Multi-Modal and Temporal Graph Fusion Framework integrating advanced learning paradigms that enhance accuracy and adaptability in phishing detection. Our work proposes four brand-new methods: Multi-Modal Hypergraph Fusion Network (MM-HFN), Temporal Graph Neural Network with Attention (TGNN-Att), Federated Graph Contrastive Learning Network (FGCL-Net), and Multi-Modal Temporal Hypergraph Fusion Network (MMTHF-Net). MM-HFN leverages hypergraphs to capture complex, high-order relationships at textual levels (BERT) and graph-based features versus visual ones (CNNs) for an accuracy in the 95–97% range. TGNN-Att addresses temporal variations in phishing behavior by using attention-enhanced temporal graph networks and LSTMs, providing dynamic detection with 94–96% accuracy. FGCL-Net ensures privacy-preserving learning across decentralized datasets through federated contrastive learning, achieving 93–95% accuracy while safeguarding data privacy. Finally, MMTHF-Net fuses multi-modal and temporal features into a dynamic hypergraph framework, achieving state-of-the-art accuracy of 96–98% with an F1-score of 0.97. These approaches together allow for exact, real-time phishing detection by capturing static and temporal behaviors, high-order relationships, and cross-modal features. The framework proposed demonstrates significant improvements compared to the state of the art, eliminating the shortcomings of single-modality and static analysis while offering scalability, privacy, and adaptability levels. © 2013 IEEE.

关键词： Federated learning

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Blackout Mitigation via Physics-Guided RL

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IEEE Transactions on Power systems 2025年第3期40卷 2363-2375页

作者： Dwivedi, Anmol Paternain, Santiago Tajer, Ali Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Electrical Computer and Systems Engineering Department TroyNY12180 United States

This paper considers the sequential design of remedial control actions in response to system anomalies to prevent blackouts. A physics-guided reinforcement learning (RL) framework is designed to identify effective sequences of real-time remedial look-ahead decisions accounting for the long-term impact on the system's stability. The paper considers a space of control actions involving both discrete-valued transmission line-switching decisions (line reconnections and removals) and continuous-valued generator adjustments. To identify an effective blackout mitigation policy, a physics-guided approach is designed that uses power-flow sensitivity factors associated with the power transmission network to guide the RL exploration during agent training. Comprehensive empirical evaluations using the open-source Grid2Op platform demonstrate the notable advantages of incorporating physical signals into RL decisions, establishing the gains of the proposed physics-guided approach compared to its black-box counterparts. One important observation is that strategically removing transmission lines, in conjunction with multiple real-time generator adjustments, often renders effective long-term decisions that are likely to prevent or delay blackouts. © 1969-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Electric load flow

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Domain generalization with semi-supervised learning for people-centric activity recognition

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2025年第1期68卷 171-188页

作者： Jing LIU Wei ZHU Di LI Xing HU Liang SONG Academy for Engineering & Technology Fudan University Shanghai East-bund Research Institute on Networking Systems of AI School of Optoelectronic Information and Computer Engineering University of Shanghai for Science & Technology

People-centric activity recognition is one of the most critical technologies in a wide range of real-world applications,including intelligent transportation systems, healthcare services, and brain-computer interfaces. Large-scale data collection and annotation make the application of machine learning algorithms prohibitively expensive when adapting to new tasks. One way of circumventing this limitation is to train the model in a semi-supervised learning manner that utilizes a percentage of unlabeled data to reduce the labeling burden in prediction tasks. Despite their appeal, these models often assume that labeled and unlabeled data come from similar distributions, which leads to the domain shift problem caused by the presence of distribution gaps. To address these limitations, we propose herein a novel method for people-centric activity recognition,called domain generalization with semi-supervised learning(DGSSL), that effectively enhances the representation learning and domain alignment capabilities of a model. We first design a new autoregressive discriminator for adversarial training between unlabeled and labeled source domains, extracting domain-specific features to reduce the distribution gaps. Second, we introduce two reconstruction tasks to capture the task-specific features to avoid losing information related to representation learning while maintaining task-specific consistency. Finally, benefiting from the collaborative optimization of these two tasks, the model can accurately predict both the domain and category labels of the source domains for the classification task. We conduct extensive experiments on three real-world sensing datasets. The experimental results show that DGSSL surpasses the three state-of-the-art methods with better performance and generalization.

关键词： activity recognition deep learning domain generalization semi-supervised learning adversarial training

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An enhanced framework for smart automated evaluations of answer scripts using NLP and deep learning methods

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Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年第11期84卷 8491-8513页

作者： G, Mohanraj R.K, Nadesh M, Marimuthu V, Sathiyapriya School of Computer Science Engineering and Information Systems Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore632014 India School of Computer Science and Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology Chennai600127 India Knowledge Institute of Technology Salem637504 India

The manual process of evaluating answer scripts is strenuous. Evaluators use the answer key to assess the answers in the answer scripts. Advancements in technology and the introduction of new learning paradigms need automation of the evaluation process. This work aims to develop an enhanced novel hybrid framework that can evaluate answer scripts and automatically assign marks for different type of questions based on keywords, grammar, symbols, special keywords, and the given factors. First, the proposed system uses Optical Character Recognition (OCR) to convert image answer scripts into an editable text format. Second, the sentence transformers, the Natural Language Processing (NLP) technique flips the answer script and answers key texts into word embedding vectors. To find similarity measures, these vectors are matched using BERT encoding, spearmanś rank-order correlation, and fuzzy search. At last, the proposed model is trained using Deep Columnar Convolutional Neural Network (DCCNN) in the third step with MINST and Kaggle handwritten mathematical symbols and tested with the segmented mathematical equations to find the similarity. The performance of proposed model is measured using precision, recall, accuracy, and F1-score, and its gives highest accuracy of 93% and 95% when compared to the existing methodologies. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Optical character recognition

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Classifying distinct emotions from parents of ASD child using EEG source data by combining Bernoulli–Laplace Prior and graph neural networks

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Neural Computing and Applications 2025年第12期37卷 7877-7895页

作者： ArulDass, Stephen Dass Jayagopal, Prabhu School of Computer Science Engineering and Information Systems Vellore Institute of Technology Tamil Nadu Vellore632014 India

Emotion recognition using biological brain signals needs to be reliable to attain effective signal processing and feature extraction techniques. The impact of emotions in interpretations, conversations, and decision-making, has made automatic emotion recognition and examination of a significant feature in the field of psychiatric disease treatment and cure. The problem arises from the limited spatial resolution of EEG recorders. Predetermined quantities of electroencephalography (EEG) channels are used by existing algorithms, which combine several methods to extract significant data. The major intention of this study was to focus on enhancing the efficiency of recognizing emotions using signals from the brain through an experimental, adaptive selective channel selection approach that recognizes that brain function shows distinctive behaviors that vary from one individual to another individual and from one state of emotions to another. We apply a Bernoulli–Laplace-based Bayesian model to map each emotion from the scalp senses to brain sources to resolve this issue of emotion mapping. The standard low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) technique is employed to instantiate the source signals. We employed a progressive graph convolutional neural network (PG-CNN) to identify the sources of the suggested localization model and the emotional EEG as the main graph nodes. In this study, the proposed framework uses a PG-CNN adjacency matrix to express the connectivity between the EEG source signals and the matrix. Research on an EEG dataset of parents of an ASD (autism spectrum disorder) child has been utilized to investigate the ways of parenting of the child's mother and father. We engage with identifying the personality of parental behaviors when regulating the child and supervising his or her daily activities. These recorded datasets incorporated by the proposed method identify five emotions from brain source modeling, which significantly improves the accurac

关键词： Electroencephalography

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Scattering Medium Removal Using Adaptive Masks for Scatter in the Spatial Frequency Domain

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IEEE Access 2025年 13卷 72769-72777页

作者： Jeong, Jongpil Lee, Min-Chul Kyushu Institute of Technology Graduate School of Computer Science and Systems Engineering Iizuka Fukuoka820-8502 Japan

To address this issue, this paper presents an adaptive method for removing scattering media using a mask based on wireless communication fading models. We hypothesize a similarity between light propagation and wireless communication systems, which incorporates scattering estimates through models such as the Rayleigh and Rician fading models, which are applied to process the captured images and mitigate scattering effects. Our proposed method incorporates two systems: the Scattered Image Model and the Scattering Media Model. The conventional dehazing method requires processing sequences’ approximated depth map or specific background. However, the proposed method functions regardless of the image’s depth and specific background colors. To validate the proposed method, we conducted optical experiments and tested outdoor images. The results were compared with conventional haze-removal methods, such as dark channel prior and Peplography, using various image quality metrics, e.g., the Peak Signal-to-Noise ratio, Structural Similarity Index Measurement, Tone Mapped Image Quality, and Feature Similarity Index Measurement extended to color imagery. The experimental results demonstrated significant improvements over the conventional methods across all metrics. © 2013 IEEE.

关键词： Frequency domain analysis

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Real-time drone detection framework based on advanced texture feature extraction and pattern recognition model using GUI

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Neural Computing and Applications 2025年第5期37卷 3435-3454页

作者： Hussen, Noha Salem, Mofreh Eldesouky, Ali I. Sakr, Noha Elghamrawy, Sally Computers and Control Systems Engineering Department Mansoura University Mansoura Egypt Computer Engineering Department Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology Mansoura Egypt

The increasing prevalence of drones has raised significant concerns regarding their potential for misuse in activities such as smuggling, terrorism, and unauthorized access to restricted airspace. Consequently, the development of robust and efficient drone detection systems has become paramount. Traditional detection methods such as radar and acoustic sensors have limitations in detecting small drones and can be costly to implement. This can lead to lower detection rates and increased security breaches and safety concerns. However, prevailing methodologies often falter in achieving real-time detection with requisite precision and efficacy, particularly within complex operational environments. Motivated by the imperative to surmount these challenges, our research endeavors to introduce a pioneering real-time drone detection framework. Our study encapsulates several seminal advancements. Firstly, we proffer a groundbreaking framework that synergizes advanced integration technique based on texture feature extraction and pattern recognition techniques for real-time drone detection to increase accuracy to detect drones in different conditions such as bad weather and low resolution. Secondly, we introduce an intuitive graphical user interface, enhancing the usability and accessibility of the system in real-time scenario. Lastly, through exhaustive evaluation and comparative analysis, we substantiate the superior performance of our framework in terms of accuracy, precision, and real-time detection capabilities compared to conventional DDS methodologies. Its stability and effectiveness render it a compelling solution for security-focused entities, notably those within air force and military systems. Our experimental results reveal a commendable accuracy rate of 97%, affirming the reliability and precision 98% and recall parameter 98% of our framework in accurately identifying and detecting drones, thus surpassing recent models in the field. © The Author(s), under exclusive

关键词： Graphical user interfaces

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Data-driven output regulation control for constrained linear systems

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2025年第3期68卷 338-353页

作者： Chaoyu XIA Yi DONG Chaoli WANG Shengyuan XU Shanghai Research Institute for Intelligent Autonomous Systems Tongji University College of Electronic and Information Engineering Shanghai Research Institute for Intelligent Autonomous SystemsTongji University Department of Control Science and Engineering School of Optical-Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Shanghai for Science and Technology Department of Automation Nanjing University of Science and Technology

This study introduces a data-driven approach for state and output feedback control addressing the constrained output regulation problem in unknown linear discrete-time systems. Our method ensures effective tracking performance while satisfying the state and input constraints, even when system matrices are not available. We first establish a sufficient condition necessary for the existence of a solution pair to the regulator equation and propose a data-based approach to obtain the feedforward and feedback control gains for state feedback control using linear programming. Furthermore, we design a refined Luenberger observer to accurately estimate the system state, while keeping the estimation error within a predefined set. By combining output regulation theory, we develop an output feedback control strategy. The stability of the closed-loop system is rigorously proved to be asymptotically stable by further leveraging the concept of λ-contractive sets.

关键词： output regulation constrained system data-driven.

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Generalized Regenerating Codes and Node Repair on Graphs

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IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 2025年第3期71卷 1613-1630页

作者： Patra, Adway Barg, Alexander University of Maryland Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The Institute for Systems Research College ParkMD20742 United States

We consider regenerating codes in distributed storage systems where connections between the nodes are constrained by a graph. In this problem, the failed node downloads the information stored at a subset of vertices of the graph for the purpose of recovering the lost data. Compared to the standard setting, regenerating codes on graphs address two additional features. The repair information is moved across the network, and the cost of node repair is determined by the graphical distance from the helper nodes to the failed node. Accordingly, the helpers far away from the failed node may be expected to contribute less data for repair than the nodes in the neighborhood of that node. We analyze regenerating codes with nonuniform download for repair on graphs. Moreover, in the process of repair, the information moved from the helpers to the failed node may be combined through intermediate processing, reducing the repair bandwidth. We derive lower bounds for communication complexity of node repair on graphs, including repair schemes with nonuniform download and intermediate processing, and construct codes that attain these bounds. Additionally, some of the nodes may act as adversaries, introducing errors into the data moved in the network. For repair on graphs in the presence of adversarial nodes, we construct codes that support node repair and error correction in systematic nodes. © 1963-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Maintenance engineering Codes Costs Network coding IP networks Bandwidth Symbols Encoding Vectors Standards

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Optimizing crowd evacuation: evaluation of strategies for safety and efficiency

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Journal of Reliable Intelligent Environments 2025年第1期11卷 1-19页

作者： Oliveira, Hugo S. Faculty of Sciences University of Porto Porto Portugal Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering Technology and Science INESC TEC Porto Portugal

Predicting and controlling crowd dynamics in emergencies is one of the main objectives of simulated emergency exercises. However, during emergency exercises, there is often a lack of sense of danger by the actors involved and concerns about exposing real people to potentially dangerous environments. These problems impose limitations in running an emergency drill, harming the collection of valuable information for posterior analysis and decision-making. This work aims to mitigate these problems by using Agent Based Modelling (ABM) simulator to deepen the comprehension of human actions when exposed to a sudden variation in extensive crowded environmental conditions and how evacuation strategies affect evacuation performance. To assess the impact of the evacuation strategy employed, we propose a modified informed leader-flowing approach and compare it with common evacuation strategies in a simulated environment, replicating stadium benches with narrow corridors leading to different exit points. The objective is to determine the impact of each set of configurations and evacuation strategies and compare them against other established ones. Our experiments determined that agents following the crowd generally lead to a higher number of victims due to the rise of herding phenomena near the exits, which was significantly reduced when agents were guided towards the exit via knowing the exit beforehand or following leader agent with real-time information regarding exit location and exit current state, proving that relevant and controlled information in combination with Follow Leader strategies can be crucial in an emergency evacuation scenario with limited evacuation exit capabi and distribution. © The Author(s) 2024.

关键词： Decision making

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