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An economic analysis of incorporating new shared mobility into public transportation provision

TRANSPORT POLICY 2023年 141卷 263-273页

作者： Wang, Yiyuan Shen, Qing Univ Washington Interdisciplinary PhD Program Urban Design & Plan Seattle WA 98195 USA

Transit agencies in the US have shown great interests in the possibility of incorporating on-demand shared mobility modes into their fixed-route transit services. However, the cost-effectiveness of on-demand modes has not been clearly demonstrated, and there lacks an effective method for transit agencies to compare the costs of different service provision options. This study develops an economic-theory-based framework that appropriately conceptualizes the total economic cost of incorporating on-demand modes into transit. Based on the theoretical framework, a simulation model is built to operationalize an approach for evaluating the cost-effectiveness of transit-supplementing, on-demand mobility services. We demonstrate the applicability of this approach using Via to Transit program in the Seattle region. By accounting for both the service provider's cost and the users' cost, we obtain a more complete and accurate measure for the cost advantages of the on-demand modes in this case in comparison to expanding fixed-route transit, where the total economic cost for the on-demand mode is 22% lower than the fixed route transit. The theoretical framework and the simulation model can support the decisionmaking of public transit agencies as they explore incorporating mobility on demand to supplement traditional transit.

关键词： Public transit On-demand shared mobility Marginal cost Generalized travel cost Transportation simulation

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Ottomans in the Caucasian Highlands: Recruitment of the Circassians and the Ottoman Mission in Anapa, 1812-1828

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MIDDLE EAST STUDIES 2024年第4期56卷 645-662页

作者： Basibek, Tuna UNIV WASHINGTON Interdisciplinary PhD Program Near & Middle Easter Seattle WA 98195 USA

The present article is a study of Ottoman military recruitment attempts of Circassians in the northwestern Caucasus. It examines the process of realizing a Circassian highlander army and the administration of the Anapa fortress during the time of two different fortress commanders. Focusing on the deeds of these two pashas regarding Circassian recruitment and their social background, this study highlights the Ottoman-Circassian relations and the dynamics of loyalty and pragmatism. Specifically, the role of provincial networks in ruling the border fortresses and regional politics in the Eastern Black Sea have been underlined within the context of the Russian-Ottoman rivalry over the Caucasus. Rebutting the importance of the origins of Ottoman officers for Ottoman borderland politics, this study argues that the contribution of provincial notables to the Ottoman civilizing mission and the Circassian army project in the early nineteenth century has been indispensable to the realization of Ottoman establishment in the Caucasus.

关键词： Ottoman Caucasus Circassian provincial notables

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Arctic marine shipping development and governance in Canada: A historical overview

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MARINE POLICY 2024年 160卷

作者： Wang, Weishan Aporta, Claudio Dalhousie Univ Interdisciplinary PhD Program Marine Affairs Program Halifax NS Canada World Maritime Univ Malmo Sweden

Shipping in the Canadian Arctic has a long history, encompassing diverse maritime pursuits, ranging from traditional Inuit subsistence practices to European exploratory expeditions, whaling, and fur trading. The escalating impacts of climate change in the Canadian Arctic have created ample opportunities for Arctic shipping activities related to fishing, cruise tourism, resource (mineral) transportation, research, and government services. Nowadays, the necessity of developing a sustainable economy, the need for environmental protection, and the imperative of reconciliation with Indigenous Peoples present considerable challenges for the Canadian government in regulating Arctic shipping. To comprehend the contemporary issues of Arctic shipping governance, this paper conducts an overview of the history of Arctic shipping activities in Canada and reviews Canada's diverse policies and laws that have been instituted to govern Arctic shipping. Drawing upon the analysis of these policies, the article advocates for a collaborative governance framework to cope with the multifaceted challenges confronting the governance of Arctic shipping in Canada. Such a framework ought to prioritize enhancing cooperation, integrating unilateral and multilateral policies and laws, respecting the rights of Indigenous Peoples, and involving Inuit in Arctic shipping governance.

关键词： Arctic shipping history Maritime regulations Collaborative governance Inuit Indigenous engagement

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Black Dog Bias in the Courtroom: A Potential Disadvantage?

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ANTHROZOOS 2024年第4期37卷 779-790页

作者： Kulak, Kylie Mcdermott, Christine M. Miller, Monica K. Univ Nevada Reno Interdisciplinary Social Psychol PhD Program Mailstop 13001664 North Virginia St Reno NV 89502 USA

Because facility dogs can provide comfort to vulnerable testifying witnesses, they are beginning to become commonplace in some courtrooms. However, certain dogs (and by extension the witness they testify with) might be discriminated against because of their coat color. Known as "Black Dog Bias" (BDB), black dogs are often reported to be discriminated against in animal adoption centers, resulting in higher rates of euthanasia. Black dogs are often viewed as less friendly, less emotionally stable, and more aggressive than their other-colored counterparts. Other research, however, argues that BDB does not exist;rather, bias against certain dogs is associated with phenotypic traits or breed. With the proliferation of facility dog employment in courtrooms, there is a possibility that BDB also could manifest in this setting. This study investigated whether BDB occurs in the courtroom and affects perceptions of the witness through the social psychological process of transference. A child witness, as they were testifying about a sexual assault, was either comforted by a black dog, a white dog, or no dog. Counterintuitively, community-member participants (n = 133) believed that the witnesses appeared less sad, less emotional, and happier when comforted by a black dog compared with a white dog. Furthermore, perceptions of the witness were not affected by the facility dog, suggesting that transference did not occur. A potential explanation for the findings posits that a stereotype violation occurs when a black dog serves as a facility dog, allowing the animal to be perceived positively. This finding adds a new caveat to BDB - that when a black dog fulfills a positive role, this might cause a stereotype violation that leads to positive evaluations of that dog. These findings also contribute to existing literature that the presence of facility dogs is more beneficial than harmful to courtroom settings, suggesting that they do not seem to unfairly sway juries.

关键词： Bias facility dog human-animal interaction jurors stereotype black dog syndrome

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A latent class analysis to understand riders' adoption of on-demand mobility services as a complement to transit

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TRANSPORTATION 2024年第3期51卷 1043-1061页

作者： Wang, Yiyuan Shen, Qing Univ Washington Interdisciplinary PhD Program Urban Design & Plann Seattle WA 98195 USA Univ Washington Dept Urban Design & Planning Seattle WA 98195 USA

On-demand app-based shared mobility services have created new opportunities for complementing traditional fixed-route transit through transit agencies' efforts to incorporate them into their service provision. This paper presents one of the first studies that rigorously examine riders' responses to a pilot aimed at providing such a transit-supplementing service. The study conducts latent class analysis on riders of the Via to Transit program, a mobility pilot in the Seattle region where on-demand service was offered to connect transit riders to light rail stations. The analysis identifies three distinct rider groups with heterogenous responses to the on-demand service: (1) riders who previously used private cars or ride-hailing;(2) riders who were pedestrians and bikers but switched likely because of safety concern;(3) mostly socio-economically disadvantaged riders who previously relied on the bus, but switched to the new service for the convenience and speed. These results point to rich transportation policy implications, which can inform decision-making by public transit agencies as they are exploring alternative ways to deliver the mobility services.

关键词： Public transit On-demand shared mobility Latent class analysis Heterogeneous travel behavior responses Built environments

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Behavioral Alterations in Mice Exposed to Manganese via Drinking Water: Effects of Sex and a Lipopolysaccharide Challenge

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JOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY 2025年第4期45卷 669-684页

作者： Ludwig, Helaina D. Carpenter, Jessica M. Filipov, Nikolay M. Univ Georgia Dept Physiol & Pharmacol Athens GA 30602 USA Univ Georgia Interdisciplinary Toxicol Program Athens GA 30602 USA Univ Georgia Neurosci PhD Program Athens GA 30602 USA

Manganese (Mn) is an essential and important metal;however, overexposures lead to adverse neurological outcomes. Nonoccupational Mn overexposure occurs primarily through consumption of Mn-contaminated drinking water (DW). Sex differences in terms of nervous and immune systems' responsiveness to excessive Mn in the DW are understudied. Thus, this study investigated behavioral and sex differences in response to Mn DW treatment (0.4 g Mn/L for up to 8 weeks) and a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge of adult C57BL/6 mice with GFP-tagged monocytes/microglia. After 6 weeks, in motor function tests, Mn exposure resulted in decreased activity and gait deficits. In two different mood tests (open field test [OFT]/elevated zero maze), Mn-exposed mice exhibited decreased fear/anxiety-like behavior. Two weeks after behavioral assessment, when mice were challenged with LPS, circulating inflammatory cytokines, and acute phase proteins increased in both sexes. After 8 weeks of Mn exposure, liver and brain Mn levels were increased, but Mn alone did not affect circulating cytokines in either sex. Notably, Mn-exposed/LPS-challenged males had potentiated plasma cytokine output, whereas the reverse was seen in females. Males, but not females, continued to exhibit increased fearlessness (i.e., increased OFT center time), even when challenged with LPS. Overall, our results show that Mn DW exposure increases brain Mn levels and it leads to behavioral alterations in both sexes. However, males might be more susceptible to the effect of Mn on mood, and this effect is recalcitrant to an inflammagen challenge. Mn augmented post-LPS cytokine production only in males, further indicating that important Mn effects are sex-biased.

关键词： acute phase proteins behavioral deficits cytokines LPS manganese sex differences

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Nucleotide-level characterization and improvement of l-arabinose- and l-rhamnose-inducible systems in E. coli using a high-throughput approach

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NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH 2025年第7期53卷 gkaf224页

作者： Kim, Nancy M. Peng, Danqia Sandoval, Nicholas R. Tulane Univ Interdisciplinary Bioinnovat PhD Program New Orleans LA 70118 USA Tulane Univ Dept Chem & Biomol Engn New Orleans LA 70118 USA

The commonly used arabinose- and rhamnose-inducible Escherichia coli promoters, PBAD and PRha, exhibit tight regulation through activation via their respective transcription factors, AraC and RhaS, alongside the cyclic AMP receptor protein. The mechanisms of these promoters have been characterized on a parts level, but nucleotide-level analysis has yet to be elucidated. Therefore, we describe here a massively parallel reporter assay that maps regulatory sites at the nucleotide level. The relative importance of nucleotides in each binding site is revealed, including loci not included in previous annotations. For PBAD, we confirm known sites and reveal novel binding sites involved in modulating gene expression. In PRha, we refine the length and sequence specificity of rhaI half-sites, updating previous annotations and providing nucleotide level insights into RhaS-mediated regulation. Mutations that lead to increased promoter strength, wider dynamic range, and altered basal expression are identified for both promoters. Engineered versions of PBAD and PRha promoters based on this data show improvements in dynamic range alongside a seven- and three-fold increase in promoter strength, respectively, with a slight increase in basal expression for the PBAD promoters and no significant increase for PRha. This work expands the genetic parts "toolkit" and increases the understanding of these important commonly used promoters.

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Postsynaptic dopamine D3 receptors selectively modulate μ-opioid receptor-expressing GABAergic inputs onto CA1 pyramidal cells in the rat ventral hippocampus

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JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 2024年第6期132卷 2002-2011页

作者： Brown, Kyle A. Stramiello, Michael Clark, Jason K. Wagner, John J. Univ Georgia Dept Physiol & Pharmacol Athens GA 30602 USA Univ Georgia Interdisciplinary Toxicol Program Athens GA 30602 USA Univ Georgia Neurosci PhD Program Athens GA USA

Although the actions of dopamine throughout the brain are clearly linked to motivation and cognition, the specific role(s) of dopamine in the CA1 subfield of the ventral hippocampus (vH) is unresolved. Prior preclinical studies suggest that dopamine D3 receptors (D(3)Rs) expressed on CA1 pyramidal cells exhibit a unique capacity to modulate mechanisms of long-term synaptic plasticity, but less is known about how interneuronal inputs modulate these cells. We hypothesized that inputs from mu-opioid receptor (MOR)-expressing inhibitory interneurons selectively modulate the activity of postsynaptic D(3)Rs expressed on CA1 principal cells to shape neurotransmission in the rat vH. We used the whole cell voltage-clamp technique to test this hypothesis by measuring evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (eIPSCs) from CA1 principal cells in vH slices or GABA(A) currents from acutely dissociated vH neurons. The eIPSC response recorded from CA1 neurons in vH slices was inhibited by either the MOR agonist DAMGO or the D3R agonist PD128907, but pretreatment with DAMGO occluded any further inhibition by PD128907. GABAA currents measured in acutely dissociated vH CA1 neurons were inhibited by D3R activation via PD128907, consistent with postsynaptic localization of D3 receptors. Kinetic alterations induced by the neuromodulatory agonists are consistent with selective targeting of postsynaptic D(3)Rs expressed on CA1 principal cells by MOR-expressing GABAergic inputs. Our findings suggest that postsynaptic D3R-mediated modulation of MOR-expressing GABAergic inputs is a site at which dopaminergic and opioidergic activity may contribute to disinhibition of vH excitatory neurotransmission and, thus, influence critical physiological processes such as synaptic plasticity and network oscillations. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We report that the activity of an inhibitory synapse on CA1 pyramidal cells in the rat ventral hippocampus is shaped by heterogeneous neuromodulators. Specifically, postsynapt

关键词： dopamine D-3 receptor interneuron neurogliaform cell ventral hippocampus mu-opioid receptor

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Expression of prestige through authentic pride, not dominance through hubristic pride, promotes fairness in ultimatum bargaining

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SCIENTIFIC REPORTS 2025年第1期15卷 1-13页

作者： Kusano, Kodai Kemmelmeier, Markus New York Univ Abu Dhabi Div Sci Psychol Abu Dhabi U Arab Emirates Univ Nevada Interdisciplinary Social Psychol PhD Program Reno NV USA

This study examines how people react to different types of high social rank displays during negotiations. We focused on two ways people display high rank: dominance (using force or intimidation) and prestige (demonstrating competence and earning respect). In a pre-registered experiment (N = 309), we tested whether these displays would influence people to make fair offers in a negotiation game. Participants first competed in tasks where they were outperformed by their negotiation partner, creating a power difference. They then decided how much money to share with this partner. We found that participants offered more money to partners who displayed prestige after demonstrating superior performance. However, when partners displayed dominance despite similar superior performance, participants did not increase their offers compared to a neutral condition without power differences, and this pattern persisted even under compliance pressure. A path model revealed that expressions of authentic pride (associated with prestige), but not hubristic pride (associated with dominance), explained why participants made fairer offers. These findings suggest that earning and showing respect through prestige is more effective than asserting dominance when negotiating from a position of power.

关键词： Negotiation Power Dominance Prestige Pride

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Plenty of blame to go around: Attributions of responsibility in a fatal autonomous vehicle accident

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CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023年第8期42卷 6752-6767页

作者： Copp, Christopher J. Cabell, Jean J. Kemmelmeier, Markus Univ Nevada Interdisciplinary Social Psychol PhD Program Mail Stop 1300 Reno NV 89557 USA

Autonomous vehicles (AV) promise a reduction in the number of deadly traffic accidents. However, should accidents occur, attributions of responsibility are complicated by the fact that there is a human agent (driver) and a non-human agent (AV), and thus responsibility is likely shared between parties. In two studies, participants (n = 310 and n = 260) read a vignette modeled after an actual lethal AV accident. Across four experimental conditions, participants were told that the human driver either needed to maintain oversight of the AV;did not need to maintain oversight of the AV;did not specify whether the human needed to maintain oversight of the AV;or the artificial intelligence was turned off and the human driver was fully in control. Participants assigned responsibility to the human driver, the AV company, the pedestrian, and an act of God, and determined whether the human driver and company CEO should be held criminally responsible in court. Consistent with previous research, the human driver was held most responsible regardless of oversight condition. However, companies were not absolved of responsibility, even when they required the human driver to maintain oversight of the AV. Implications of these findings for the introduction and legal regulation of AVs are discussed.

关键词： Autonomous vehicles Self-driving cars Attribution of responsibility Artificial intelligence Agency Blame

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