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Biodiversity Conservation in Local Planning

CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2009年第1期23卷 53-63页

作者： Miller, James R. Groom, Martha Hess, George R. Steelman, Toddi Stokes, David L. Thompson, Jan Bowman, Troy Fricke, Laura King, Brandon Marquardt, Ryan Iowa State Univ Dept Nat Resource Ecol & Management Ames IA 50011 USA Iowa State Univ Dept Landscape Architecture Ames IA 50011 USA N Carolina State Univ Dept Forestry & Environm Resources Raleigh NC 27695 USA Univ Washington Interdisciplinary Arts & Sci Program Bothell WA 98011 USA

Local land-use policy is increasingly being recognized as fundamental to biodiversity conservation in the United States. Many planners and conservation scientists have called for broader use of planning and regulatory tools to support the conservation of biodiversity at local scales. Yet little is known about the pervasiveness of these practices. We conducted an on-line survey of county, municipal, and tribal planning directors (n = 116) in 3 geographic regions of the United States: metropolitan Seattle, Washington;metropolitan Des Moines, Iowa;and the Research Triangle, North Carolina. Our objectives were to gauge the extent to which local planning departments address biodiversity conservation and to identify factors that facilitate or hinder conservation actions in local planning. We found that biodiversity conservation was seldom a major consideration in these departments. Staff time was mainly devoted to development mandates and little time was spent on biodiversity conservation. Regulations requiring conservation actions that might benefit biodiversity were uncommon, with the exception of rules governing water quality in all 3 regions and the protection of threatened and endangered species in the Seattle region. Planning tools that could enhance habitat conservation were used infrequently. Collaboration across jurisdictions was widespread, but rarely focused on conservation. Departments with a conservation specialist on staff tended to be associated with higher levels of conservation actions. Jurisdictions in the Seattle region also reported higher levels of conservation action, largely driven by state and federal mandates. Increased funding was most frequently cited as a factor that would facilitate greater consideration of biodiversity in local planning. There are numerous opportunities for conservation biologists to play a role in improving conservation planning at local scales.

关键词： conservation policy habitat conservation Iowa land-use planning local conservation North Carolina urbanization Washington

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The effects of the local and regional conditions and inequalities on urban shrinkage: a multilevel analysis focusing on local population decline

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URBAN RESEARCH & PRACTICE 2023年第3期16卷 438-457页

作者： Jeong, Jindo Gim, Tae-Hyoung Tommy Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Dept Environm Planning Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Environm Planning Inst Seoul South Korea

Urban shrinkage is becoming a worldwide issue. However, empirical investigation still lacks an understanding of the spatial extent of the factors that drive local population decline, a prevalent aspect of urban shrinkage. Empirical evidence on multilevel factors relating to population decline is particularly scarce. We investigated the influences by analyzing economic, social, physical, and policy conditions at the local and regional levels. Regional conditions, as well as local conditions, are also related to the decline of the local population. The effect goes beyond economic and demographic conditions;conditions such as the local infrastructure level and development policy also significantly influence.

关键词： Urban shrinkage population decline multilevel factors regional inequalities hierarchical linear modeling

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Urban Forest Growth and Gap Dynamics Detected by Yearly Repeated Airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR): A Case Study of Cheonan, South Korea

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REMOTE SENSING 2019年第13期11卷 1551-1551页

作者： Choi, Heejoon Song, Youngkeun Jang, Youngwoon Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Dept Landscape Architecture Seoul 08826 South Korea Samah Aerial Survey CO Dept Contents Goyang 10442 South Korea

Understanding forest dynamics is important for assessing the health of urban forests, which experience various disturbances, both natural (e.g., treefall events) and artificial (e.g., making space for agricultural fields). Therefore, quantifying three-dimensional changes in canopies is a helpful way to manage and understand urban forests better. Multitemporal airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) datasets enable us to quantify the vertical and lateral growth of trees across a landscape scale. The goal of this study is to assess the annual changes in the 3-D structures of canopies and forest gaps in an urban forest using annual airborne LiDAR datasets for 2012-2015. The canopies were classified as high canopies and low canopies by a 5 m height threshold. Then, we generated pixel- and plot-level canopy height models and conducted change detection annually. The vertical growth rates and leaf area index showed consistent values year by year in both canopies, while the spatial distributions of the canopy and leaf area profile (e.g., leaf area density) showed inconsistent changes each year in both canopies. In total, high canopies expanded their foliage from 12 m height, while forest gap edge canopies (including low canopies) expanded their canopies from 5 m height. Annual change detection with LiDAR datasets might inform about both steady growth rates and different characteristics in the changes of vertical canopy structures for both high and low canopies in urban forests.

关键词： airborne LiDAR annual repeated LiDAR canopy growth forest disturbance canopy structure change detection

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Determining Favourable and Unfavourable Thermal Areas in Seoul Using In-Situ Measurements: A Preliminary Step towards Developing a Smart City

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ENERGIES 2019年第12期12卷 2320-2320页

作者： Kwon, You Jin Lee, Dong Kun Lee, Kiseung Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Publ Hlth Seoul 08826 South Korea

Urban heat island effects (UHIE) are becoming increasingly widespread, thus, there is an urgent need to address thermal comfort, which significantly influences the daily lives of people. In this study, a means of improving the thermal environment by spatial analysis of heat was implemented to ensure basic thermal comfort in future smart cities. Using Seoul as the study site, the relationship between sensible heat and land cover type was used to identify heat islands in this city. Thereafter, k-means clustering was employed to extract unfavourable and favourable thermal areas. High sensible heat indicates locations where environmental heat needs to be mitigated. Sensible heat distribution data were used for spatial typification to formulate an effective land cover factor to mitigate the UHIE. In-situ net radiation data measured at six sites were utilised to confirm the spatial typification of the thermal environment. It was found that expanding the green space by 1% reduces the sensible heat by 4.9 W/m(2). Further, the building coverage ratio and green coverage influence the sensible heat in compact residential areas. The study results can be used to establish spatial planning standards to improve the thermal environments of sustainable cities.

关键词： energy budget land cover ratio sensible heat flux heat mitigation thermal environment improvement sustainability in-situ validation spatial typification by heat flux

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Exploring the performance of protected areas in alleviating future human pressure

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AMBIO 2024年第9期53卷 1323-1335页

作者： Liu, Qiqi Tang, Xiaolan Hang, Tian Wu, Yunfei Liu, Yuanyuan Song, Tianrui Song, Youngkeun Nanjing Forestry Univ Dept Landscape Architecture Nanjing 210037 Peoples R China Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Dept Environm Design Seoul 08826 South Korea Nanjing Forestry Univ Acad Chinese Ecol Progress & Forestry Studies Nanjing Peoples R China Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Integrated Major Smart City Global Convergence Seoul 08826 South Korea Nanjing Forestry Univ Coll Art & Design Nanjing 210037 Peoples R China

Protected areas (PAs) are effective in mitigating human pressures, yet their future pressure alleviating effects remain unclear. In this study, we employed the ConvLSTM model to forecast the future human footprint and analyzed human pressure trends using Theil-Sen median and Mann-Kendall tests. We further evaluated the mitigating effects of PAs within their buffer zones (1-10 km) and the contributions of different IUCN categories of PAs to mitigating human pressure using linear regression models. The results indicate that by 2035, the average human pressure value is expected to increase by 11%, with trends exhibiting a polarized pattern. Furthermore, PAs also effectively mitigate human pressure within their 1 km buffer zones. Different categories of PAs vary in their effectiveness in mitigating human pressure, and stricter conservation areas are not always the most effective. This study can offer insights for evaluating the effectiveness of PAs in reducing human pressure and advocate for their targeted management in urban areas.

关键词： ConvLSTM model Effective management Human footprint Human pressure IUCN categories Protected areas

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Super resolution of historic Landsat imagery using a dual generative adversarial network (GAN) model with CubeSat constellation imagery for spatially enhanced long-term vegetation monitoring

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ISPRS JOURNAL OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND REMOTE SENSING 2023年第1期200卷 1-23页

作者： Kong, Juwon Ryu, Youngryel Jeong, Sungchan Zhong, Zilong Choi, Wonseok Kim, Jongmin Lee, Kyungdo Lim, Joongbin Jang, Keunchang Chun, Junghwa Kim, Kyoung-Min Houborg, Rasmus Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Integrated Major Smart City Global Convergence Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Sci Seoul South Korea Univ Virginia Dept Environm Sci Charlottesville VA USA Rural Dev Adm Natl Inst Agr Sci Jeonju South Korea Natl Inst Forest Sci Forest ICT Res Ctr Seoul South Korea Planet Labs PBC San Francisco CA USA

Detailed spatial representations of terrestrial vegetation are essential for precision agricultural applications and the monitoring of land cover changes in heterogeneous landscapes. The advent of satellite-based remote sensing has facilitated daily observations of the Earth's surface with high spatial resolution. In particular, a data fusion product such as Planet Fusion has realized the delivery of daily, gap-free surface reflectance data with 3-m pixel resolution through full utilization of relatively recent (i.e., 2018-) CubeSat constellation data. However, the spatial resolution of past satellite sensors (i.e., 30-60 m for Landsat) has restricted the detailed spatial analysis of past changes in vegetation. In order to overcome the spatial resolution constraint of Landsat data for long-term vegetation monitoring, we propose a dual remote-sensing super-resolution generative adversarial network (dual RSS-GAN) approach combining Planet Fusion and Landsat 8 data to simulate spatially enhanced long-term timeseries of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and near-infrared reflectance from vegetation (NIRv). We evaluated the performance of the dual RSS-GAN against in situ tower-based continuous measurements (up to 8 years) and remotely piloted aerial system-based maps of cropland and deciduous forest in the Republic of Korea. The dual RSS-GAN enhanced spatial representations in Landsat 8 images and captured seasonal variation in vegetation indices (R2 > 0.90, for the dual RSS-GAN maps vs in situ data from all sites). Overall, the dual RSSGAN reduced Landsat 8 vegetation index underestimations compared with in situ measurements;relative bias values of NDVI ranged from - 5.8 % to 0.3 % and - 12.4 % to - 3.7 % for the dual RSS-GAN and Landsat 8, respectively. This improvement was caused by spatial enhancement through the dual RSS-GAN, which reflects fine-scale information from Planet Fusion. Finally, the dual RSS-GAN maps showed both spatial enhancement and r

关键词： CubeSat Deep learning Generative adversarial network Landsat Super -resolution Vegetation index

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Improvement of the solar radiation prediction accuracy of a light environment simulation according to the positioning of an interpolation application during the process

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JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING 2023年 75卷

作者： Lee, Sewon Lee, Kyung Sun Lee, Jae Seung Lee, Ho Young Kim, Sun Hoo Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 151921 South Korea Hongik Univ Sch Architecture Seoul 04066 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Integrated Major Sma Seoul 08826 South Korea Ten Eleven INC R&D Ctr Seoul 03925 South Korea

Light environment is directly related to energy reduction and improving health and quality of life, and interest in it continues to increase. Therefore, in light-environment design, simulation tools are used to predict and evaluate the light environment early in the planning stage of a project. Consequently, scientific simulations are most effective from the early stages of sustainable design. However, choosing which simulation tools to use can be challenging, and the entry barriers to their use can be high;some tools are also more difficult to use. In addition, if there is no weather data available for the area to be analyzed, data from a nearby location is often used instead, which reduces the accuracy of the solar radiation prediction in the simulation. Therefore, this study aimed to reduce the difficulty in using environmental prediction simulation tools by applying adjusted Kriging. This study also attempted to determine where the interpolation method could be best applied in the solar radiation simulation process to produce better prediction results. The experimental results showed that the simulation values were more accurate when calculating the solar radiation by generating sky patches with the original typical meteorological year (TMY) data than by generating them with the interpolated TMY data. This interpolation position and method can increase a simulation's accuracy by creating new weather data in areas where no solar radiation data are available. BUILDIT, as a simulation tool for sustainable urban or building design solutions, applied these techniques, which helped the performance of sustainable designs in the early stages of projects.

关键词： Light environment Light simulator Simulator accuracy verification Interpolation Kriging Solar radiation Weather data

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Spatial and temporal patterns of microclimates at an urban forest edge and their management implications

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ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018年第2期190卷 93-93页

作者： Li, Yingnan Kang, Wanmo Han, Yiwen Song, Youngkeun Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Sci Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Dept Landscape Architecture Seoul 08826 South Korea

Fragmented forests generate a variety of forest edges, leading to microclimates in the edge zones that differ from those in the forest interior. Understanding microclimatic variation is an important consideration for managers because it helps when making decisions about how to restrict the extent of edge effects. Thus, our study attempted to characterize the changing microclimate features at an urban forest edge located on Mt. Gwanak, Seoul, South Korea. We examined edge effects on air temperature, relative humidity, soil temperature, soil moisture, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) during the hottest three consecutive days in August 2016. Results showed that each variable responded differently to the edge effects. This urban forest edge had an effect on temporal changes at a diurnal scale in all microclimate variables, except soil moisture. In addition, all variables except relative humidity were significantly influenced by the edge effect up to 15 m inward from the forest boundary. The relative humidity fluctuated the most and showed the deepest extent of the edge effect. Moreover, the edge widths calculated from the relative humidity and air temperature both peaked in the late afternoon (16:00 h). Our findings provide a reference for forest managers in designing urban forest zones and will contribute to the conservation of fragmented forests in urban areas.

关键词： Edge effect Edge width Microclimate Urban forest Forest management

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Using buffer analysis to determine urban park cooling intensity: Five estimation methods for Nanjing, China

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SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023年第1期868卷 161463页

作者： Xiao, Yi Piao, Yong Pan, Chao Lee, Dongkun Zhao, Bing Nanjing Forestry Univ Coll Landscape Architecture Nanjing 210037 Peoples R China Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture & Seoul 08826 South Korea Nanjing Agr Univ Coll Econ & Management Nanjing 210095 Jiangsu Peoples R China Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul 08826 South Korea Nanjing Forestry Univ Dept Landscape Architecture 159 Longpan Rd Nanjing Jiangsu Peoples R China

Urban parks are part of the blue-green infrastructure of urban ecosystems. Although the cooling effect of urban parks has been widely recognized, the understanding of park cooling intensity (PCI) and its mechanisms remains incomplete. Applicable and accurate quantification could facilitate better design and management of urban parks. We used five methods (equal area method [EAM], equal radius method [ERM], fixed radius method [FRM], turning point method-maximum perspective [TPM-M], and turning point method-accumulation perspective [TPM-A]) to estimate PCI, and established the method selection mechanism, which we evaluated in terms of PCI amplitudes, spatial heterogeneity, and interactions with park landscape features. Using Nanjing as a case study, we employed spatial and statistical analyses to further assess the autocorrelation of PCI and its relationship with park landscape features. The results indicate the following: (1) 62.38 % of Nanjing's urban parks are located above the 90 % confidence level in cold spot areas. (2) Different methods had significant effects on the estimated PCI, were positively correlated, and had similar spatial heterogeneity. (3) All methods revealed that park area (PA), water area proportion (WAP), and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of the vegetated area (NDVIveg) were the three dominant factors that influenced PCI;WAP and NDVIveg that achieved more effective cooling. (4) The quantification of PCI using the ERM and TPM is recommended over other methods. These findings are essential for landscape planners to understand the formation of PCI and design cooler parks to mitigate the urban heat island (UHI) effect more systematically.

关键词： Urban parks Cooling intensity Buffer analysis landscape features Remote sensing

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Mobility is in the eye of the beholder: A comparison of travel patterns and urban spatial use between migrants and the original residents of Danang, Vietnam

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CITIES 2017年 67卷 63-73页

作者： Won, Sehyung Kim, Saehoon Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture 220-3471 Gwanak Ro Seoul 151742 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Dept Landscape Architecture Urban Design Concentrat 82-4101 Gwanak Ro Seoul 151742 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Environm Planning Inst 82-4101 Gwanak Ro Seoul 151742 South Korea

The development of an arterial road named the Nguyen Tat Thanh Road along the Danang Bay in Vietnam shows how changes in mobility can influence the transformation of the urban landscape in a formerly residential neighborhood. The road opened along the coastal lines of the city in 2003. In this study, approximately 460 residents, including migrants who moved to the area after the road development and the original residents who live near the road, were interviewed. The survey was designed to identify the travel routes, mode of transportation, and location of jobs, shopping, leisure, education, and religious activities of residents before and after the road development. The research found that the original residents endured longer commutes than the migrants, which was associated with a greater dispersion of jobs after the road development. Compared to the original residents, migrants often lived in a newly available parcel close to the new road and formed a mixed use community with a good jobs-housing balance. However, migrants traveled farther to non-job-related destinations. For the use of urban space, the original residents attempted to improve the quality of their daily lives through small-scale transformations of privately owned outdoor spaces, which were often shared by their neighbors and other family members. Migrants largely contributed to the formation of commercialized streets that were scattered with fairly large accommodations and high-end residential buildings.

关键词： Road infrastructure Mobility Commuting pattern Jobs-housing balance Street commercialization

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