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Multiscale Biological Composites: The Stomatopod Telson: Convergent Evolution in the Development of a Biological Shield (Adv. Funct. Mater. 34/2019)

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Advanced Functional Materials 2019年第34期29卷

作者： Nicholas A. Yaraghi Adwait A. Trikanad David Restrepo Wei Huang Jesus Rivera Steven Herrera Mikhail Zhernenkov Dilworth Y. Parkinson Roy L. Caldwell Pablo D. Zavattieri David Kisailus Materials Science & Engineering Program University of California Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA Lyles School of Civil Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio TX 78249 USA National Synchrotron Light Source‐II Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA Advanced Light Source Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA Department of Integrated Biology University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering University of California Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA

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Corrigendum to "Hierarchical structures on nickel-titanium fabricated by ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification" [Mater. Sci. Eng. C 93 (2018) 12-20]

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Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications 2019年 98卷 1307页

作者： Xiaoning Hou Steven Mankoci Nicholas Walters Hongyu Gao Ruixia Zhang Shengxi Li Haifeng Qin Zhencheng Ren Gary L Doll Hongbo Cong Ashlie Martini Vijay K Vasudevan Xianfeng Zhou Nita Sahai Yalin Dong Chang Ye Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA. Department of Polymer Science University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA. Department of Mechanical Engineering University of California - Merced Merced CA 95343 USA. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Akron Akron OH USA. Timken Engineered Surfaces Laboratories University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA. Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221 USA. Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA Department of Polymer Science University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA School of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 China. Electronic address: xianfeng@***. Department of Geosciences University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA Integrated Bioscience Program University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA. Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA. Electronic address: cye@uakron.edu.

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Effect of partially stabilized organic amendments on volatile acids production and pest inactivation using soil biosolarization

Effect of partially stabilized organic amendments on volatil...

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2017 ASABE Annual International Meeting

作者： Fernández-Bayo, J.D. Randall, T.E. Achmon, Y. Hestmark, K.V. Harrold, D.R. Su, J. Dahlquist-Willard, R.M. Gordon, T.R. Stapleton, J.J. Vandergheynst, J.S. Simmons, C.W. Department of Food Science and Technology University of California DavisCA United States Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering UC Davis United States University of California Cooperative Extension Fresno CountyCA United States Department of Plant Pathology UC Davis United States Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program University of California Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center ParlierCA United States

Soil biosolarization (SBS) is an enhanced soil disinfestation process, achieved by amending soil with organic matter (OM) prior to solarization. One reason for higher efficiency of SBS is the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The objective of this study was to assess the impact of partially stabilized organic wastes on SBS by monitoring the VFAs production kinetics and the inactivation of Fusarium oxysporum *** (FOL) and Brassica nigra. The amendments were organic wastes partially composted (PC) and partially digested (solid digestate-SD- and liquid digestate-LD). Soil mesocosms, non-amended and amended, were prepared with a soil already infested with FOL. Weed seeds were placed at 12.5 cm depth. The mesocosms were solarized in an experimental plot or incubated at room temperature (RT, 25°C) for eight days. At 5 cm, FOL levels were below the detection limit (

关键词： Soils

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Efficient Construction Method for Phase Diagrams Using Uncertainty Sampling

arXiv

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arXiv 2018年

作者： Terayama, Kei Tamura, Ryo Nose, Yoshitaro Hiramatsu, Hidenori Hosono, Hideo Okuno, Yasushi Tsuda, Koji RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project Tokyo103-0027 Japan Medical Sciences Innovation Hub Program RIKEN Cluster for Science Technology and Innovation Hub Kanagawa230-0045 Japan Graduate school of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto606-8507 Japan National Institute for Materials Science Ibaraki305-0044 Japan Research and Services Division of Materials Data and Integrated System National Institute for Materials Science Ibaraki305-0047 Japan Graduate school of Frontier Sciences University of Tokyo Chiba277-8568 Japan Department of Materials Science and Engineering Kyoto University Kyoto606-8501 Japan Laboratory for Materials and Structures Institute of Innovative Research Tokyo Institute of Technology Yokohama226-8503 Japan Materials Research Center for Element Strategy Tokyo Institute of Technology Yokohama226-8503 Japan

We develop a method to efficiently construct phase diagrams using machine learning. Uncertainty sampling (US) in active learning is utilized to intensively sample around phase boundaries. Here, we demonstrate constructions of three known experimental phase diagrams by the US approach. Compared with random sampling, the US approach decreases the number of sampling points to about 20%. In particular, the reduction rate is pronounced in more complicated phase diagrams. Furthermore, we show that using the US approach, undetected new phase can be rapidly found, and smaller number of initial sampling points are sufficient. Thus, we conclude that the US approach is useful to construct complicated phase diagrams from scratch and will be an essential tool in materials science. Copyright © 2018, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Graphic methods

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Genetic drivers of heterogeneity in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology

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Nature 2024年第8003期627卷 347-357页

作者： Ken Suzuki Konstantinos Hatzikotoulas Lorraine Southam Henry J Taylor Xianyong Yin Kim M Lorenz Ravi Mandla Alicia Huerta-Chagoya Giorgio E M Melloni Stavroula Kanoni Nigel W Rayner Ozvan Bocher Ana Luiza Arruda Kyuto Sonehara Shinichi Namba Simon S K Lee Michael H Preuss Lauren E Petty Philip Schroeder Brett Vanderwerff Mart Kals Fiona Bragg Kuang Lin Xiuqing Guo Weihua Zhang Jie Yao Young Jin Kim Mariaelisa Graff Fumihiko Takeuchi Jana Nano Amel Lamri Masahiro Nakatochi Sanghoon Moon Robert A Scott James P Cook Jung-Jin Lee Ian Pan Daniel Taliun Esteban J Parra Jin-Fang Chai Lawrence F Bielak Yasuharu Tabara Yang Hai Gudmar Thorleifsson Niels Grarup Tamar Sofer Matthias Wuttke Chloé Sarnowski Christian Gieger Darryl Nousome Stella Trompet Soo-Heon Kwak Jirong Long Meng Sun Lin Tong Wei-Min Chen Suraj S Nongmaithem Raymond Noordam Victor J Y Lim Claudia H T Tam Yoonjung Yoonie Joo Chien-Hsiun Chen Laura M Raffield Bram Peter Prins Aude Nicolas Lisa R Yanek Guanjie Chen Jennifer A Brody Edmond Kabagambe Ping An Anny H Xiang Hyeok Sun Choi Brian E Cade Jingyi Tan K Alaine Broadaway Alice Williamson Zoha Kamali Jinrui Cui Manonanthini Thangam Linda S Adair Adebowale Adeyemo Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas Tarunveer S Ahluwalia Sonia S Anand Alain Bertoni Jette Bork-Jensen Ivan Brandslund Thomas A Buchanan Charles F Burant Adam S Butterworth Mickaël Canouil Juliana C N Chan Li-Ching Chang Miao-Li Chee Ji Chen Shyh-Huei Chen Yuan-Tsong Chen Zhengming Chen Lee-Ming Chuang Mary Cushman John Danesh Swapan K Das H Janaka de Silva George Dedoussis Latchezar Dimitrov Ayo P Doumatey Shufa Du Qing Duan Kai-Uwe Eckardt Leslie S Emery Daniel S Evans Michele K Evans Krista Fischer James S Floyd Ian Ford Oscar H Franco Timothy M Frayling Barry I Freedman Pauline Genter Hertzel C Gerstein Vilmantas Giedraitis Clicerio González-Villalpando Maria Elena González-Villalpando Penny Gordon-Larsen Myron Gross Lindsay A Guare Sophie Hackinger Liisa Hakaste Sohee Han Andrew T Hattersley Christian Herder Momoko Horikoshi Annie-Green Howard Willa Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Research Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences University of Manchester Manchester UK. Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Graduate School of Medicine University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan. Department of Statistical Genetics Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan. Institute of Translational Genomics Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health Neuherberg Germany. konstantinos.hatzikotoulas@helmholtz-munich.de. Institute of Translational Genomics Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health Neuherberg Germany. Center for Precision Health Research National Human Genome Research Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA. British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit Department of Public Health and Primary Care University of Cambridge Cambridge UK. Heart and Lung Research Institute University of Cambridge Cambridge UK. Department of Epidemiology School of Public Health Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China. Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA. Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center Philadelphia PA USA. Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia PA USA. Department of Genetics University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia PA USA. Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT Cambridge MA USA. Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA USA. TIMI Study Group Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA. William Harvey Research Institute Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London L

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a heterogeneous disease that develops through diverse pathophysiological processes and molecular mechanisms that are often specific to cell type. Here, to characterize the genetic contribution to these processes across ancestry groups, we aggregate genome-wide association study data from 2,535,601 individuals (39.7% not of European ancestry), including 428,452 cases of T2D. We identify 1,289 independent association signals at genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10) that map to 611 loci, of which 145 loci are, to our knowledge, previously unreported. We define eight non-overlapping clusters of T2D signals that are characterized by distinct profiles of cardiometabolic trait associations. These clusters are differentially enriched for cell-type-specific regions of open chromatin, including pancreatic islets, adipocytes, endothelial cells and enteroendocrine cells. We build cluster-specific partitioned polygenic scores in a further 279,552 individuals of diverse ancestry, including 30,288 cases of T2D, and test their association with T2D-related vascular outcomes. Cluster-specific partitioned polygenic scores are associated with coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease and end-stage diabetic nephropathy across ancestry groups, highlighting the importance of obesity-related processes in the development of vascular outcomes. Our findings show the value of integrating multi-ancestry genome-wide association study data with single-cell epigenomics to disentangle the aetiological heterogeneity that drives the development and progression of T2D. This might offer a route to optimize global access to genetically informed diabetes care.

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Multiobjective approach for power flow and unbalance control in low-voltage networks considering distributed energy resources

Multiobjective approach for power flow and unbalance control...

引用

Brazilian Power Electronics Conference, COBEP

作者： W. M. Ferreira D. I. Brandao F. G. Guimarães E. Tedeschi F. P. Marafão Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte MG Brazil Federal Institute of Education Science and Technology of Minas Gerais Ipatinga MG Brazil Department of Electric Power Engineering Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway Group of Automation and Integrated Systems Universidade Estadual Paulista Sorocaba SP Brazil

This paper proposes a multiobjective optimization technique that maximizes the active power generation from single-phase distributed generators, and minimizes the unbalance factor at the point of common coupling of the network. Such technique is incorporated into a centralized control strategy for optimal power flow control purpose. The centralized control strategy used herein is the Power-Based Control that coordinates the distributed units to contribute to the network's active and reactive power needs, per phase, in proportion of their power capacity. The simulation results of a simplified network with three single-phase distributed generators validate the proposal in terms of power flow control, voltage regulation and power quality.

关键词： Reactive power Optimization Power generation Genetic algorithms Load flow Voltage control Decision making

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Addressing barriers in the water-recycling innovation system to reach water security in arid countries

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Journal of Cleaner Production 2018年第Sup期171卷 S97-S109页

作者： Bichai, Françoise Kajenthira Grindle, Arani Murthy, Sharmila L. Harvard Water Security Initiative School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University Pierce Hall 125 29 Oxford St CambridgeMA02138 United States UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education Department of Integrated Water Systems and Governance P.O. Box 3015 Delft2601 DA Netherlands Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs Harvard Kennedy School of Government Harvard University 79 John F. Kennedy Street CambridgeMA02138 United States Suffolk University Law School 120 Tremont Street Suite 250 BostonMA02108 United States Sustainability Science Program Harvard Kennedy School of Government 79 JFK St CambridgeMA02138 United States FSG Inc. 500 Boylston Street BostonMA02116 United States

As arid regions face increasing pressures on their water resources, the challenge of securing an adequate supply of good quality water to meet growing demands calls for innovative approaches that involve a diversification of water supply options and improved management of wastewater. Water recycling is a disruptive innovation that can help to achieve this goal in arid countries if the appropriate technical and institutional barriers are broken down. Within the water innovation literature, key questions remain as to the nature of the process and of the temporal dynamics of a shift towards decentralized wastewater infrastructure. This study offers insights into these mechanics using the Framework for Analyzing a Multi-level Innovation System (FAMIS), a cross-sectoral model that draws on the theories of technological innovation systems, system dynamics, transitions of socio-technical regimes, and evolutionary theories of technology. Cases from three water-scarce countries with distinct political economies—Australia, the United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.) and Jordan—were used to document the dynamics of innovation in the water recycling system and identify policy solutions. Despite important contextual differences, in the three cases examined, actors and institutions have dynamically interacted to create a small niche where water recycling has emerged as a viable technology. Yet the application of the FAMIS model revealed that the dominant regime of water management has not been fundamentally altered due to blockages mainly at two "stages" of the FAMIS innovation lifecycle: the selection and adoption stages. We identified cross-geographical socio-technical and environmental characteristics and common mechanisms that strongly influence the evolution of water recycling technology through the innovation system. We find that the water-recycling technology evolves into the later stages of the innovation system in Australia, with the chokepoint occurring most importantly within th

关键词： Sustainable development

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Corrigendum: A review of trends and drivers of greenhouse gas emissions by sector from 1990 to 2018 (2021 Environ. Res. Lett. 16 073005)

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Environmental Research Letters 2022年第4期17卷 049502-049502页

作者： William F Lamb Thomas Wiedmann Julia Pongratz Robbie Andrew Monica Crippa Jos G J Olivier Dominik Wiedenhofer Giulio Mattioli Alaa Al Khourdajie Jo House Shonali Pachauri Maria Figueroa Yamina Saheb Raphael Slade Klaus Hubacek Laixiang Sun Suzana Kahn Ribeiro Smail Khennas Stephane de la Rue du Can Lazarus Chapungu Steven J Davis Igor Bashmakov Hancheng Dai Shobhakar Dhakal Xianchun Tan Yong Geng Baihe Gu Jan Minx Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change Torgauer Straße 12–15 4 EUREF Campus #19 10829 Berlin Germany School of Earth and Environment University of Leeds LS2 9JT Leeds United Kingdom Sustainability Assessment Program School of Civil and Environmental Engineering UNSW Sydney Sydney Australia Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Bundesstrasse 53 20146 Hamburg Germany Department of Geography Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich Luisenstrasse 37 80333 Munich Germany CICERO Center for International Climate Research Oslo Norway European Commission Joint Research Centre Ispra VA Italy PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency Den Haag The Netherlands Institute of Social Ecology University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Schottenfeldgasse 29 1070 Vienna Austria Department of Transport Planning TU Dortmund University August-Schmidt-Straße 10 44227 Dortmund Germany Centre for Environmental Policy Imperial College London London United Kingdom School of Geographical Sciences University of Bristol University Road BS8 1SS Bristol United Kingdom International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) Schlossplatz 1 2361 Laxenburg Austria Department of Management Society and Communication Copenhagen Business School Copenhagen Denmark Openexp 17 Bd Lefebvre 75015 Paris France Integrated Research for Energy Environment and Society University of Groningen 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands Department of Geographical Sciences University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 United States of America School of Finance and Management SOAS University of London WC1H 0XG London United Kingdom Institute of Blue and Green Development Weihai Institute of Interdisciplinary Research Shandong University Weihai 264209 People’s Republic of China Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro—UFRJ) Transport Engineering Programme (Programa de Engenharia de Transportes—PET) COPPE-UFRJ Rio de Janeiro Brazil Energy

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Diversity and longitudinal records: Genetic architecture of disease associations and polygenic risk in the Taiwanese Han population

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science advances 2025年第23期11卷 eadt0539页

作者： Ting-Yuan Liu Hsing-Fang Lu Yu-Chia Chen Chi-Chou Liao Ying-Ju Lin Jai-Sing Yang Wen-Ling Liao Wei-De Lin Shih-Yin Chen Yu-Chuen Huang Wei-Yong Lin Yu-Huei Liu Kai-Cheng Hsu Shih-Sheng Chang Hong-Da Chen Yu-Pao Chou Jan-Gowth Chang Chung-Hsing Wang Chwen-Tzuei Chang Chung-Ming Huang Kai-Jieh Yeo Tzu-Yuan Wang Chin-Chung Yeh Jiunn-Horng Chen Chi-Ping Huang Hsueh-Chou Lai Rong-Hsing Chen Hui-Ju Lin Po-Yuan Wu Jiu-Yao Wang Chin-Chi Kuo Der-Yang Cho Chang-Hai Tsai Fuu-Jen Tsai Million-person precision medicine initiative Department of Medical Research China Medical University Hospital Taichung 40402 Taiwan. Master Program for Digital Health Innovation China Medical University Taichung 406040 Taiwan. Department of Medical Research China Medical University Hospital Taichung 40402 Taiwan. Genetic Center Department of Medical Research China Medical University Hospital Taichung 40402 Taiwan. School of Post Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine China Medical University Taichung 404333 Taiwan. Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine College of Chinese Medicine China Medical University Taichung 406040 Taiwan. Center for Personalized Medicine Department of Medical Research China Medical University Hospital Taichung 406040 Taiwan. School of Chinese Medicine China Medical University Taichung 406040 Taiwan. Drug Development Center China Medical University Taichung 406040 Taiwan. Artificial Intelligence Center China Medical University Hospital Taichung 40402 Taiwan. Department of Neurology China Medical University Hospital Taichung 40402 Taiwan. Department of Medicine China Medical University Taichung 406040 Taiwan. Department of Laboratory Medicine China Medical University Hospital Taichung 40402 Taiwan. Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering Asia University Taichung 41300 Taiwan. Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology China Medical University Taichung Taiwan. Division of Genetics and Metabolism Children's Hospital of China Medical University Taichung 404447 Taiwan. Intelligent Diabetes Metabolism and Exercise Center Department of Internal Medicine China Medical University Hospital Taichung 40402 Taiwan. Division of Immunology and Rheumatology Department of Internal Medicine China Medical University Hospital Taichung 40402 Taiwan. Division of Endocrine and Metabolism China Medical University Hospital Taichung 40402 Taiwan. Department of Urology China Medical University Hospital Taichung 40402 Taiwan. Cen

We addressed the underrepresentation of non-European populations in genome-wide association studies (GWASs) by building HiGenome, a large-scale genetic resource for the Taiwanese Han population. Using a custom genotyping array, we integrated deidentified electronic medical records (2003 to 2021) with genomic data to enable GWASs, phenome-wide association studies, and polygenic risk score (PRS) analysis. Among 413,000 participants, 323,397 passed ancestry and quality control filtering. GWASs covered 1085 traits, focusing on diseases prevalent in Taiwan such as type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease, gout, and alcoholic liver damage. PRSs were calculated for 238 traits, with the strongest associations observed in musculoskeletal disorders. Incorporating PRS into clinical practice supports early risk prediction and personalized prevention. To further expand translational value, we also conducted pharmacogenomic analysis and human leukocyte antigen typing. HiGenome offers a large-scale genetic and clinical dataset from the Taiwanese Han population, supporting population-specific analyses and precision medicine development in East Asia. The hospital-based design enables continuous follow-up and longitudinal data expansion.

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The overlapping burden of the three leading causes of disability and death in sub-Saharan African children

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Nature Communications 2022年第1期13卷 1-14页

作者： Reiner, Robert C. Welgan, Catherine A. Troeger, Christopher E. Baumann, Mathew M. Weiss, Daniel J. Deshpande, Aniruddha Blacker, Brigette F. Miller-Petrie, Molly K. Earl, Lucas Bhatt, Samir Abolhassani, Hassan Abosetugn, Akine Eshete Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Adekanmbi, Victor Adetokunboh, Olatunji O. Aghaali, Mohammad Aji, Budi Alahdab, Fares Al-Aly, Ziyad Alhassan, Robert Kaba Ali, Saqib Alizade, Hesam Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Almasi-Hashiani, Amir Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M. Altirkawi, Khalid A. Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Amare, Azmeraw T. Amini, Saeed Amugsi, Dickson A. Ancuceanu, Robert Andrei, Catalina Liliana Ansari, Fereshteh Anvari, Davood Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw Arabloo, Jalal Aremu, Olatunde Atout, Maha Moh’d Wahbi Ausloos, Marcel Ausloos, Floriane Ayanore, Martin Amogre Aynalem, Yared Asmare Azene, Zelalem Nigussie Badawi, Alaa Baig, Atif Amin Banach, Maciej Bedi, Neeraj Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhandari, Dinesh Bhardwaj, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhattacharyya, Krittika Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. Bijani, Ali Birhanu, Tesega Tesega Mengistu Bitew, Zebenay Workneh Boloor, Archith Brady, Oliver J. Butt, Zahid A. Car, Josip Carvalho, Felix Casey, Daniel C. Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chowdhury, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chu, Dinh-Toi Coelho, Camila H. Cook, Aubrey J. Damiani, Giovanni Daoud, Farah Gela, Jiregna Darega Darwish, Amira Hamed Daryani, Ahmad Das, Jai K. Davis Weaver, Nicole Deribe, Kebede Desalew, Assefa Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda Dianatinasab, Mostafa Diaz, Daniel Djalalinia, Shirin Dorostkar, Fariba Dubljanin, Eleonora Duko, Bereket Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura Effiong, Andem El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa El Tantawi, Maha Enany, Shymaa Fattahi, Nazir Feigin, Valery L. Fernandes, Eduarda Ferrara, Pietro Fischer, Florian Foigt, Nataliya A. Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin Foroutan, Masoud Frostad, Joseph Jon Fukumoto, Takeshi Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji Gebrekrstos, Hailemikael Gebrekidan G. K. Gebremeskel, Leake Gebreslassie, Assefa Ayalew Gething, Peter W. Gezae, Kebede Embaye Ghadiri, Keyghobad Ghashghaee, Ahmad Golechha, Mahaveer Gubar Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Malaria Atlas Project University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Imperial College London London United Kingdom Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge Sweden Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Public Health Debre Berhan University Debre Berhan Ethiopia Department of Clinical Sciences University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates Population Health Sciences King’s College London London United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa Department of Global Health Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Qom University of Medical Sciences Qom Iran Faculty of Medicine and Public Health Jenderal Soedirman University Purwokerto Indonesia Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research Rochester MN United States John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis MO United States Clinical Epidemiology Center Department of Veterans Affairs St Louis MO United States Institute of Health Research University of Health and Allied Sciences Ho Ghana Department of Information Systems College of Economics and Political Science Sultan Qaboos University Muscat Oman Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences Bandar Abbas Iran Department of Health Policy and Management Kuwait University Safat Kuwait International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding National University of Malaysia Bandar Tun Razak Malaysia Department of Epidemiology Arak University of Medical Sciences Arak Iran Medical Research Center

Despite substantial declines since 2000, lower respiratory infections (LRIs), diarrhoeal diseases, and malaria remain among the leading causes of nonfatal and fatal disease burden for children under 5 years of age (under 5), primarily in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The spatial burden of each of these diseases has been estimated subnationally across SSA, yet no prior analyses have examined the pattern of their combined burden. Here we synthesise subnational estimates of the burden of LRIs, diarrhoea, and malaria in children under-5 from 2000 to 2017 for 43 sub-Saharan countries. Some units faced a relatively equal burden from each of the three diseases, while others had one or two dominant sources of unit-level burden, with no consistent pattern geographically across the entire subcontinent. Using a subnational counterfactual analysis, we show that nearly 300 million DALYs could have been averted since 2000 by raising all units to their national average. Our findings are directly relevant for decision-makers in determining which and targeting where the most appropriate interventions are for increasing child survival. © 2022, The Author(s).

关键词： Biogeography Epidemiology Infectious diseases Malaria

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