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arXiv 2021年

作者： Kleyko, Denis Rachkovskij, Dmitri A. Osipov, Evgeny Rahimi, Abbas The Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience The University of California BerkeleyCA94720 United States The Intelligent Systems Lab Research Institutes of Sweden Kista16440 Sweden International Research and Training Center for Information Technologies and Systems Kiev03680 Ukraine The Department of Computer Science Electrical and Space Engineering Luleå University of Technology Luleå97187 Sweden IBM Research Zurich8803 Switzerland

This two-part comprehensive survey is devoted to a computing framework most commonly known under the names Hyperdimensional Computing and Vector Symbolic Architectures (HDC/VSA). Both names refer to a family of computational models that use high-dimensional distributed representations and rely on the algebraic properties of their key operations to incorporate the advantages of structured symbolic representations and vector distributed representations. Notable models in the HDC/VSA family are Tensor Product Representations, Holographic Reduced Representations, Multiply-Add-Permute, Binary Spatter Codes, and Sparse Binary Distributed Representations but there are other models too. HDC/VSA is a highly interdisciplinary field with connections to computer science, electrical engineering, artificial intelligence, mathematics, and cognitive science. This fact makes it challenging to create a thorough overview of the field. However, due to a surge of new researchers joining the field in recent years, the necessity for a comprehensive survey of the field has become extremely important. Therefore, amongst other aspects of the field, this Part I surveys important aspects such as: known computational models of HDC/VSA and transformations of various input data types to high-dimensional distributed representations. Part II of this survey [Kleyko et al., 2023] is devoted to applications, cognitive computing and architectures, as well as directions for future work. The survey is written to be useful for both newcomers and practitioners. Copyright © 2021, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Vectors

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Identification of the decision-making model for selecting an information system

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Procedia computer science 2020年 176卷 3802-3809页

作者： Bartosz Paradowski Zygmunt Drążek Research Team on Intelligent Decision Support Systems Department of Artificial Intelligence and Applied Mathematics Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin ul. Żołnierska 49 71-210 Szczecin Poland Department of Information Systems Engineering Faculty of Economics Finance and Management University of Szczecin Mickiewicza 64 71-101 Szczecin Poland

The right choice of information system for a company plays a vital role, therefore research to make it easier to choose the right IT system is very important. In the paper, we present research on the identification of a decision model supporting the decision on choosing the right IT system for the company. The study case is based on a literature example, which takes into account five basic criteria that influence the choice of an IT system by an entrepreneur. Then, using the COMET Object Characteristics Method, a model based on 243 characteristic objects is identified. In the following, the values from the decision matrix and the results are compared with each other. An additional model can be used to assess the sensitivity of the received solution. Finally, the most important conclusions and recommendations for further work were formulated.

关键词： decision-making information system TOPSIS COMET decision support system

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A Survey on Hyperdimensional Computing aka Vector Symbolic Architectures, Part II: Applications, Cognitive Models, and Challenges

arXiv

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arXiv 2021年

This is Part II of the two-part comprehensive survey devoted to a computing framework most commonly known under the names Hyperdimensional Computing and Vector Symbolic Architectures (HDC/VSA). Both names refer to a family of computational models that use high-dimensional distributed representations and rely on the algebraic properties of their key operations to incorporate the advantages of structured symbolic representations and vector distributed representations. Holographic Reduced Representations [1], [2] is an influential HDC/VSA model that is well-known in the machine learning domain and often used to refer to the whole family. However, for the sake of consistency, we use HDC/VSA to refer to the field. Part I of this survey [3] covered foundational aspects of the field, such as the historical context leading to the development of HDC/VSA, key elements of any HDC/VSA model, known HDC/VSA models, and the transformation of input data of various types into high-dimensional vectors suitable for HDC/VSA. This second part surveys existing applications, the role of HDC/VSA in cognitive computing and architectures, as well as directions for future work. Most of the applications lie within the Machine Learning/Artificial Intelligence domain, however, we also cover other applications to provide a complete picture. The survey is written to be useful for both newcomers and practitioners. Copyright © 2021, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Vectors

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Transportation,germs,culture:a dynamic graph model of COVID-19 outbreak

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Quantitative Biology 2020年第3期8卷 238-244页

作者： Xiaofei Yang Tun Xu Peng Jia Han Xia Li Guo Lei Zhang Kai Ye School of Computer Science and Technology Faculty of Electronic and Information EngineeringXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an 710049China MOE Key Lab for Intelligent Networks&Networks Security Faculty of Electronic and Information EngineeringXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an 710049China School of Automation Science and Engineering Faculty of Electronic and Information EngineeringXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an 710049China Hugobiotech Co. Ltd.Beijing 102600China The School of Life Science and Technology Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an 710049China China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseases School of Public HealthXi'an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'an 710061China Melbourne Sexual Health Centre Alfred HealthMelbourneVIC 3004Australia Central Clinical School Faculty of MedicineNursing and Health SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneVIC 3004Australia Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics College of Public HealthZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450001China Genome Institute the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an 710061China

Backgrounds Various models have been applied to predict the trend of the epidemic since the outbreak of ***:In this study,we designed a dynamic graph model,not for precisely predicting the number of infected cases,but for a glance of the dynamics under a public epidemic emergency situation and of different contributing factors・Results^We demonstrated the impact of asymptomatic transmission in this outbreak and showed the effectiveness of city lockdown to halt virus spread within a *** further illustrated that sudden emergence of a large number of cases could overwhelm the city medical system,and external medical aids are critical to not only containing the further spread of the virus but also reducing *** Our model simulation showed that highly populated modern cities are particularly vulnerable and lessons learned in China could facilitate other countries to plan the proactive and decisive actions・We shall pay close attention to the asymptomatic transmission being suggested by rapidly accumulating evidence as dramatic changes in quarantine protocol are required to contain SARS・CoV・2 from spreading globally.

关键词： dynamic graph model transportation COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2

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When counterpoint meets chinese folk melodies 20

When counterpoint meets chinese folk melodies

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Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Neural information Processing Systems

作者： Nan Jiang Sheng Jin Zhiyao Duan Changshui Zhang Institute for Artificial Intelligence Tsinghua University (THUAI) and State Key Lab of Intelligent Technologies and Systems and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist) and Department of Automation Tsinghua University Beijing China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Rochester

ISBN: (纸本)9781713829546

Counterpoint is an important concept in Western music theory. In the past century, there have been significant interests in incorporating counterpoint into Chinese folk music composition. In this paper, we propose a reinforcement learning-based system, named FolkDuet, towards the online countermelody generation for Chinese folk melodies. With no existing data of Chinese folk duets, FolkDuet employs two reward models based on out-of-domain data i.e., Bach chorales, and monophonic Chinese folk melodies. An interaction reward model is trained on the duets formed from outer parts of Bach chorales to model counterpoint interaction, while a style reward model is trained on monophonic melodies of Chinese folk songs to model melodic patterns. With both rewards, the generator of FolkDuet is trained to generate countermelodies while maintaining the Chinese folk style. The entire generation process is performed in an online fashion, allowing real-time interactive human-machine duet improvisation. Experiments show that the proposed algorithm achieves better subjective and objective results than the baselines.

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Validating polyp and instrument segmentation methods in colonoscopy through Medico 2020 and MedAI 2021 Challenges

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Jha, Debesh Sharma, Vanshali Banik, Debapriya Bhattacharya, Debayan Roy, Kaushiki Hicks, Steven A. Tomar, Nikhil Kumar Thambawita, Vajira Krenzer, Adrian Ji, Ge-Peng Poudel, Sahadev Batchkala, George Alam, Saruar Ahmed, Awadelrahman M.A. Trinh, Quoc-Huy Khan, Zeshan Nguyen, Tien-Phat Shrestha, Shruti Nathan, Sabari Gwak, Jeonghwan Jha, Ritika K. Zhang, Zheyuan Schlaefer, Alexander Bhattacharjee, Debotosh Bhuyan, M.K. Das, Pradip K. Fan, Deng-Ping Parasa, Sravanthi Ali, Sharib Riegler, Michael A. Halvorsen, Pål de Lange, Thomas Bagci, Ulas Machine & Hybrid Intelligence Lab Department of Radiology Northwestern University Chicago United States SimulaMet Oslo Norway Oslo Metropolitan University Oslo Norway Jadavpur University Kolkata India Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati India Institute of Medical Technology and Intelligent Systems Technische Universität Hamburg Germany University of Oslo Norway Julius-Maximilian University of Würzburg Germany Faculty of Information Technology University of Science VNU-HCM Viet Nam Department of IT Convergence Engineering Gachon University Seongnam13120 Korea Republic of School of Computing University of Leeds LeedsLS2 9JT United Kingdom College of Engineering Australian National University Canberra Australia Department of Engineering Science University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences Karachi Campus Pakistan Swedish Medical Center Seattle United States Kathmandu Nepal Couger Inc Tokyo Japan Department of Software Korea National University of Transportation Chungju Korea Republic of University of Bergen Bergen Norway Department of Medicine and Emergencies Mölndal Sahlgrenska University Hospital Region Västra Götaland Sweden Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicin Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Sweden ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland

Automatic analysis of colonoscopy images has been an active field of research motivated by the importance of early detection of precancerous polyps. However, detecting polyps during the live examination can be challenging due to various factors such as variation of skills and experience among the endoscopists, lack of attentiveness, and fatigue leading to a high polyp miss-rate. Therefore, there is a need for an automated system that can flag missed polyps during the examination and improve patient care. Deep learning has emerged as a promising solution to this challenge as it can assist endoscopists in detecting and classifying overlooked polyps and abnormalities in real time, improving the accuracy of diagnosis and enhancing treatment. In addition to the algorithm's accuracy, transparency and interpretability are crucial to explaining the whys and hows of the algorithm's prediction. Further, conclusions based on incorrect decisions may be fatal, especially in medicine. Despite these pitfalls, most algorithms are developed in private data, closed source, or proprietary software, and methods lack reproducibility. Therefore, to promote the development of efficient and transparent methods, we have organized the "Medico automatic polyp segmentation (Medico 2020)" and "MedAI: Transparency in Medical Image Segmentation (MedAI 2021)" competitions. The Medico 2020 challenge received submissions from 17 teams, while the MedAI 2021 challenge also gathered submissions from another 17 distinct teams in the following year. We present a comprehensive summary and analyze each contribution, highlight the strength of the best-performing methods, and discuss the possibility of clinical translations of such methods into the clinic. Our analysis revealed that the participants improved dice coefficient metrics from 0.8607 in 2020 to 0.8993 in 2021 despite adding diverse and challenging frames (containing irregular, smaller, sessile, or flat polyps), which are frequently missed during a

关键词： computer aided diagnosis

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Learning of long-horizon sparse-reward robotic manipulator tasks with base controllers

arXiv

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arXiv 2020年

作者： Wang, Guangming Xin, Minjian Wu, Wenhua Liu, Zhe Wang, Hesheng Department of Automation Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing of Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Intelligent Equipment and System of Ministry of Education Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Control and Management Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai200240 China Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of California San Diego La Jolla CA92093 United States Department of Computer Science and Technology University of Cambridge CambridgeCB2 1TN United Kingdom

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) enables robots to perform some intelligent tasks end-to-end. However, there are still many challenges for long-horizon sparse-reward robotic manipulator tasks. On the one hand, a sparse-reward setting causes exploration inefficient. On the other hand, exploration using physical robots is of high cost and unsafe. In this paper, we propose a method of learning long-horizon sparse-reward tasks utilizing one or more existing traditional controllers named base controllers in this paper. Built upon Deep Deterministic Policy Gradients (DDPG), our algorithm incorporates the existing base controllers into stages of exploration, value learning, and policy update. Furthermore, we present a straightforward way of synthesizing different base controllers to integrate their strengths. Through experiments ranging from stacking blocks to cups, it is demonstrated that the learned state-based or image-based policies steadily outperform base controllers. Compared to previous works of learning from demonstrations, our method improves sample efficiency by orders of magnitude and improves the performance. Overall, our method bears the potential of leveraging existing industrial robot manipulation systems to build more flexible and intelligent controllers. Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Deep learning

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Investigating Bi-level optimization for learning and vision from a unified perspective: A survey and beyond

arXiv

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Liu, Risheng Gao, Jiaxin Zhang, Jin Meng, Deyu Lin, Zhouchen DUT-RU International School of Information Science & Engineering Dalian University of Technology Key Laboratory for Ubiquitous Network Service Software of Liaoning Province Dalian116024 China Department of Mathematics Southern University of Science and Technology National Center for Applied Mathematics Shenzhen China School of Mathematics and Statistics Ministry of Education Key Lab of Intelligent Networks and Network Security Xi’an Jiaotong University Xi’an Shaanxi China School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science Peking University Beijing100871 China Cooperative Medianet Innovation Center Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai200240 China

Bi-Level Optimization (BLO) is originated from the area of economic game theory and then introduced into the optimization community. BLO is able to handle problems with a hierarchical structure, involving two levels of optimization tasks, where one task is nested inside the other. In machine learning and computer vision fields, despite the different motivations and mechanisms, a lot of complex problems, such as hyper-parameter optimization, multi-task and meta learning, neural architecture search, adversarial learning and deep reinforcement learning, actually all contain a series of closely related subproblms. In this paper, we first uniformly express these complex learning and vision problems from the perspective of BLO. Then we construct a best-response-based single-level reformulation and establish a unified algorithmic framework to understand and formulate mainstream gradient-based BLO methodologies, covering aspects ranging from fundamental automatic differentiation schemes to various accelerations, simplifications, extensions and their convergence and complexity properties. Last but not least, we discuss the potentials of our unified BLO framework for designing new algorithms and point out some promising directions for future research. © 2021, CC BY.

关键词： Deep learning

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Privacy-preserving medical treatment system through nondeterministic finite automata

arXiv

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arXiv 2020年

作者： Yang, Yang Deng, Robert H. Liu, Ximeng Wu, Yongdong Weng, Jian Zheng, Xianghan Rong, Chunming School of Information Systems Singapore Management University Singapore College of Mathematics and Computer Science Fuzhou University Fujian China State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks Xidian University Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Data Security and Privacy Protection Guangzhou China Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Processing and Intelligent Control Minjiang University Fuzhou China School of Information Systems Singapore Management University Singapore Singapore Department of Computer Science Jinan University Guangdong China College of Mathematics and Computer Science Fuzhou University Fujian China Department of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science University of Stavanger Norway MingByte Technology Qingdao China

In this paper, we propose a privacy-preserving medical treatment system using nondeterministic finite automata (NFA), hereafter referred to as P-Med, designed for the remote medical environment. P-Med makes use of the nondeterministic transition characteristic of NFA to flexibly represent the medical model, which includes illness states, treatment methods and state transitions caused by exerting different treatment methods. A medical model is encrypted and outsourced to the cloud to deliver telemedicine services. Using P-Med, patient-centric diagnosis and treatment can be made on-the-fly while protecting the confidentiality of a patient's illness states and treatment recommendation results. Moreover, a new privacy-preserving NFA evaluation method is given in P-Med to get a confidential match result for the evaluation of an encrypted NFA and an encrypted data set, which avoids the cumbersome inner state transition determination. We demonstrate that P-Med realizes treatment procedure recommendation without privacy leakage to unauthorized parties. We conduct extensive experiments and analyses to evaluate efficiency. Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Diseases

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Uncertainty-Aware Score Distribution Learning for Action Quality Assessment

Uncertainty-Aware Score Distribution Learning for Action Qua...

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Conference on computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)

作者： Yansong Tang Zanlin Ni Jiahuan Zhou Danyang Zhang Jiwen Lu Ying Wu Jie Zhou Department of Automation Tsinghua University China State Key Lab of Intelligent Technologies and Systems China Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology China Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Northwestern University Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School Tsinghua University China

ISBN: (数字)9781728171685

ISBN: (纸本)9781728171692

Assessing action quality from videos has attracted growing attention in recent years. Most existing approaches usually tackle this problem based on regression algorithms, which ignore the intrinsic ambiguity in the score labels caused by multiple judges or their subjective appraisals. To address this issue, we propose an uncertainty-aware score distribution learning (USDL) approach for action quality assessment (AQA). Specifically, we regard an action as an instance associated with a score distribution, which describes the probability of different evaluated scores. Moreover, under the circumstance where finer-grained score labels are available (e.g., difficulty degree of an action or multiple scores from different judges), we further devise a multi-path uncertainty-aware score distribution learning (MUSDL) method to explore the disentangled components of a score. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed methods, We conduct experiments on two AQA datasets containing various Olympic actions. Our approaches set new state-of-the-arts under the Spearman's Rank Correlation (i.e., 0.8102 on AQA-7 and 0.9273 on MTL-AQA).

关键词： Videos Uncertainty Games Gaussian distribution Task analysis Quality assessment Training

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