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Measuring urban diversity of Songjiang New Town: A re-configuration of a Chinese suburb

HABITAT INTERNATIONAL 2017年 66卷 32-41页

作者： Cho, Sea Eun Kim, Saehoon Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture 82-4211 Gwanak Ro Seoul 151742 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Urban Design Concentrat Dept Landscape Architecture 82-4101 Gwanak Ro Seoul 151742 South Korea

Large-scale New Town projects being built in the developing world, including China, are often criticized for its lack of urban diversity. This is because these areas do not display the characteristics where urban diversity is normally found such as areas that are developed over longer periods of time, places of incremental change, and areas with small urban blocks. However, two aspects challenge the simplistic conclusion that New Towns are physically and socially monotonous: the diversification of the housing provision system in China;and rapid internal migration. Against this background, this study measures the housing and social diversity of four study areas in Songjiang, an outer suburb of Shanghai, using the entropy index to illustrate a more complicated understanding of where and how diversity occurs. The results showed that older, incrementally developed areas were diverse, but more interestingly, new comprehensively developed areas were also diverse through variations in building types and a wide housing price range. The study found disparate tendencies between housing and social diversity in other areas. In conclusion, the study highlighted the different contexts of urban diversity and its importance in drawing appropriate urban design measures which encourage the positive aspects of diversity such as urban vitality and equity. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Housing diversity Social diversity New town Large-scale development Place vitality Migrants

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Exploring optimal deep tunnel sewer systems to enhance urban pluvial flood resilience in the gangnam region, South Korea

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JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024年 357卷 120762页

作者： Park, Samuel Kim, Jaekyoung Kang, Junsuk Seoul Natl Univ Res Ctr Reg Climate Crisis Response Seoul 08826 South Korea Purdue Univ Lyles Sch Civil Engn W Lafayette IN 47907 USA Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Transdisciplinary Program Smart City Global Conver Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Sci Seoul 08826 South Korea

Urban pluvial flooding is becoming a global concern, exacerbated by urbanization and climate change, especially in rapidly developing areas where existing sewer systems lag behind growth. In order to minimize a system's functional failures during extreme rainfalls, localized engineering solutions are required for urban areas chronically suffering from pluvial floods. This study critically evaluates the Deep Tunnel Sewer System (DTSS) as a robust grey infrastructure solution for enhancing urban flood resilience, with a case study in the Gangnam region of Seoul, South Korea. To do so, we integrated a one-dimensional sewer model with a rapid flood spreading model to identify optimal routes and conduit diameters for the DTSS, focusing on four flood-related metrics: the total flood volume, the flood duration, the peak flooding rate, and the number of flooded nodes. Results indicate that, had the DTSS been in place, it could have reduced historical flood volumes over the last decade by 50.1-99.3%, depending on the DTSS route. Regarding the conduit diameter, an 8 m diameter was found to be optimal for minimizing all flood-related metrics. Our research also developed the Intensity-DurationFrequency (IDF) surfaces in three dimensions, providing a correlation between simulated flood-related metrics and design rainfall characteristics to distinguish the effect of DTSS on flood risk reduction. Our findings demonstrate how highly engineered solutions can enhance urban flood resilience, but they may still face challenges during extreme heavy rainfalls with a 80-year frequency or above. This study contributes to rational decision-making and emergency management in the face of increasing urban pluvial flood risks.

关键词： Deep tunnel sewer system (DTSS) Flood resilience index Grey infrastructure IDF surface Urban drainage system Urban pluvial flood

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The impacts of weather on tourist satisfaction and revisit intention: a study of South Korean domestic tourism

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ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TOURISM RESEARCH 2017年第9期22卷 895-908页

作者： Kim, Songyi Park, Jin Han Lee, Dong Kun Son, Yong-hoon Yoon, Heeyeun Kim, Sungjin Yun, Hee Jeong Korea Culture & Tourism Inst Tourism Policy Res Div Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture Coll Agr & Life Sci Gwanakro1 Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Dept Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Kangwon Natl Univ Dept Tourism Adm Coll Business Adm Chunchon South Korea

This study explores the impacts of weather on tourist satisfaction and intention to revisit sites utilizing a survey of 1736 domestic tourists in South Korea. This study adds tourists' perceived quality of weather to a path model that anticipates revisit intention and was originally based on the perceived quality of physical attributes and service, as well as tourist satisfaction. The results of this study show that the perceived quality of weather affects tourist satisfaction and revisit intention directly and indirectly, and that it correlates with the perceived quality of physical attributes and service. It was determined that the impact of weather perception on tourist satisfaction and revisit intention is higher in rainy weather conditions. The results of the study show that to sustain tourist satisfaction and revisit intention, efforts to moderate the negative impacts of uncomfortable weather conditions are required, especially in rainy weather.

关键词： Weather condition perceived quality of weather tourist satisfaction intention to revisit South Korea

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Generalized ordered logit analysis on the injury severity of traffic crashes by older drivers: the case of South Korea

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF URBAN SCIENCES 2022年第3期26卷 499-516页

作者： Gim, Tae-Hyoung Tommyo Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Environm Planning Inst Seoul South Korea

With a case of South Korea, this study attempts to analyze how the severity of traffic crashes for which older drivers are at fault is associated with road/environmental/seasonal/weather conditions, driver's attributes, and crash/violation types. It analyzes the ordinal variable of injury severity by specifying conventionally used ordered logit and its statistical alternatives, multinomial logit, generalized ordered logit, partial proportional odds models. Based on the assumptions and fits of the models, this study finds that relative to the poor, but conventional ordered logit model, the best-fit generalized ordered logit model reports more accurate results in terms of the coefficient significance, direction, and magnitude. Among its major findings, although the severity decreases by year (conventional model), it does not apply to the minor injury level (alternative). The higher severity in the picnic season (conventional) is also limited to the level of minor injury or less. The times of the day at which the severity is higher (4-6) and lower (8-21) (conventional) are specific to fatal and serious injuries, respectively (alternative). Several variables have double-edged effects. Single-vehicle crashes do not always result in higher severity. They also reduce it to the lowest report-only level. Likewise, age and alcohol use change the severity to the most severe fatal level as well as to the most minor report-only level. These results are compared with the accumulated findings of crash frequency studies and interpreted in relation to older drivers' high cautiousness and low physical/cognitive ability.

关键词： Older drivers traffic crash injury severity generalized ordered logit South Korea

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Seasonal changes in vertical canopy structure in a temperate broadleaved forest in Korea

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ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015年第5期30卷 821-831页

作者： Song, Youngkeun Ryu, Youngryel Seoul Natl Univ Brain Korea Plus Team 21 Seoul 151921 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul 151921 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Agr & Forest Meteorol Seoul 151921 South Korea

Field measurements of vertical canopy structure have been challenging for decades and still important for understanding forest ecosystems. We measured the vertical canopy structure and its seasonal changes in a temperate deciduous forest canopy in Gwangneung, Korea. Time-series measurements of leaf area index (LAI) were collected in 2013 from a five story (4-m vertical intervals) tower. We evaluated crown depth and species composition by height from a vegetation survey. The vertical distribution of leaf and woody area density was described from measurements taken during the leaf-on and leaf-off seasons, and averaged 0.18 and 0.04 m(2) m(-3), respectively. Three strata were characterized: (1) the dense upper crowns with large trees (> 16-m) of Quercus serrata, in which 29.3 % of the plant materials were distributed;(2) abundant foliage dominated by Carpinus laxiflora at about 16-m (40.8 %);and (3) a diverse and well-developed understory vegetation at about 4-m (15.5 %), consisting of C. laxiflora, Carnipus cordata, and Styrax japonica communities. Per-layer phenology of each species was successfully illustrated by the drastic increase in LAI during the leaf-out season [days of the year (DOY) 110-140], the full-leaved stage LAI of 3.4 +/- A 0.9 m(2) m(-2) (mean +/- 1 standard deviation), and a decrease during the leaf-fall season (DOY 280-320). The seasonal variation in gap fractions reflected different light conditions varying with canopy height. This type of vertical profile archive is valuable not only for comparing the structure of various forests but also for monitoring changes in this ecosystem in the future.

关键词： Foliage-height profile Gwangneung Leaf area density Leaf area index Phenology

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Exploring the network structure of coupled green-grey infrastructure to enhance urban pluvial flood resilience: A scenario-based approach focusing on 'centralized' and 'decentralized' structures

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JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024年 370卷 122344页

作者： Park, Samuel Kim, Jaekyoung Yun, Hyeryeong Kang, Junsuk Seoul Natl Univ Res Ctr Reg Climate Crisis Response Seoul 08826 South Korea Purdue Univ Lyles Sch Civil Engn W Lafayette IN 47907 USA Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Transdisciplinary Program Smart City Global Conver Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Sci Seoul 08826 South Korea Gangneung Wonju Natl Univ Dept Environm Landscape Architecture Kangnung 25457 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Sci Seoul 08826 South Korea

Urban pluvial floods pose a significant risk to cities, occurring when precipitation exceeds the carrying capacity of the urban drainage network. Coupled green-grey infrastructure has emerged as a sustainable solution for mitigating urban pluvial floods. This study aims to explore best practices in the network configuration of urban drainage systems coupled with low-impact development (LID) to enhance flow distribution and stormwater infiltration. To do so, we focused on two competing key concepts in network analysis: (1) Centralization and (2) Decentralization. We integrated a one-dimensional stormwater model with a rapid flood spreading model to assess the flood mitigation performance of various centralized and decentralized network configurations in the Gangnam region of Seoul, South Korea. To further assess the combined effects of green and grey infrastructure, we compared the performance of each drainage network configuration with and without identical mixed LID practices. Here we show that the centralized drainage network scenario performed best in reducing flood volume by 40.3%, the decentralized drainage network scenario performed best in shortening flood duration by 47.8%, and the LID practices scenario performed best in mitigating peak flooding rates by 4.2%, each as independent scenarios. When all three scenarios were coupled together, flood volume could be reduced by 73.5%, flood duration by 54.7%, and peak flooding rates by 19.8% in the study area. This exploratory study underscores the potential of network analysis in urban flood research, particularly the effectiveness of loosely-connected network topology. Our findings contribute to the development of best practices for coupled green-grey infrastructure, facilitating sustainable stormwater management and urban flood resilience.

关键词： Betweenness centrality Coupled green-grey infrastructure Loosely-connected network Network density Network modularity Urban flood resilience

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Correction for light scattering combined with sub-pixel classification improves estimation of gap fraction from digital cover photography

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AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY 2016年 222卷 32-44页

作者： Hwang, Yorum Ryu, Youngryel Kimm, Hyungsuk Jiang, Chongya Lang, Mait Macfarlane, Craig Sonnentag, Oliver Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul 151921 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Agr & Forest Meteorol Seoul 151921 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 151921 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Sci Seoul 151921 South Korea Tartu Observ EE-61602 Toravere Tartumaa Estonia CSIRO Land & Water Flagship Private Bag 5 Wembley WA 6917 Australia Univ Montreal Dept Geog Montreal PQ H2V 2B8 Canada

Digital cover photography (DCP) has emerged as an indirect method to measure gap fraction of vegetation canopies. However, as with other photographic methods, determining camera relative exposure value (REV) and threshold for pixel classification, cause substantial uncertainties in gap fraction estimates. Here we propose a new method to improve the measurement of gap fraction under various solar zenith angles (SZAs), sky conditions, and canopy structures. This method computes gap fractions of ambiguous vegetation or sky pixels using an unsaturated raw image from DCP and a reconstructed sky image from the raw image, thus taking full advantage of the potential of raw image processing. This is combined with pre -classification of pixels that are unambiguously canopy and sky to greatly reduce light scattering effects that are likely to be present within the canopy. To test the sensitivity of the new method, we acquired images at one -hour intervals between 20 and 85 degrees of SZAs under closed, half-closed, and open canopies with REV settings from 0 to -5. The new method showed little variation in gap fractions across the diverse SZAs in closed, half-closed, and open canopies. A perforated panel experiment, which was used to test the accuracy of the estimated gap fractions, confirmed that the new method accurately estimated gap fractions across a range of hole size, gap fractions and SZAs. We conclude that the new method opens new opportunities to estimate gap fractions accurately regardless of solar positions from open to closed canopies, and is a significant advance for accurate and precise monitoring of canopy cover and leaf area index (LAI), and for calibrating and evaluating satellite remote sensing [Al products. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Leaf area index Gap fraction Digital cover photography Light exposure Remote sensing

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Soil tillage effect on the control of invasive Spartina anglica in a coastal wetland

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WETLANDS ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT 2024年第3期32卷 397-408页

作者： Shin, Wonhyeop Kim, Jinhyun Song, Youngkeun Kang, Hojeong Byun, Chaeho Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Transdisciplinary Program Smart City Global Conver Seoul 08826 South Korea Korea Polar Res Inst Div Life Sci Incheon 21990 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Dept Landscape Architecture Seoul 08826 South Korea Yonsei Univ Sch Civil & Environm Engn Seoul 03722 South Korea Andong Natl Univ Dept Biol Sci Andong 36729 South Korea

Spartina anglica, an invasive marsh grass, was designated as a harmful marine organism in 2016 due to its ability to stabilize mudflats and reduce macrobenthic diversity. To control such invasive species, physical, chemical, or biological methods can be applied while chemical methods are prohibited by law due to ecological disruption. However, the preferred methods of soil tillage, cutting, and native plant restoration for managing S. anglica have rarely been analyzed. To compare the methods, we performed 9 treatments with four replicates, comprising control, different frequencies of clipping (once and twice) and tilling (once and twice), and different densities (50 and 100 seedling) of restoration of the native plants Suaeda japonica and Phragmites australis. To evaluate the severity of disturbance, we measured coverage, stem density, average plant height, and above-ground biomass for 2 years. We found P. australis and S. japonica did not successfully establish or survive due to niche differences and the inherent biological features of Spartina. However, physical removal had a stronger effect than interspecific interaction. Two cutting treatments in the early and the late growing season reduced plant height and biomass of S. anglica by 6 and 34%, respectively, compared with the control treatment at the rapid vegetative growth stage in the following year. We also found that two tillage treatments reduced biomass, plant cover, and stem density by 32%, 38%, and 83%, respectively, in the following year. In the study site, managing invasive species such as S. anglica is best achieved by physically destroying the plant using soil tillage while attempting to restore native species had marginal control effects.

关键词： Disturbance severity Eradication Frequency of treatment Invasive plant species Mechanical control

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Land use characteristics affect the sub-basinal scale urban fish community identified by environmental DNA metabarcoding

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landscape AND ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING 2024年第2期20卷 163-185页

作者： Kang, Yujin Shin, Wonhyeop Kim, Yonghwan Song, Youngkeun Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Integrated Major Smart City Global Convergence Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Dept Environm Design Seoul 08826 South Korea

The heterogeneity of urban landscapes has effects on the environmental characteristics and fish composition of individual urban streams, even within a single water system. It is, therefore, imperative to assess the influence of physiochemical properties on urban streams by analyzing the spatial distribution of fish communities at the local scale. However, conventional fish surveys encounter time and labor constraints when selecting and surveying dense sampling points under 2 km in stream networks. In this study, environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding was used as an innovative survey methodology to identify the effects of land use and stream order on fish composition and tolerance guild in an urban area. The eDNA sampling was conducted in 31 sites of the Anyang stream network in Korea, including part of the stream undergoing ecological restoration. The eDNA survey detected 12 of 17 species (70.6%) that appeared in the historical data, and 12 of 18 species (66.7%) identified in a conventional field survey with kick nets and casting nets. The proportions of urban area, forest and grassland were positively correlated with abundance (p < 0.05) and richness (p < 0.05) in multiple regression analyses, while the proportion of agricultural area showed a negative correlation (p < 0.05). For abundance, richness, and diversity within the fish community from first- to third-order streams, there was a significant decrease in sensitive species (p < 0.05) alongside a significant increase in tolerant species (p < 0.01) across all three indices. The results of this study highlight variations in fish composition across sites within the local scale of the urban stream network, underscoring the need for detailed monitoring to understand the ecological function of urban streams.

关键词： Environmental DNA Metabarcoding Freshwater ecosystem Restoration stream Fish community structure

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Optimal road design using genetic algorithm to improve biodiversity and risk of soil loss

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GEOCARTO INTERNATIONAL 2022年第27期37卷 14811-14827页

作者： Kim, Shin-woo Piao, Zhenggang Lee, Dong-Kun Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Incheon Inst Incheon South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Coll Agr & Life Sci Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Integrated Major Smart City Global Convergence Pr Seoul South Korea

Roads have provided convenience to mankind, but much natural destruction occurs when roads are constructed adjacent to mountains. Route selection was based on a qualitative methodology of expert judgment, and the road was planned with the operator's objectives and minimum costs in the first place. In this study, we propose a new road route planning method that uses a quantitative and specific method using a genetic algorithm. By focusing on 'habitat destruction' and 'soil erosion due to cut soil', which are major problems caused by the construction of roads, the conflicting objectives of 'minimization of costs for users and builders' are combined and weighted for each purpose. Compared to the existing road, the proposed road could have an 85.52% increase in biodiversity conservation and a 4% improvement in soil loss stability. This model allows decision makers to efficiently generate scenarios by adjusting the weights of goals or substituting data.

关键词： Forest road design optimal path algorithm genetic algorithm RUSLE Maxent

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