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A garden network system for sustainable garden tourism in South Korea

URBAN FORESTRY & URBAN GREENING 2022年第0期74卷

作者： Kim, Seo-lin Sung, Jongsang Hamm, Yeon-su Cho, Sung-ah Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea

Garden tourism has a significant influence on the global tourism trends. This study focuses on private gardens as a major source of garden tourism, with the following goals: 1) investigate problems associated with private garden registration system through interviews with private garden owners;2) as an alternative to solve the problem associated with the private garden registration system, analyse international garden network cases and derive their implications;and 3) propose the application of a garden network system suitable for the South Korean situation for sustainable garden tourism. We used two methods: field survey and semi-structured in-terviews, and international case studies. Twelve private garden owners and managers in South Korea were investigated to identify specific challenges when opening to visitors. Garden networks in Europe and Japan were also evaluated to identify solutions to problems. Based on these cases, we propose a method for building a garden network by interconnecting and utilising existing systems, human resources, and organizations in South Korea.

关键词： Garden culture Garden path Garden tourism Garden network

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Assessing the impact of green infrastructure on thermal comfort in relation to humidity: A case study in Korea

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URBAN FORESTRY & URBAN GREENING 2024年 95卷

作者： Park, Byeong Jin Lee, Dong Kun Yun, Seok Hwan Kim, Eun Sub Lee, Jae Hong Kim, Sang Hyuck Seoul Natl Univ Coll Agr & Life Sci Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 151921 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Integrated Major Smart City Global Convergence 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Specialized Grad Sch Intelligent Ecosci Dept Landscape Architecture 4 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Sci 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea Natl Inst Environm Studies 16-2 Onogawa Tsukuba Ibaraki 3058506 Japan Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea

Problems arising from heatwaves and urban heat islands (UHIs) exacerbated by climate change have prompted diverse adaptation strategies. Although green infrastructure, which positively affects climate change adaptation, has been extensively evaluated, global -scale assessments of UHIs indicate that green infrastructure may not be sufficient to mitigate UHIs in humid regions with annual precipitation exceeding 1000 mm or summer precipitation exceeding 570 mm. However, these assessments primarily focused on UHIs;different results may be obtained for individual heat comfort. As relative humidity increases, the cooling effect of green areas potentially decreases. This suggests the need for additional studies on the impact of short-term precipitation, which increases relative humidity and induces cooling effects on green infrastructure. Korea experiences a humid summer due to the concentration of precipitation (approximately 711 mm of summer precipitation);thus, the contribution of green infrastructure to improving heat comfort might be limited. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of green infrastructure on thermal comfort in relation to precipitation levels using the Wet -Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) index and data from weather stations in Korea. Precipitation intensity was categorized into 2 -day periods and 10 mm/day. Subsequently, thermal comfort was compared for summers from 1993 to 2022 according to the green infrastructure ratio around the stations. The results indicated that green infrastructure had a cooling effect on clear days but only had a cooling effect on precipitation days when the level of green infrastructure was above the critical ratio. Additionally, green infrastructure reduced the WBGT index if minimal precipitation occurred during the five-day cooling period following precipitation. While green infrastructure remains crucial for climate change adaptation, other strategies must be implemented to improve the thermal environment, particular

关键词： Climate change adaptation Cooling effect Heat mitigation Precipitation impact Urban climate

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The impact of the urban park sunset rule on land value: The case of Yongin in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea

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HABITAT INTERNATIONAL 2023年第1期132卷

作者： Kim, Haeryung Yoon, Heeyeun Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Sci Coll Agr & Life Sci Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst EngnInte 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Knowledge Based Environm Serv Program 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea

Intense urbanization across the world has increased land scarcity, making it challenging to secure land for public parks and open spaces. To construct urban green space, the Korean government expropriated 904.1 km2 of private land from the 1960s onward. However, under the Urban Park Sunset Rule (UPSR), approximately 405.7 km2 of undeveloped green space sites were released and returned to their owners by 2020. This study investigates the time-varying effect of the UPSR using a two-way fixed effect panel model, covering the period from announcements of the UPSR in 2000 and 2005 to its implementation from 2015 to 2020. We found that the UPSR exerted a small positive externality on the adjacent land market. After the first UPSR announcement, the effect was negative for several years;however, released land began to exert a stronger positive externality after the second announcement, and the maximum effect was observed two years after the first implementation: a 5.71% increase in value per 100-m approach to the subject land. Before the first announcement, the effect was mainly observed within 500 m of released sites. After the second announcement, the effect was observed within the 500-1000-m zone. This study suggests that land use deregulation may generate effects in nearby areas that vary in terms of distance and magnitude in relation to the timing of announcements and implementation.

关键词： Urban park Sunset rule Land value Land use deregulation Two-way fixed effect panel model

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Planning scenarios and microclimatic effects: The case of high-density riverside residential districts in Seoul, South Korea

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BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2022年 223卷

作者： Jang, Gukhwa Kim, Saehoon Lee, Jae Seung Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Dept Landscape Architecture Urban Design Concentrat Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Integrated Major Smart City Global Convergence Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies 82-4101 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea

Water bodies, such as rivers, ponds, and lakes, act as natural landscape resources to improve the urban micro -climate. However, the cooling effects of water bodies may be lessened as a result of poorly planned buildings along the waterfront due to the "wall effect. " This research aimed to investigate the microclimate impacts of the following three strategies typically used in waterfront development: 1) building height restriction, 2) ventilation corridors, and 3) stepped building height variation. To compare the microclimate change after applying each strategy, we calculated the air temperature, wind speed, mean radiant temperature, and thermal comfort using the numerical simulation with microclimate simulation software, ENVI-met. The results showed that each strategy led to different microclimate patterns. The restriction on building height had a negative impact on the microclimate, increasing the physiological equivalent temperature by up to 1.34 C. In contrast, the ventilation corridor provided a moderate cooling effect during the afternoon. Lastly, the stepped building height variation strategy did not have an effect on thermal comfort. The results suggest that the microclimate-related strategies for waterfront development did not always contribute to the improvement of thermal comfort;thus, additional heat-mitigation solutions are needed.

关键词： Heat stress Outdoor thermal comfort Physiological equivalent temperature Waterfront development

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Enhancing the Effectiveness of Heat Adaptation Strategies Through Citizen Science-Based Outdoor Thermal Comfort

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Kim, Eun Sub Lee, Dong Kun Bae, Chae Young Ko, Se Yean Won, Ji Eun Lee, Jae Hong Interdisciplinary Program in Landscape Architecture Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Seongnam Research Institute 46 Dallaenae-ro Sujeong-gu Gyeonggi-do Seongnam-si Korea Republic of Carbon-Neutral Strategy Institute Inc 103 Hyundai ESA2 122 Banpo-daero Seocho-gu Seoul06647 Korea Republic of Suwon Climate Change Education Center 46-38 Homaesil-ro Gwonseon-gu Gyeonggi-do Suwon-si Korea Republic of Specialized Graduate School of Intelligent Eco-Science 4 Dept. of Landscape Architecture Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural System Engineering Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of

Urbanization and climate change increase heat stress and health risks in cities, necessitating effective response strategies. Traditional research has focused on thermal sensation in specific locales, overlooking the broad impacts of urban environments and the importance of regional and citizen input in crafting mitigation approaches. This study examines the effects of heat waves in Suwon City, analyzing thermal perception among residents across different urban spaces using citizen science. Data on temperature and subjective heat sensations were collected through homemade sensors over three years. The analysis investigated thermal sensation differences across spatial types— open high rise, open low rise, compact mid-rise, urban park, and lake park—utilizing boxplots, and examined thermal perception variations by age using the R program localized smoothing methodology. The results revealed significant differences in thermal sensation, especially above 32°C, with the highest discomfort reported in lake park areas and the lowest in open high-rise and low-rise zones. An age-related trend showed increased heat sensitivity among the 19–30 age group, decreasing in older participants. These findings underscore the limitations of one-size-fits-all heatwave responses and advocate for customized strategies informed by local conditions and resident experiences, highlighting the value of a bottom-up approach through citizen science. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Climate change

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GEOSIF: A continental-scale sub-daily reconstructed solar-induced fluorescence derived from OCO-3 and GK-2A over Eastern Asia and Oceania

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REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT 2024年 311卷

作者： Jeong, Sungchan Ryu, Youngryel Li, Xing Dechant, Benjamin Liu, Jiangong Kong, Juwon Choi, Wonseok Fang, Jianing Lian, Xu Gentine, Pierre Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Integrated Major Smart City Global Convergence Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Sci Seoul South Korea German Ctr Integrat Biodivers Res iDiv Leipzig Germany Univ Leipzig Leipzig Germany Columbia Univ Dept Earth & Environm Engn New York NY USA Yale Univ Yale Sch Environm New Haven CT 06511 USA Columbia Univ Ctr Learning Earth Artificial intelligence & Phys New York NY USA

The diurnal solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) sampling capability of OCO-3 can provide crucial insights into ecosystem function at the sub-daily scale. However, potential applications of OCO-3 SIF have suffered from its inherent spatiotemporal discontinuity. In this study, we addressed the discontinuous observation coverage of OCO-3 SIF by utilizing information coming from the continuous geostationary satellite observations from Geostationary Korea Multi-Purpose Satellite-2A (GK-2A). We generated and comprehensively evaluated a continental-scale hourly reconstructed SIF over the Eastern Asia and Oceania. To do this, we trained an extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model using OCO-3 SIF and GK-2A observations including four band Nadir BRDF Adjusted Reflectance (NBAR) (blue, green, red, and near-infrared), shortwave radiation, and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) using the data from August 2019 to July 2021. The reconstructed SIF data showed robust agreement with OCO-3 SIF across diverse ecosystems, different hours of the day, and varying observation geometries (R2 = 0.68-79). We found large feature importance of near-infrared reflectance, red reflectance, and shortwave radiation, which together explained 84.6% of SIF prediction. VPD played an increasing role under high temperature conditions. The reconstructed SIF effectively captured the afternoon depression of photosynthesis across diverse ecosystems, ranging from 63.9% to 88.9%, which was consistent with the original OCO-3 SIF. Our results identified a more pronounced afternoon depression in the physiological SIF yield than in the canopy structural proxy. In addition, diurnal changes in both canopy structural and physiological components of SIF showed a stronger relationship with VPD than that of temperature. These findings highlight the benefits of the synergistic use of new-generation satellite observations to improve our understanding of large-scale diurnal ecosystem dynamics and its environmental drive

关键词： OCO-3 GK-2A SIF NIRv Afternoon depression VPD

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Prediction and Identification of Vulnerable Areas Due to Heavy Snowfall Using Machine Learning and K-Means Clustering with Rcp Scenarios

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Song, Moon-Soo Yun, Hong-Sik Lee, Jae-Joon Yum, Sang-Guk Interdisciplinary Program in Crisis Disaster and Risk Management Sungkyunkwan University Suwon16419 Korea Republic of School of Civil Architectural Engineering & Landscape Architecture Sungkyunkwan University Suwon16419 Korea Republic of Department of Civil Engineering College of Engineering Gangneung-Wonju National University Gangneung25457 Korea Republic of

Heavy snowfall is a natural disaster that causes extensive damage in South Korea. Therefore, predicting heavy snowfall occurrence, identifying vulnerable areas, and establishing response plans to reduce risk are crucial. In this study, to predict heavy snowfall, meteorological, and geographic data from the past 30 years were collected, and four machine learning algorithms were trained and compared: multiple linear regression, support vector regression, random forest regressor (RFR), and extreme gradient boosting. We observed that the RFR model (R2 = 0.64) accurately predicted the occurrence of snowfall compared to other models. Representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenario data was input into the RFR model to generate prediction data up to 2100. Prediction results of more than 48.2 cm based on heavy snowfall events in the past 20 years were observed 17 times in RCP2.6, 19 times in RCP4.5, 16 times in RCP6.0, and 17 times in RCP8.5. Annual GIS-based snowfall images for the RCP8.5 scenario were classified using K-means clustering, grouped by vulnerable areas (Gangwon-do, Jeollabuk-do, northern Gyeonggi-do), and divided into five groups. Our study can aid decision-making on policies related to heavy snowfall disaster prevention standards, snow removal plans, budgeting, and the establishment of mid- to long-term climate change adaptation plans for government and public institutions. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Machine learning

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A Multi-Layer Model for Transpiration of Urban Trees Considering Vertical Structure

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FORESTS 2020年第11期11卷 1164-1164页

作者： Yun, Seok Hwan Park, Chae Yeon Kim, Eun Sub Lee, Dong Kun Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 08826 South Korea Natl Inst Environm Studies Ctr Social & Environm Syst Res Tsukuba Ibaraki 3050053 Japan Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr Life Sci Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Smart City Global Convergence Program Seoul 08826 South Korea

As the intensity of the urban heat island effect increases, the cooling effect of urban trees has become important. Urban trees cool surfaces during the day via shading, increasing albedo and transpiration. Many studies are being conducted to calculate the transpiration rate;however, most approaches are not suitable for urban trees and oversimplify plant physiological processes. We propose a multi-layer model for the transpiration of urban trees, accounting for plant physiological processes and considering the vertical structure of trees and buildings. It has been expanded from an urban canopy model to accurately simulate the photosynthetically active radiation and leaf surface temperature. To evaluate how tree and surrounding building conditions affect transpiration, we simulated the transpiration of trees in different scenarios such as building height (i.e., 1H, 2H and 3H, H = 12 m), tree location (i.e., south tree and north tree in a E-W street), and vertical leaf area density (LAD) (i.e., constant density, high density with few layers, high density in middle layers, and high density in lower layers). The transpiration rate was estimated to be more sensitive to the building height and tree location than the LAD distribution. Transpiration-efficient trees differed depending on the surrounding condition and plant location. This model is a useful tool that provides guidelines on the planting of thermo-efficient trees depending on the structure or environment of the city.

关键词： urban heat island urban street tree transpiration multi-layer model urban canopy model cooling effect

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Sequential Action-Based Dynamic Decision-Support Model for Urban Ecological Planning

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Kim, Eun Sub Yun, Seok Hwan Kim, Ji Yeon Thorne, James H. Hyun, Jung Hee Lee, Dong Kun Interdisciplinary Program in Landscape Architecture Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Integrated Major in Smart City Global Convergence Program Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Specialized Graduate School of Intelligent Eco-Science 4 Dept. of Landscape Architecture Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Smart Green Solution Team SK forest Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California One Shields Ave DavisCA95616 United States Systemic Risk and Resilience Research Group Advancing Systems Analysis International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Austria Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural System Engineering Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of

Decision-makers often encounter the challenge of efficient long-term ecological planning to consider economic and environmental trade-offs. However, tools to support stepwise mitigation strategies that account for dynamic ecological responses to continuing urban development are limited. Therefore, we developed a sequential action-based dynamic decision-making model to simulate stepwise mitigation measures in space over time using a multi-objective optimization algorithm. We focused on exploring the ecological corridors and habitat creation as mitigation measures through four decades to identify trade-offs and optimal plans that minimize landscape connectivity and edge density as ecological responses to urban development and minimize implementation costs per action. The results showed that adopting an initial low-investment strategy with sequential planning significantly enhanced potential ecological benefits beyond the 2000s compared with one-action planning. In contrast, the initial high-cost investment exhibited a gradual decline in the ecological benefits over time from 1995. The initial low-cost investment presented an opportunity to enhance ecological benefits by implementing early mitigation measures in locations capable of sustaining long-term ecological functions. The results suggest that sequential planning offers valuable insights into effective urban ecological planning by analyzing time-series data. This study enables step-by-step scenario testing, thereby supporting the facilitation of urban and regional sustainability planning. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Decision making

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Urban flood adaptation and optimization for net-zero: Case study of Dongjak-gu, Seoul

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JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY-REGIONAL STUDIES 2022年 41卷

作者： Kim, Jaekyoung Lee, Jihoon Hwang, Soonho Kang, Junsuk Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Transdisciplinary Program Smart City Global Conver Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Univ Illinois Urbana Champaign Res Inst Agr & Life Sci Dept Agr & Biol Engn IL61801 Seoul 08826 South Korea

Study region: Sangdo-dong, Dongjak-gu, which is classified as inland water disaster risk zone within Seoul, Republic of Korea. Study focus: This study evaluated the amount of flooding that could occur in the carbon-neutral era, and optimized low-impact development (LID) technology for an urban flood adaptation. The optimal scenario of LID technologies was proposed for the Sangdo-dong area at the urban level, and the amount of runoff and flood reduction was evaluated. New hydrological insights: The LID controls provided by the storm water management model were used to analyze the flood damage that may occur under RCP 2.6 scenario. The evaluation simulated eight combinations of three optimized techniques: green roofs, permeable pavements, and vegetative swales to construct evidence-based data for the use by decision makers. In Scenario 8, which was evaluated as the most efficient, both peak and total flooding could be reduced by 55-60% respectively. This study not only evaluate the runoff but also the flooding value reflecting the interactions among LID-pipe networks. The LID installation area and runoff damage scale are inversely proportional. In contrast, as total flooding considers the capacity of the sewage network, a non uniform graph can be seen compared to the runoff. Results of this study can be used as guidance for LID evidence-based design and construction as well as strategies for decision maker.

关键词： Hydrology LID-pipe network Climate change scenario Net-Zero RCP 2 6 Storm water management

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