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arXiv 2021年

作者： Abdollahramezani, Sajjad Hemmatyar, Omid Taghinejad, Mohammad Taghinejad, Hossein Krasnok, Alex Eftekhar, Ali A. Teichrib, Christian Deshmukh, Sanchit El-Sayed, Mostafa Pop, Eric Wuttig, Matthias Alù, Andrea Cai, Wenshan Adibi, Ali School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology 778 Atlantic Drive NW AtlantaGA30332-0250 United States Photonics Initiative Advanced Science Research Center City University of New York New YorkNY10031 United States Department of Electrical Engineering Precourt Institute for Energy Stanford University StanfordCA94305 United States Laser Dynamics Laboratory School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Georgia Institute of Technology AtlantaGA30332-0400 United States George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology AtlantaGA30332-0405 United States Physikalisches Institut IA RWTH Aachen Sommerfeldstrasse 14 Aachen52074 Germany Physics Program Graduate Center City University of New York New YorkNY10016 United States School of Materials Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology 801 Ferst Drive NW AtlantaGA30332-0295 United States

Despite recent advances in active metaoptics, efficient wide dynamic range combined with highspeed reconfigurable solutions is still elusive. Phase-change materials (PCMs) offer a compelling platform for metasurface optical elements, owing to the large index contrast and fast yet stable phase transition properties. Here, we experimentally demonstrate an in situ electrically driven reprogrammable metasurface by harnessing the unique properties of a phase-change chalcogenide alloy, Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST), in order to realize non-volatile, reversible, multilevel, fast, and pronounced optical modulation in the near-infrared spectral range. Co-optimized through a multiphysics analysis, we integrate an efficient heterostructure resistive microheater that indirectly heats and transforms the embedded GST film without compromising the optical performance of the metasurface even after several reversible phase transitions. A hybrid plasmonic-PCM meta-switch with a record eleven-fold change in the reectance (an absolute reectance contrast reaching 80%), unprecedented quasi-continuous spectral tuning over 250 nm, and operation speed that can potentially reach a few kHz is presented. Our work represents a significant step towards the development of fully integrable dynamic metasurfaces and their potential for beamforming applications. © 2021, CC BY.

关键词： Phase change materials

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Stimuli-responsive smart nanomaterials for theranostics of urological cancers

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Coordination Chemistry Reviews 2025年 539卷

作者： Xu, Yi Moradialvand, Madineh Sala, Francesca Della Zare, Ehsan Nazarzadeh Hushmandi, Kiavash Rahimmanesh, Ilnaz Borzacchiello, Assunta Iravani, Siavash Zare, Iman Shin, Jungah Yoon, Juyoung Kang, Heemin Makvandi, Pooyan Department of Urology Department of Science & Technology Nano Medical Innovation & Collaboration Group (NMICG) The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Quzhou People's Hospital Quzhou 324000 China The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Quzhou People's Hospital Quzhou 324000 China Center for Theoretical Physics Khazar University 41 Mehseti Street Baku AZ1096 Azerbaijan Institute of Polymers Composites and Biomaterials National Research Council (IPCB-CNR) Viale J.F. Kennedy 54 Naples 80125 Italy School of Chemistry Damghan University Damghan 36716-45667 Iran Nephrology and Urology Research Center Clinical Sciences Institute Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Applied Physiology Research Center Cardiovascular Research Institute Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran W Nazar ST Boostan Ave Isfahan Iran Research and Development Department Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies Co. Ltd. Shiraz *** Iran Department of Materials Science and Engineering Korea University Seoul 02841 South Korea Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience Ewha Womans University Seoul 03760 South Korea Graduate Program in Innovative Biomaterials Convergence Ewha Womans University Seoul 03760 South Korea College of Medicine Korea University Seoul 02841 South Korea

Urological cancers, including prostate, bladder, and kidney cancers, contribute significantly to the global burden of cancer-related mortality. While numerous reviews have addressed these cancers individually, this is the first comprehensive review that exclusively focuses specifically on nanotheranostics as a transformative approach for urological cancer. The distinct tumor microenvironments (TMEs) associated with these cancers pose both challenges and opportunities for precise nanotherapeutic interventions. This review provides a thorough examination of current advancements in nanotechnology-based diagnostics and therapeutics tailored to urological cancers. For each primary urological cancer type, we outline key strategies for leveraging nanotheranostics in the detection and treatment of tumors. Furthermore, we address the persisting challenges in enhancing tumor specificity and treatment efficacy. In essence, nanotheranostics offer a promising therapeutic avenue for urological cancers by enabling targeted drug delivery and controlled release of therapeutics within the tumor microenvironment. The objective of this pioneering review is to underscore recent developments and future prospects in utilizing nanotechnology to meet the unmet needs in the diagnosis and treatment of urological cancers. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Bladder Kidney cancers Nanocarriers Nanomaterials Prostate tumor Urological cancers

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Benchmark problems for transcranial ultrasound simulation: Intercomparison of compressional wave models

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Aubry, Jean-Francois Bates, Oscar Boehm, Christian Pauly, Kim Butts Christensen, Douglas Cueto, Carlos Gélat, Pierre Guasch, Lluis Jaros, Jiri Jing, Yun Jones, Rebecca Li, Ningrui Marty, Patrick Montanaro, Hazael Neufeld, Esra Pichardo, Samuel Pinton, Gianmarco Pulkkinen, Aki Stanziola, Antonio Thielscher, Axel Treeby, Bradley Van't Wout, Elwin Physics for Medicine Paris INSERM U1273 ESPCI Paris PSL University CNRS UMR 8063 France Department of Bioengineering Imperial College London Exhibition Road LondonSW7 2AZ United Kingdom Institute of Geophysics ETH Zürich Sonneggstrasse 5 Zürich8092 Switzerland Department of Radiology Stanford University StanfordCA United States Department of Biomedical Engineering Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Utah United States Department of Surgical Biotechnology Division of Surgery and Interventional Science University College London LondonNW3 2PF United Kingdom Earth Science and Engineering Department Imperial College London London United Kingdom Centre of Excellence IT4Innovations Faculty of Information Technology Brno University of Technology Bozetechova 2 Brno612 00 Czech Republic Graduate Program in Acoustics The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA16802 United States Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill North Carolina State University NC United States Department of Electrical Engineering Stanford University StanfordCA United States Zurich Switzerland Laboratory for Acoustics / Noise control Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Dubendorf Switzerland Zurich Switzerland Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences Departments Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Canada Department of Applied Physics University of Eastern Finland Kuopio70211 Finland Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering University College London Gower Street LondonWC1E 6BT United Kingdom Technical University of Denmark Denmark Danish Research Center for Magnetic Resonance Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre Denmark Institute for Mathematical and Computational Engineering School of Engineering and Faculty of Mathematics Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile Santiago Chile

Computational models of acoustic wave propagation are frequently used in transcranial ultrasound therapy, for example, to calculate the intracranial pressure field or to calculate phase delays to correct for skull distortions. To allow intercomparison between the different modeling tools and techniques used by the community, an international working group was convened to formulate a set of numerical benchmarks. Here, these benchmarks are presented, along with intercomparison results. Nine different benchmarks of increasing geometric complexity are defined. These include a single-layer planar bone immersed in water, a multi-layer bone, and a whole skull. Two transducer configurations are considered (a focused bowl and a plane piston), giving a total of 18 permutations of the benchmarks. Eleven different modeling tools are used to compute the benchmark results. The models span a wide range of numerical techniques, including the finite-difference time-domain method, angular-spectrum method, pseudospectral method, boundary-element method, and spectral-element method. Good agreement is found between the models, particularly for the position, size, and magnitude of the acoustic focus within the skull. When comparing results for each model with every other model in a cross comparison, the median values for each benchmark for the difference in focal pressure and position are less than 10% and 1 mm, respectively. The benchmark definitions, model results, and intercomparison codes are freely available to facilitate further comparisons. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Bone

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Reversible Handedness Inversion and Circularly Polarized Light Reflection Tuning in Self-Organized Helical Superstructures Using Visible-Light-Driven Macrocyclic Chiral Switches

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Angewandte Chemie 2022年第8期135卷

作者： Dr. Hao Wang Yuqi Tang Dr. Hari Krishna Bisoyi Prof. Quan Li Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute and Materials Science Graduate Program Kent State University Kent OH 44242 USA Contribution: Formal analysis (lead) Investigation (lead) Writing - original draft (lead) Writing - review & editing (supporting) Institute of Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing 211189 China Contribution: Formal analysis (supporting) Writing - original draft (supporting) Writing - review & editing (supporting) Contribution: Conceptualization (lead) Formal analysis (supporting) Supervision (lead) Writing - original draft (supporting) Writing - review & editing (lead)

A series of macrocyclic azobenzene-based chiral photoswitches have been judiciously designed, synthesized, and characterized. In the molecular structures, binaphthyl is covalently linked to ortho -positions of azobenzene, and four different substituents are linked to 6,6′-positions of binaphthyl. The photoswitches show enhanced helical twisting power (HTP) when doping in commercially available achiral liquid crystals to form self-organized helical superstructures, i.e., cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs). All the photoswitches exhibit reversible photoisomerization driven by visible light of different wavelengths in both organic solvent and liquid crystals. The photoswitches with shorter substituents enable handedness inversion of CLCs upon photoisomerization. These are the first examples of ortho -linked azobenzene-based photoswitches that enable handedness inversion in CLCs. The photoswitches with longer substituents display only HTP values decreasing while maintaining the same handedness.

关键词： Circularly Polarized Light Handedness Inversion Macrocyclic Photoswitch Visible Light

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THz generation by exchange-coupled spintronic emitters

npj Spintronics

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npj Spintronics 2024年第1期2卷 1-8页

作者： Roman Adam Derang Cao Daniel E. Bürgler Sarah Heidtfeld Fangzhou Wang Christian Greb Markus Büscher Claus M. Schneider Jing Cheng Debamitra Chakraborty Ivan Komissarov Roman Sobolewski Martin Mikulics Hilde Hardtdegen Peter Grünberg Institute Research Centre Jülich Jülich Germany College of Physics Qingdao University Qingdao China Faculty of Physics University Duisburg-Essen Duisburg Germany Institut für Laser- und Plasmaphysik Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany Materials Science Graduate Program University of Rochester Rochester NY USA Laboratory for Laser Energetics University of Rochester Rochester NY USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Rochester Rochester NY USA Ernst Ruska Centre Research Centre Jülich Jülich Germany

The mechanism of THz generation in ferromagnet/metal (F/M) bilayers has been typically ascribed to the inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE). Here, we fabricated Pt/Fe/Cr/Fe/Pt multilayers containing two back-to-back spintronic THz emitters separated by a thin (tCr≤ 3nm) wedge-shaped Cr spacer. In such an arrangement, magnetization alignment of the two Fe films can be controlled by the interplay between Cr-mediated interlayer exchange coupling (IEC) and an external magnetic field. This in turn results in a strong variation of the THz amplitudeA, withA↑↓reaching up to 14 timesA↑↑(arrows indicate the relative alignment of the magnetization of the two magnetic layers). This observed functionality is ascribed to the interference of THz transients generated by two closely spaced THz emitters. Moreover, the magnetic field dependenceA(H) shows a strong asymmetry that points to an additional performance modulation of the THz emitter via IEC and multilayer design.

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Anharmonicity and Universal Response of Linear Carbon Chain Mechanical Properties under Hydrostatic Pressure

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Physical Review Letters 2020年第10期125卷 105501-105501页

作者： Keshav Sharma Nathalia L. Costa Yoong Ahm Kim Hiroyuki Muramatsu Newton M. Barbosa Neto Luiz G. P. Martins Jing Kong Alexandre Rocha Paschoal Paulo T. Araujo Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama 35487 USA Department of Physics Federal University of Ceara 60455-760 Fortaleza Ceara Brazil Department of Polymer Engineering School of Polymer Science and Engineering and Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute Chonnam National University 77 Yongbong-ro Buk-gu Gwangju 61186 Republic of Korea Research Institute for Supra-Materials Shinshu University 4-17-1 Wakasato Nagano Japan Institute of Natural Sciences Graduate Program in Physics Federal University of Para 66075-110 Belem PA Brazil Department of Physics Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA

Isolated linear carbon chains (LCCs) encapsulated by multiwalled carbon nanotubes are studied under hydrostatic pressure (P) via resonance Raman scattering. The LCCs’ spectroscopic signature C band around 1850 cm−1 softens linearly with increasing P. A simple anharmonic force-constant model not only describes such softening but also shows that the LCCs’ Young’s modulus (E), Grüneisen parameter (γ), and strain (ϵ) follow universal P−1 and P2 laws, respectively. In particular, γ also presents a unified behavior for all LCCs. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first results reported on such isolated systems and the first work to explore universal P-dependent responses for LCCs’ E, ϵ, and γ.

关键词： Anharmonic lattice dynamics Compressive strength Elasticity Mechanical & acoustical properties Pressure effects Stress 1-dimensional systems Lattice models in condensed matter Pressure techniques Raman spectroscopy

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Hierarchical Assembly and Dynamic Reinforced Woven Biotextiles for Anisotropic and Viscoelastic Tendon Tissue Regeneration

SSRN

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SSRN 2025年

作者： Wang, Tzu-Wei Chen, Hao-Xuan Chen, Shih-Heng Chen, Shih-Hsien Liu, Yu-Chung Wu, Chen-Te Kuan, Chen-Hsiang Huang, Wei-Yuan Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital Chang-Gung University Medical College Taoyuan Taiwan Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan Ann ArborMI United States Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Taoyuan Taiwan Taipei Taiwan Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine College of Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan Precision Medicine Program National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan Institute of Oral Biology National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Taiwan Department of Biomedical Engineering Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Taiwan

Currently used tendon grafts, including autologous and allogeneic options, are hindered by limitations such as availability, donor site morbidity, and the risk of immune rejection. While offering potential alternatives, artificial tendons still have drawbacks, including creep, stress relaxation, fatigue, and poor tissue integration. To overcome these challenges with unmet clinical needs, this study develops a biomimetic tendon graft using interfacial polyelectrolyte complexation spinning techniques combined with customized twisting and weaving reinforcements. Hierarchical tendon biomimicry addresses anatomical and physiological features crucial for tendon repair and regeneration. The dynamic strengthening culture and growth factor incorporation with spatial-controlled delicacy further enhance the integration and functionality of the substitute with tendon-related protein secretion, both of which are valuable characteristics in native tissues. As demonstrated in fatigue tests, the durability and viscoelasticity of the braided scaffolds under loading-unloading cycles highlight their suitability for daily activities. This bottom-up assembly approach replicates the physiological, biological, and mechanical properties of native tendon tissue. For future perspective, this study represents a significant advancement in tendon tissue engineering, offering bioinspired woven biotextiles that hold great promise for tendon replacement. © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Tissue regeneration

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Immobilization of poly(hexamethylene biguanide) to cellulose acetate- and cellulose-based nanofiber membranes for antibacterial and cytotoxic studies

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Biochemical engineering Journal 2024年 205卷

作者： Dinh Thi My Huong Chi-Yun Wang Pin-Yi Chen Chien Wei Ooi Xue Er Crystal Thew Bing-Lan Liu Chen-Yaw Chiu Shen-Long Tsai Kuei-Hsiang Chen Yu-Kaung Chang Department Chemical Technology and Environment University of Technology and Education the University of Da Nang Da Nang City Viet Nam Department Chemical Engineering/ Graduate School of Biochemical Engineering Ming Chi University of Technology New Taipei City 243303 Taiwan Department Chemical Engineering National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei City 10607 Taiwan International Ph.D. Program in Innovative Technology of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Devices Ming Chi University of Technology New Taipei City 243303 Taiwan Bone and Joint Research Centre Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Taoyuan City 333423 Taiwan Research Center for Intelligent Medical Devices Ming Chi University of Technology New Taipei City 243303 Taiwan Chemical Engineering Department School of Engineering Monash University Malaysia Jalan Lagoon Selatan Bandar Sunway Selangor 47500 Malaysia Advanced Engineering Platform School of Engineering Monash University Malaysia Jalan Lagoon Selatan 47500 Bandar Sunway Selangor Malaysia Department of Applied Chemistry Chaoyang University of Technology Taichung 413310 Taiwan Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Yuan Ze University Zhongli Dist Taoyuan City 320315 Taiwan

To develop the environmental antibacterial membrane, the physical attachments of poly (hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride (PHMB) on the cellulose acetate (CA) and regenerated cellulose (RC) electrospun nanofiber membranes were employed. The immobilization of PHMB increased the antibacterial efficacy ( AE , %) of nanofiber membranes from 65.67% to approximately 86.13% for CA-PHMB and from 35.09% to approximately 100% for RC-PHMB. The results of the chemical and physical characteristics indicate that the degree of deacetylation of CA nanofiber, the surface charge of the nanofiber, and the density of PHMB immobilized onto the nanofiber primarily affect the antibacterial efficacy. The use of mathematical models, such as the Temkin equilibrium model for PHMB immobilization and the Monod-type model for the relationship between antibacterial activity and immobilization density of PHMB provides a deeper understanding of the interactions and kinetics involved. The rapid achievement of ∼100% AE after only 10 min of contact with Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) is a notable finding, indicating the quick and efficient antibacterial action of RC-PHMB nanofiber membranes. Furthermore, maintaining approximately 100% AE after 20 days of storage underscores the long-term stability of PHMB immobilized on RC nanofiber membranes. The findings suggest that RC-PHMB holds great promise as an antibacterial material for biomedical applications, food packaging industries, and filtration or treatment of water.

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Failure analysis of hanger for superheater tube

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AIP Conference Proceedings 2020年第1期2262卷

作者： Husaini Ardy Deri Andika Bangun Arie Wibowo 1Materials Science and Engineering Research Group Bandung Institute of Technology Bandung 40132 Indonesia 2Graduate Program of Materials Engineering Department Bandung Institute of Technology Bandung 40132 Indonesia

Seven out of 12 pieces of hangers for superheater pipe were failed after one year in service. Failure analysis has been conducted to find out the root cause of failure. Hanger material is ASTM A182 Grade F22 Class 1. Fractography examinations revealed that the fracture mode is due to mechanical fatigue. Tensile test results show a tensile strength of 1015 MPa which is far beyond the minimum standard requirement of 415 MPa. The hardness of the failed hanger is between 270 to 325 HB, and un-failed hanger is around 245 HB, which are higher than the maximum standard requirement of 170 HB. The Charpy impact energy is 3 J, far below the standard requirement of 54 J. The microstructure in the bend area and the straight section contained tempered martensite and ferrite. Further examinations were conducted by heat treatment simulations to explore properties after heat treatment. materials are subjected to full annealing treatment at 900°C, and normalizing at 955°C followed by tempering at 675°C. The average hardness is 154 HB after annealing, and 235 HB after normalizing and tempering. According to heat treatment simulation results, hanger material was supposed to be supplied under annealing condition where the hardness fulfils the standard requirement. Failure of superheater pipe hanger is due to improper heat treatment which promote brittleness and initiate premature crack during start-up. Crack initiation might also occur during post forging quenching. Fatigue crack propagation occur during service by small amplitude vibration.

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The ALCHEMI atlas: principal component analysis reveals starburst evolution in NGC 253

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Harada, Nanase Meier, David S. Martín, Sergio Muller, Sebastien Sakamoto, Kazushi Saito, Toshiki Gorski, Mark D. Henkel, Christian Tanaka, Kunihiko Mangum, Jeffrey G. Aalto, Susanne Aladro, Rebeca Bouvier, Mathilde Colzi, Laura Emig, Kimberly L. Herrero-Illana, Rubén Huang, Ko-Yun Kohno, Kotaro König, Sabine Nakanishi, Kouichiro Nishimura, Yuri Takano, Shuro Rivilla, Víctor M. Viti, Serena Watanabe, Yoshimasa van der Werf, Paul P. Yoshimura, Yuki National Astronomical Observatory of Japan 2-21-1 Osawa Mitaka Tokyo181-8588 Japan Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics Academia Sinica 11F of AS/NTU Astronomy-Mathematics Building No.1 Sec. 4 Roosevelt Rd Taipei10617 Taiwan Astronomical Science Program Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies SOKENDAI 2-21-1 Osawa Mitaka Tokyo181-1855 Japan New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology 801 Leroy Place SocorroNM87801 United States National Radio Astronomy Observatory PO Box O 1003 Lopezville Road SocorroNM87801 United States European Southern Observatory Alonso de Córdova 3107 Vitacura Santiago763-0355 Chile Joint ALMA Observatory Alonso de Córdova 3107 Vitacura Santiago763-0355 Chile Department of Space Earth and Environment Chalmers University of Technology Onsala Space Observatory OnsalaSE-439 92 Sweden Department of Physics and Astronomy Northwestern University EvanstonIL60208 United States Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie Auf dem Hügel 69 Bonn53121 Germany Astronomy Department Faculty of Science King Abdulaziz University P. O. Box 80203 Jeddah21589 Saudi Arabia Department of Physics Faculty of Science and Technology Keio University 3-14-1 Hiyoshi Kanagawa Yokohama223-8522 Japan National Radio Astronomy Observatory 520 Edgemont Road CharlottesvilleVA22903-2475 United States Department of Space Earth and Environment Chalmers University of Technology GöteborgSE-412 96 Sweden Leiden Observatory Leiden University P.O. Box 9513 Leiden2300 RA Netherlands CSIC-INTA Ctra. de Ajalvir Km. 4 Torrejón de Ardoz Madrid28850 Spain Campus UAB Carrer de Magrans BarcelonaE-08193 Spain Institute of Astronomy Graduate School of Science The University of Tokyo 2-21-1 Osawa Mitaka Tokyo181-0015 Japan Department of Astronomy The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo113-0033 Japan ALMA Project National Astronomical Observatory of Japan 2-21-1 Osawa Mitaka Tokyo181-8588 Japan Department of Physic

Molecular lines are powerful diagnostics of the physical and chemical properties of the interstellar medium (ISM). These ISM properties, which affect future star formation, are expected to differ in starburst galaxies from those of more quiescent galaxies. We investigate the ISM properties in the central molecular zone of the nearby starburst galaxy NGC 253 using the ultra-wide millimeter spectral scan survey from the ALMA Large program ALCHEMI. We present an atlas of velocity-integrated images at a 1′′. 6 resolution of 148 unblended transitions from 44 species, including the first extragalactic detection of HCNH+ and the first interferometric images of C3H+, NO, HCS+. We conduct a principal component analysis (PCA) on these images to extract correlated chemical species and to identify key groups of diagnostic transitions. To the best of our knowledge, our dataset is currently the largest astronomical set of molecular lines to which PCA has been applied. The PCA can categorize transitions coming from different physical components in NGC 253 such as i) young starburst tracers characterized by high-excitation transitions of HC3N and complex organic molecules (COMs) versus tracers of on-going star formation (radio recombination lines) and high-excitation transitions of CCH and CN tracing PDRs, ii) tracers of cloud-collision-induced shocks (low-excitation transitions of CH3OH, HNCO, HOCO+, and OCS) versus shocks from star-formation-induced outflows (high-excitation transitions of SiO), as well as iii) outflows showing emission from HOC+, CCH, H3O+, CO isotopologues, HCN, HCO+, CS, and CN. Our findings show these intensities vary with galactic dynamics, star formation activities, and stellar feedback. © 2024, CC BY.

关键词： Principal component analysis

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