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Political opportunity, democracy, and 40 years of protest, 1981-2020: A cross-national analysis

SOCIAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY 2022年第6期103卷 1440-1458页

作者： Jami, Waleed A. Peoples, Clayton Univ Nevada Interdisciplinary Social Psychol PhD Program Mail Stop 1300 Reno NV 89557 USA

Objectives : Political opportunity is considered an important factor in any kind of activism, as it represents the context or norms in which a movement operates. Much of the extant literature has focused on political opportunity on a case-by-case basis with little consistency in its operationalization. Our goal in this study is to build toward a generalizable measure of political opportunity. To do so, we measured opportunities as democracy and used data from 90+ countries over a 40-year period, testing the long-theorized inverse-U relationship between opportunity and protest. Methods : We used all seven waves of the World Value Survey, which represents much of the world's countries, to examine the link between political opportunity and political behaviors (signing a petition, joining boycotts, and attending peaceful protests). Results : Results confirmed the inverse-U effect on all three protest behaviors;that is, middle-of-the-road democracies had the highest levels of protest participation, whereas the most representative and most repressive societies had the lowest levels of protest participation. Conclusion : Democracy can be used to represent important dimensions of political opportunity, as it was consistent with the long-theorized inverse-U. Moreover, our approach to using democracy, a cross-national index, may serve as a stepping stone toward a unified and generalizable measure of political opportunity.

关键词： democracy political activism political opportunity protest social movements

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A Brief Intervention on E-Cigarette, Regular Cigarette, and Marijuana Use Results in Generalization Effects: Lateral Attitude Change among College Students

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SUBSTANCE USE & MISUSE 2022年第9期57卷 1434-1441页

作者： Ajumobi, Olufemi Jami, Waleed Kemmelmeier, Markus Devereux, Paul Univ Nevada Sch Publ Hlth Reno NV 89557 USA Univ Nevada Interdisciplinary Social Psychol PhD Program Reno NV 89557 USA

Objective We hypothesized (1) perceived harm beliefs and intention to use e-cigarette attitudes will become more negative post-exposure to the intervention (2) this change will generalize to more negative beliefs and intention toward regular cigarettes and marijuana. Methods MANOVAs of students' perceptions of harm beliefs and intention toward the use of e-cigarettes and regular cigarettes, and marijuana were performed to ascertain change in harm beliefs before (t(1)) to after the intervention (t(2)) for 188 nonwhite Hispanic and White college students who viewed educational material (informational text + video), the intervention, during an online experimental survey. Results The first MANOVA yielded main effect with significant differences for substances, Wilks' Lambda (?) = 0.254, F = 234.920 (2, 160), p < 0.001, eta(2)(p) =0.746 and by time (? = 0.740, F = 56.684 (1, 161), p < 0.001, eta(2)(p) = 0.260). E-cigarettes, regular cigarettes, and marijuana were perceived more harmful for one's health and for the health of others at t(2). The MANOVA on peer influence and intention to use (? = 0.277, F = 222.890 (2, 171), p < 0.001), eta(2)(p) = 0.723) and by time (? = 0.922, F = 14.514 (1, 172), p < 0.001), eta(2)(p) = 0.078) was significant. Respondents were less likely to use any of the substances if their best friend offered at t(2.) Intent for future use was also reduced at t(2). Conclusion A brief intervention potentiated favorable change in harm beliefs and intention to focal object (e-cigarettes) and lateral objects (regular cigarettes and marijuana).

关键词： Lateral attitude change brief intervention e-cigarette regular cigarette marijuana harm beliefs behavioral intention

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Addressing the Boundary and Modifiable Areal Unit Problems Simultaneously when Measuring Landscape Fragmentation Using Patch-Based Metrics: a Case Study of Effective Mesh Size in Nova Scotia, Canada

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ENVIRONMENTAL MODELING & ASSESSMENT 2024年第4期29卷 655-665页

作者： Cunningham, Caitlin Beazley, Karen F. Bush, Peter G. Brazner, John C. Dalhousie Univ Interdisciplinary PhD Program Halifax NS Canada Dalhousie Univ Sch Resource & Environm Studies Halifax NS Canada Nova Scotia Dept Nat Resources & Renewables Forestry Div Truro NS Canada Nova Scotia Wildlife Div Dept Nat Resources & Renewables Kentville NS Canada

Understanding how patterns of fragmentation change across landscapes is important, but such analyses are complicated by the boundary and the modifiable areal unit problems. The cross-boundary connections procedure and moving window analysis improve our understanding but both have limitations. A new method for assessing changes in patch-based metrics across landscapes combining the cross-boundary connections procedure and a moving-window analysis is presented and applied at multiple scales across Nova Scotia. Comparisons of effective mesh size (m(eff)) across the province were made based on (1) reporting units (ecodistricts) and (2) a moving-window analysis. Both methods were conducted with and without the application of the cross-boundary connections procedure. m(eff) values increased with the application of the cross-boundary connections procedure, and in general the smaller the reporting unit or cell size, the greater the difference between the two methods, highlighting the need to consider the influence of size and shape of reporting units in these sorts of analyses. Combining the cross-boundary connections procedure and a moving window into the same analysis better captures the actual landscape structure than methods which rely on political or ecological boundaries that may be derived from forces unrelated to the pattern in question. In doing so, this analysis produces results that are more ecologically meaningful and thus can be used to make better-informed management decisions. The method presented provides a new way of analysing how patterns in patch-based metrics change across landscapes. Although m(eff) was used here, it could be applied to any patch-based metric that measures landscape fragmentation.

关键词： Boundary problem Connectivity Cross-boundary connections procedure Effective mesh size Fragmentation Modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) Moving window

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Mapping ChatGPT in Mainstream Media to Unravel Jobs and Diversity Challenges: Early Quantitative Insights through Sentiment Analysis and Word Frequency Analysis

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Karanouh, Maya PhD Program of Interdisciplinary Humanities Brock University Canada

The exponential growth in user acquisition and popularity of OpenAI’s ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence(AI) powered chatbot, was accompanied by widespread mainstream media coverage. This article presents a quantitative data analysis of the early trends and sentiments revealed by conducting text mining and NLP methods onto a corpus of 10,902 mainstream news headlines related to the subject of ChatGPT and artificial intelligence, from the launch of ChatGPT in November 2022 to March 2023. The findings revealed in sentiment analysis, ChatGPT and artificial intelligence, were perceived more positively than negatively in the mainstream media. In regards to word frequency results, over sixty-five percent of the top frequency words were focused on Big Tech issues and actors while topics such as jobs, diversity, ethics, copyright, gender and women were poorly represented or completely absent and only accounted for six percent of the total corpus. This article is a critical analysis into the power structures and collusions between Big Tech and Big Media in their hegemonic exclusion of the "Other" from mainstream media. © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： Sentiment analysis

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Environmental Surveillance of Flood Control Infrastructure Impacted by Unsheltered Individuals Leads to the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 and Novel Mutations in the Spike Gene

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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2024年第5期11卷 410-417页

作者： Harrington, Anthony Vo, Van Moshi, Michael A. Chang, Ching-Lan Baker, Hayley Ghani, Nabih Itorralba, Jose Yani Papp, Katerina Gerrity, Daniel Moser, Duane Oh, Edwin C. Univ Nevada Las Vegas Coll Sci Lab Neurogenet & Precis Med Las Vegas NV 89154 USA Univ Nevada Vegas Neurosci Interdisciplinary PhD program Las Vegas NV 89154 USA Southern Nevada Water Author Las Vegas NV 89193 USA Desert Res Inst Div Hydrol Sci Las Vegas NV 89119 USA Univ Nevada Las Vegas Coll Sci Dept Brain Hlth Neurosci Interdisciplinary PhD programLab Neuroge Las Vegas NV 89154 USA Univ Nevada Las Vegas Kirk Kerkorian Sch Med UNLV Dept Internal Med Las Vegas NV 89154 USA

In the United States, the growing number of people experiencing homelessness has become a socioeconomic crisis with public health ramifications, recently exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. We hypothesized that the environmental surveillance of flood control infrastructure may be an effective approach to understand the prevalence of infectious disease. From December 2021 through July 2022, we tested for SARS-CoV-2 RNA from two flood control channels known to be impacted by unsheltered individuals residing in upstream tunnels. Using qPCR, we detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in these environmental water samples when significant COVID-19 outbreaks were occurring in the surrounding community. We also performed whole genome sequencing to identify SARS-CoV-2 lineages. Variant compositions were consistent with those of geographically and temporally matched municipal wastewater samples and clinical specimens. However, we also detected 10 of 22 mutations specific to the Alpha variant in the environmental water samples collected during January 2022-one year after the Alpha infection peak. We also identified mutations in the spike gene that have never been identified in published reports. Our findings demonstrate that environmental surveillance of flood control infrastructure may be an effective tool to understand public health conditions among unsheltered individuals-a vulnerable population that is underrepresented in clinical surveillance data.

关键词： SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 Stormwater Wastewater Spike Cryptic mutations

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Incorporating ride-sourcing services into paratransit for people with disabilities: Opportunities and barriers

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TRANSPORT POLICY 2022年第0期126卷 355-363页

作者： Abu Ashour, Lamis Shen, Qing Univ Washington Interdisciplinary PhD Program Urban Design & Plann Seattle WA 98195 USA Univ Washington Dept Urban Design & Planning Seattle WA 98195 USA

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requires public transit agencies to provide an equivalent trans-portation service for people with disabilities, known as ADA paratransit service. As the U.S. population continues to grow and age, the demand for paratransit service keeps rising, posing many challenges for transit agencies due to its high operational cost. In response, a growing number of transit agencies are looking to incorporate alternative paratransit services by forming partnerships with transportation network companies (TNCs) to pro-vide what is known as same-day service (SDS). However, most of these partnerships are still in the pilot phase, and scant research investigates the opportunities and barriers of SDS or provides guidelines and measures for transit agencies interested in such partnerships. Considering both the characteristics of paratransit trips and riders and the operational norms of TNCs, this paper explores different conditions under which SDS trips are most appropriate and estimates potential trip diversion from conventional paratransit to SDS operated by TNCs. Trip diversion conditions include (1) trip length, which is impacted by the subsidy amount for SDS and the dynamic pricing of TNC trips, (2) level of service, which depends on the level of mobility assistance required by para-transit riders, and (3) the operational efficiency of conventional paratransit. Different settings and combinations of these conditions help transit agencies explore the potential trip diversion of SDS while considering significant barriers to the service. Using 2019 ridership data of Access paratransit, the ADA paratransit services in the Seattle region, this research finds that without an excessive subsidy amount, transit agencies can divert up to 18% of paratransit trips to SDS. This percentage can drop to as low as 11% of paratransit trips if transit agencies further limit the SDS service area to ensure the efficiency of conventional ADA paratransit. This p

关键词： ADA Paratransit Transportation network company (TNC) Ride-sourcing Transportation equity Public-private partnership

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Effect of multispecies fungal extract supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and the rumen microbiome composition of beef cattle fed forage-based diets

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JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2025年第103期103卷 skae387页

作者： Pittaluga, Alejandro M. Miccoli, Florencia E. Guerrero, Leandro D. Relling, Alejandro E. Ohio State Univ Dept Anim Sci Wooster OH 43210 USA Univ Nacl Lomas Zamora Fac Ciencias Agr Lomas De Zamora Argentina Inst Invest Ingn Genet & Biol Mol Buenos Aires Argentina Ohio State Univ Interdisciplinary PhD Program Nutr Columbus OH 43210 USA

Our objective was to evaluate the effect of a multispecies fungal extract (MFE) on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), fermentation characteristics, and rumen microbiome composition of beef cattle fed forage-based diets. For experiment 1, ruminally cannulated Angus x SimAngus cows (n = 4;body weight [BW] = 569 +/- 21 kg) were used in a randomized crossover design with two 21-d study periods and a 23-d washout period to evaluate the effect of dietary inclusion of an MFE on in situ digestion, ruminal fermentation, and the composition of the rumen microbiome. Treatments consisted of a forage-based diet with or without the inclusion of a MFE. Rumen samples were collected on days 5, 10, and 20. Experiment 2 evaluated different inclusion rates of the MFE in a randomized complete block design using Angus x SimAngus-crossbred steers (n = 80;BW = 370 +/- 44 kg). Steers were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to one of four treatments (2 pens/treatment): diet with no MFE, 0.02%, 0.04%, and 0.08% of the MFE (dry matter [DM] basis). Steers were fed a forage-based diet for 122 d. Subsets of 10 steers/treatment were randomly selected for the determination of ATTD on d 20, 40, and 60. All data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. In exp 1, adding the MFE to the diet tended to increase the ruminal disappearance rate of the DM on day 10 (P = 0.06). No interactions or treatment effects were observed for the short-chain fatty acid profile of the rumen fluid (P >= 0.13). Metagenomic analysis of the rumen microbiome showed an MFE x d interaction for the Fibrobacter genus (P = 0.01), which on day 20 was less abundant in the rumen of cows fed the MFE. In exp 2, steers supplemented with 0.04% of MFE had a lower average daily gain and were lighter at the end of the experiment (cubic, P <= 0.04) compared to steers supplemented with 0.02% MFE. Steers fed the diet with 0.02% of MFE had the greatest gain-to-feed ratio among the MFE-supplemented groups (cub

关键词： apparent total tract digestion beef cattle multispecies fungal feed additive rumen microbiome

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Cell Free Bacteriophage Synthesis from Engineered Strains Improves Yield

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ACS SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY 2023年第8期12卷 2418-2431页

作者： Brooks, Rani Morici, Lisa Sandoval, Nicholas Tulane Univ Interdisciplinary Bioinnovat PhD Program New Orleans LA 70118 USA Tulane Univ Sch Med Dept Microbiol & Immunol New Orleans LA 70112 USA Tulane Univ Dept Chem & Biomol Engn New Orleans LA 70118 USA

Phage therapy totreat life-threatening drug-resistant infectionshas been hampered by technical challenges in phage production. Cell-freebacteriophage synthesis (CFBS) can overcome the limitations of standardphage production methods by manufacturing phage virions in *** mimics intracellular phage assembly using transcription/translationmachinery (TXTL) harvested from bacterial lysates and combined withreagents to synthesize proteins encoded by a phage genomic DNA *** systems may enable rapid phage production and engineering toaccelerate phages from bench-to-bedside. TXTL harvested from wildtype or commonly used bacterial strains was not optimized for bacteriophageproduction. Here, we demonstrate that TXTL from genetically modified E. coli BL21 can be used to enhance phage T7 yieldsin vitro by CFBS. Expression of 18 E. coli BL21 genes was manipulated by inducible CRISPR interference (CRISPRi)mediated by nuclease deficient Cas12a from F. novicida (dFnCas12a) to identify genes implicated in T7propagation as positive or negative effectors. Genes shown to havea significant effect were overexpressed (positive effectors) or repressed(negative effectors) to modify the genetic background of TXTL harvestedfor CFBS. Phage T7 CFBS yields were improved by up to 10-fold in vitrothrough overexpression of translation initiation factor IF-3 (infC) and small RNAs OxyS and CyaR and by repression ofRecC subunit exonuclease RecBCD. Continued improvement of CFBS willmitigate phage manufacturing bottlenecks and lower hurdles to widespreadadoption of phage therapy.

关键词： cell-free expression systems cell-free bacteriophagesynthesis (CFBS) T7 CRISRPi gene expression TX-TL

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Teacher-Student Sexual Relationships: The Role of Age, Gender, and Multiple Victims on Incarceration and Registration Outcomes

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JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021年第19-20期36卷 9328-9351页

作者： Knoche, Victoria A. Russell, Kristan N. Univ Nevada Interdisciplinary Social Psychol PhD Program Reno NV 89557 USA

Minimal research has examined sentencing outcomes in teacher-student sexual abuse cases, while the research that has been conducted has primarily focused on gender and attractiveness. Furthermore, the body of literature examining how gender affects sentencing has contradictory findings. Age of the victim and number of victims may also play a role in sentencing outcomes. The current study aimed to better understand which factors (by examining how gender of the victim and defendant, age of the victim and defendant, and having multiple victims) are associated with sentencing outcomes in cases where teachers engage in inappropriate sexual relationships with students. The sentencing outcomes that were assessed include length of incarceration, likelihood of having to register as a sexual offender, and likelihood of being incarcerated. The current study reviewed 250 cases that were covered in the media between 2008 and 2010 that involved a defendant who was accused of sexual contact with a student whom they had contact with through their role as an educator or school staff member. Results indicate that defendant age, victim age, and whether there was one or multiple victims had significant implications for sentencing outcomes. An increase in victim age was associated with a decreased likelihood of incarceration, shorter incarceration lengths, and a decreased likelihood to be required to register as a sexual offender. An increase in defendant age was also associated with increased likelihood of incarceration. Furthermore, having multiple victims was associated with increased incarceration lengths. This study has implications for school policies and teacher training specific to building appropriate relationships and boundaries with students. Given the rise in reporting of sexual abuse cases between teachers and their students, implementing more comprehensive ethics training is paramount.

关键词： adolescent victims sexual assault female offenders offenders male victims

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Examining commute mode choice of essential workers before and during the COVID-19 pandemic - A case study of the University of Washington

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CASE STUDIES ON TRANSPORT POLICY 2024年 15卷

作者： Cai, Mingming Shen, Qing Wang, Yiyuan Brown, Melissa Ban, Xuegang Abu Ashour, Lamis Univ Washington Dept Urban Design & Planning Seattle WA 98195 USA Univ Washington Interdisciplinary PhD Program Urban Design & Plann Seattle WA 98195 USA Univ Washington TDM Program Dev Transportat Serv Seattle WA 98195 USA Univ Washington Dept Civil & Environm Engn Seattle WA 98195 USA

During disruptive events and major crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, essential workers, defined in this study as employees who must continue to make frequent commute trips, play a critical role in maintaining the basic function of society. It is therefore vital for transportation planners and policymakers to ensure that adequate mobility services are provided to meet the travel needs of this group of workers. To better understand essential workers' mobility barriers and inform future transportation policy, this research examines their pre-and during-pandemic commutes, as well as prospects on future commuting, using data from the Transportation Needs Assessment Survey conducted by the University of Washington in Seattle. The results show that, first, over 60% of pre-pandemic public transit riders switched to other modes, especially driving alone. In contrast, almost all the essential workers who drove alone, biked, or walked before the pandemic continued to do so during the pandemic. Second, the shift to driving alone was most pronounced among essential workers with high incomes, whereas public transit remained as a primary mode choice of lower-income groups. As travel distance increased, the probability of driving alone over public transit also went up, although the relationship was not linear. We did not find consistently significant associations between mode choice and other sociodemographic variables. Finally, our analysis indicated that most essential workers anticipated to return to their pre-pandemic commute frequency and mode choice when the pandemic is under control. Transportation planners and policymakers can facilitate mobility for essential workers through planning and policy innovations, especially during disruptive events and major crises.

关键词： Essential workers Transportation equity Mode choice Commuting COVID-19

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