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The impacts of weather on tourist satisfaction and revisit intention: a study of South Korean domestic tourism

ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TOURISM RESEARCH 2017年第9期22卷 895-908页

作者： Kim, Songyi Park, Jin Han Lee, Dong Kun Son, Yong-hoon Yoon, Heeyeun Kim, Sungjin Yun, Hee Jeong Korea Culture & Tourism Inst Tourism Policy Res Div Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture Coll Agr & Life Sci Gwanakro1 Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Dept Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Kangwon Natl Univ Dept Tourism Adm Coll Business Adm Chunchon South Korea

This study explores the impacts of weather on tourist satisfaction and intention to revisit sites utilizing a survey of 1736 domestic tourists in South Korea. This study adds tourists' perceived quality of weather to a path model that anticipates revisit intention and was originally based on the perceived quality of physical attributes and service, as well as tourist satisfaction. The results of this study show that the perceived quality of weather affects tourist satisfaction and revisit intention directly and indirectly, and that it correlates with the perceived quality of physical attributes and service. It was determined that the impact of weather perception on tourist satisfaction and revisit intention is higher in rainy weather conditions. The results of the study show that to sustain tourist satisfaction and revisit intention, efforts to moderate the negative impacts of uncomfortable weather conditions are required, especially in rainy weather.

关键词： Weather condition perceived quality of weather tourist satisfaction intention to revisit South Korea

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New Gap-Filling Strategies for Long-Period Flux Data Gaps Using a Data-Driven Approach

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ATMOSPHERE 2019年第10期10卷 568-568页

作者： Kang, Minseok Ichii, Kazuhito Kim, Joon Indrawati, Yohana M. Park, Juhan Moon, Minkyu Lim, Jong-Hwan Chun, Jung-Hwa Natl Ctr Agro Meteorol Seoul 08826 South Korea Chiba Univ Ctr Environm Remote Sensing Chiba 2638522 Japan Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Agr & Forest Meteorol Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Asia Ctr Future Earth Program Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Inst Green Bio Sci & Technol Pyeongchang Campus Pyeongchang 25354 South Korea Boston Univ Dept Earth & Environm Boston MA 02215 USA Natl Inst Forest Sci Forest Ecol & Climate Change Div Seoul 02455 South Korea Natl Inst Forest Sci Res Planning & Coordinat Div Seoul 02455 South Korea

In the Korea Flux Monitoring Network, Haenam Farmland has the longest record of carbon/water/energy flux measurements produced using the eddy covariance (EC) technique. Unfortunately, there are long gaps (i.e., gaps longer than 30 days), particularly in 2007 and 2014, which hinder attempts to analyze these decade-long time-series data. The open source and standardized gap-filling methods are impractical for such long gaps. The data-driven approach using machine learning and remote-sensing or reanalysis data (i.e., interpolating/extrapolating EC measurements via available networks temporally/spatially) for estimating terrestrial CO2/H2O fluxes at the regional/global scale is applicable after appropriate modifications. In this study, we evaluated the applicability of the data-driven approach for filling long gaps in flux data (i.e., gross primary production, ecosystem respiration, net ecosystem exchange, and evapotranspiration). We found that using a longer training dataset in the machine learning generally produced better model performance, although there was a greater possibility of missing interannual variations caused by ecosystem state changes (e.g., changes in crop variety). Based on the results, we proposed gap-filling strategies for long-period flux data gaps and used them to quantify the annual sums with uncertainties in 2007 and 2014. The results from this study have broad implications for long-period gap-filling at other sites, and for the estimation of regional/global CO2/H2O fluxes using a data-driven approach.

关键词： eddy covariance long-term database gap-filling long gap data-driven approach uncertainty

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Mobility is in the eye of the beholder: A comparison of travel patterns and urban spatial use between migrants and the original residents of Danang, Vietnam

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CITIES 2017年 67卷 63-73页

作者： Won, Sehyung Kim, Saehoon Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture 220-3471 Gwanak Ro Seoul 151742 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Dept Landscape Architecture Urban Design Concentrat 82-4101 Gwanak Ro Seoul 151742 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Environm Planning Inst 82-4101 Gwanak Ro Seoul 151742 South Korea

The development of an arterial road named the Nguyen Tat Thanh Road along the Danang Bay in Vietnam shows how changes in mobility can influence the transformation of the urban landscape in a formerly residential neighborhood. The road opened along the coastal lines of the city in 2003. In this study, approximately 460 residents, including migrants who moved to the area after the road development and the original residents who live near the road, were interviewed. The survey was designed to identify the travel routes, mode of transportation, and location of jobs, shopping, leisure, education, and religious activities of residents before and after the road development. The research found that the original residents endured longer commutes than the migrants, which was associated with a greater dispersion of jobs after the road development. Compared to the original residents, migrants often lived in a newly available parcel close to the new road and formed a mixed use community with a good jobs-housing balance. However, migrants traveled farther to non-job-related destinations. For the use of urban space, the original residents attempted to improve the quality of their daily lives through small-scale transformations of privately owned outdoor spaces, which were often shared by their neighbors and other family members. Migrants largely contributed to the formation of commercialized streets that were scattered with fairly large accommodations and high-end residential buildings.

关键词： Road infrastructure Mobility Commuting pattern Jobs-housing balance Street commercialization

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Multi-scale evaluation of global gross primary productivity and evapotranspiration products derived from Breathing Earth System Simulator (BESS)

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REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT 2016年 186卷 528-547页

作者： Jiang, Chongya Ryu, Youngryel Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Sci Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul 151921 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Agr & Forest Meteorol Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea

Several global gross primary production (GPP) and evapotranspiration (ET) remote sensing products exist, mainly provided by machine-learning (e.g. MPI-BGC) and semi-empirical (e.g. MODIS) approaches. Process-based approaches have the advantage of representing the atmosphere-vegetation-soil system and associated fluxes as an organic integration, but their sophistication results in a lack of high spatiotemporal resolution continuous products. Targeting this gap, we reported a new set of global 8-day composite 1-km resolution GPP and ET products from 2000 to 2015, using a simplified process-based model, the Breathing Earth System Simulator (BESS). BESS couples atmosphere and canopy radiative transfer, photosynthesis and evapotranspiration, and uses MODIS atmosphere and land data and other satellite data sources as inputs. We evaluated BESS products against FLUXNET observations at site scale (total of 113 sites, 742 site years), and against MPI-BGC products at global scale. At site scale, BESS 8-day Products agreed with FLUXNET observations with R-2 = 0.67 and RMSE = 2.58 gCm(-2) d(-1) for GPP, and R-2 = 0.62 and RMSE = 0.78 mm d(-1) for ET, respectively, and they captured a majority of seasonal variability, about half of spatial variability, and a minority of interannual variability in FLUXNET observations. At global scale, BESS mean annual sum GPP and ET maps agreed with MPI-BGC products with R-2 = 0.93 and RMSE = 229 gC m(-2) y(-1) for GPP, and R-2 = 0.90 and RMSE = 118 mm y(-1) for ET, respectively. Over the period of 2001-2011, BESS quantified the mean global GPP and ET as 122 +/- 25 PgC y(-1) and 65 x 10(3) +/- 11 x 10(3) km(3) y(-1), respectively, with a significant ascending GPP trend by 0.27 PgC y(-2) (p < 0.05), similar to MPI-BGC products as well. Overall, BESS GPP and ET estimates were comparable with FLUXNET observations and MPI-BGC products. The process-based BESS can serve as a set of independent GPP and ET products from official MODIS GPP and ET products

关键词： Gross primary productivity Evapotranspiration BESS Global MPI-BGC MODIS

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Inconsistencies of interannual variability and trends in long-term satellite leaf area index products

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GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017年第10期23卷 4133-4146页

作者： Jiang, Chongya Ryu, Youngryel Fang, Hongliang Myneni, Ranga Claverie, Martin Zhu, Zaichun Seoul Natl Univ Brain Korea Plus Team 21 Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Agr & Forest Meteorol Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Chinese Acad Sci LREIS Inst Geog Sci & Nat Resources Res Beijing Peoples R China Univ Chinese Acad Sci Beijing Peoples R China Boston Univ Dept Earth & Environm Boston MA 02215 USA Univ Maryland Dept Geog Sci College Pk MD 20742 USA NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr Greenbelt MD USA Peking Univ Coll Urban & Environm Sci Sino French Inst Earth Syst Sci Beijing Peoples R China

Understanding the long-term performance of global satellite leaf area index (LAI) products is important for global change research. However, few effort has been devoted to evaluating the long-term time-series consistencies of LAI products. This study compared four long-term LAI products (GLASS, GLOBMAP, LAI3g, and TCDR) in terms of trends, interannual variabilities, and uncertainty variations from 1982 through 2011. This study also used four ancillary LAI products (GEOV1, MERIS, MODIS C5, and MODIS C6) from 2003 through 2011 to help clarify the performances of the four long-term LAI products. In general, there were marked discrepancies between the four long-term LAI products. During the pre-MODIS period (1982-1999), both linear trends and interannual variabilities of global mean LAI followed the order GLASS>LAI3g>TCDR>GLOBMAP. The GLASS linear trend and interannual variability were almost 4.5 times those of GLOBMAP. During the overlap period (2003-2011), GLASS and GLOBMAP exhibited a decreasing trend, TCDR no trend, and LAI3g an increasing trend. GEOV1, MERIS, and MODIS C6 also exhibited an increasing trend, but to a much smaller extent than that from LAI3g. During both periods, the R-2 of detrended anomalies between the four long-term LAI products was smaller than 0.4 for most regions. Interannual variabilities of the four long-term LAI products were considerably different over the two periods, and the differences followed the order GLASS>LAI3g>TCDR>GLOBMAP. Uncertainty variations quantified by a collocation error model followed the same order. Our results indicate that the four long-term LAI products were neither intraconsistent over time nor interconsistent with each other. These inconsistencies may be due to NOAA satellite orbit changes and MODIS sensor degradation. Caution should be used in the interpretation of global changes derived from the four long-term LAI products.

关键词： GLASS GLOBMAP intercomparison LAI3g leaf area index (LAI) TCDR time series

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Stakeholder Subjectives Toward Ecotourism Development using Q methodology: The Case of Maha Ecotourism Site in Pyeongchang, Korea

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ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TOURISM RESEARCH 2016年第8期21卷 931-951页

作者： Lee, Jae-hyuck Son, Yong-hoon Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Dept Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea

Ecotourism needs ecological sensitivity and respect for the ecological culture of local residents. From this perspective, listening to the opinion of local residents, collaborating with the local residents in conjunction with an appropriate governance structure, is of prime importance in ecotourism. However, many ecotourism sites have numerous problems because of conflicts among stakeholders such as local government and local residents. This study investigates the conflicts and the stakeholders' subjectives in the case of Maha ecotourism site in Pyeongchang-gun, the site of the 2018 Winter Olympic games. Before the analysis, the conflicts seem to be caused by the different attitudes of government officials and local residents' representatives. From the analysis of subjectives, the difference in attitudes is caused by generation gaps. Young people show relatively uniform attitudes, where different occupation sectors exert little influence. It means that conflicts can be decreased if more opportunities for council participation are allowed. Young people have few consideration about ecology and tradition. The ecological and traditional lessons of the older generation are needed for young people. This study shows that conflicts between development and conservation are caused by the different attitudes represented in different generation, and hence plans for harmonizing different generation should be considered.

关键词： ecotourism conflict management Q methodology Pyeongchang

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Mapping riparian habitat using a combination of remote-sensing techniques

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING 2016年第5期37卷 1069-1088页

作者： Jeong, Seung Gyu Mo, Yongwon Kim, Ho Gul Park, Chong Hwa Lee, Dong Kun Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Sci Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Dept Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Coll Agr Life Sci Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul South Korea

Light detection and ranging (lidar) and object-oriented classification (OOC) can be used to overcome the shortcomings of the traditional pixel-based classification (PBC) of coarse spatial resolution data, such as Landsat data, for habitat mapping in riparian zones. The purposes of this study were to investigate methods to classify multispectral data and lidar for riparian habitat mapping, and to identify major habitat components for two target species. The mapping of riparian habitat based on OOC and Decision Tree Classification (DTC) was carried out by merging vertical data from lidar and spectral data of high-resolution imagery. Our results showed an overall classification accuracy of 88.2%. In particular, small and continuous habitat types, such as short and tall grasses, rock outcrop and gravel, and riffles, improved the classification accuracy compared with the pixel-based methods. The habitat patches and paths for each target species were identified by incorporating the point data from the field survey and the outcomes of image classification. Our study demonstrated that the proposed methodology can be successfully used for the identification and restoration of fragmented riparian habitats, and can offer an opportunity to obtain high classification accuracies for micro-habitat components in dynamic riverine areas.

关键词： Biological surveys Classification Habitat improvement Ecological distribution Microhabitats Mapping Habitat LIDAR Methodology Lidar applications Remote sensing LANDSAT Remote Sensing Habitats Gravel Grasses Trees Aquatic Habitats Riffles

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Applying Topographic Classification, Based on the Hydrological Process, to Design Habitat Linkages for Climate Change

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FORESTS 2017年第12期8卷 466-466页

作者： Mo, Yongwon Lee, Dong Kun Song, Keunyea Kim, Ho Gul Park, Soo Jin Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Coll Agr Life Sci Seoul 08826 South Korea Univ Nebraska Sch Nat Resources Lincoln NE 68588 USA Incheon Dev Inst Urban Data & Informat Ctr Incheon 22711 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Geog Seoul 08826 South Korea

The use of biodiversity surrogates has been discussed in the context of designing habitat linkages to support the migration of species affected by climate change. Topography has been proposed as a useful surrogate in the coarse-filter approach, as the hydrological process caused by topography such as erosion and accumulation is the basis of ecological processes. However, some studies that have designed topographic linkages as habitat linkages, so far have focused much on the shape of the topography (morphometric topographic classification) with little emphasis on the hydrological processes (generic topographic classification) to find such topographic linkages. We aimed to understand whether generic classification was valid for designing these linkages. First, we evaluated whether topographic classification is more appropriate for describing actual (coniferous and deciduous) and potential (mammals and amphibians) habitat distributions. Second, we analyzed the difference in the linkages between the morphometric and generic topographic classifications. The results showed that the generic classification represented the actual distribution of the trees, but neither the morphometric nor the generic classification could represent the potential animal distributions adequately. Our study demonstrated that the topographic classes, according to the generic classification, were arranged successively according to the flow of water, nutrients, and sediment;therefore, it would be advantageous to secure linkages with a width of 1 km or more. In addition, the edge effect would be smaller than with the morphometric classification. Accordingly, we suggest that topographic characteristics, based on the hydrological process, are required to design topographic linkages for climate change.

关键词： connectivity topographic classes species distribution morphometric topographic classification generic topographic classification

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Assessment of the vulnerability of industrial parks to flood in South Korea

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NATURAL HAZARDS 2016年第2期82卷 811-825页

作者： Ryu, JiEun Lee, Dong Kun Park, Chan Ahn, Yoonjung Lee, Seehyung Choi, Kwanglim Jung, TaeYong Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Coll Agr Life Sci Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul South Korea Univ Seoul Dept Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Korea Environm Inst Seoul South Korea Korea Chamber Commerce & Ind Business Inst Sustainable Dev Seoul South Korea Yonsei Univ Grad Sch Int Studies Seoul 120749 South Korea

Since recently, the potential of torrential downpour is increased and the flood damage shows increasing trend, in this study, the method to assess the flood vulnerability was established for the industrial parks, which is the driving power of the economic growth in Korea, and the results were analyzed. The vulnerability of each industrial parks was analyzed using three indicators: climate exposure, sensitivity and the adaptation ability, and the indicator value was calculated by selecting the proxy variable by each indicator. Among the primarily indicators, the final indicators were selected through the site investigation and in-depth interview. The vulnerability assessment was performed not only for the present but for the future (2020s, 2050s and 2100s). In the analysis results, Ulsan Mipo National Industrial Park was the most vulnerable for the present but in 2020s, Gwangyang National Industrial Park and Myeongji-Noksan National Industrial Park in 2050s and 2100s were assessed as most vulnerable. In the results of flooding vulnerability assessment, south coast industrial parks are the most vulnerable region during baseline and future. In addition, such industrial parks mostly built in the early phase of industrialization and they have advantage in import and export but were represented to be highly vulnerable due to aged infrastructures. In the industrial parks, as the enterprises are concentrated, it is easy to exchange the information and logistics, but the damage of natural disasters due to flooding can be aggravated due to the characteristics of the concentration. Actually, there are some cases that the industrial parks and the enterprises received the flooing damage in the highly vulnerable area by the torrential downpour. In this study, the vulnerability assessment was performed for the flooding damage by the torrential downpour for the industrial parks and the potential that the this study can be used as a useful decision-making tool in deciding the priori

关键词： Climate change Flooding Vulnerability assessment Adaptation Climate exposure Heavy rain Industrial parks

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Correction for light scattering combined with sub-pixel classification improves estimation of gap fraction from digital cover photography

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AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY 2016年 222卷 32-44页

作者： Hwang, Yorum Ryu, Youngryel Kimm, Hyungsuk Jiang, Chongya Lang, Mait Macfarlane, Craig Sonnentag, Oliver Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul 151921 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Agr & Forest Meteorol Seoul 151921 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 151921 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Sci Seoul 151921 South Korea Tartu Observ EE-61602 Toravere Tartumaa Estonia CSIRO Land & Water Flagship Private Bag 5 Wembley WA 6917 Australia Univ Montreal Dept Geog Montreal PQ H2V 2B8 Canada

Digital cover photography (DCP) has emerged as an indirect method to measure gap fraction of vegetation canopies. However, as with other photographic methods, determining camera relative exposure value (REV) and threshold for pixel classification, cause substantial uncertainties in gap fraction estimates. Here we propose a new method to improve the measurement of gap fraction under various solar zenith angles (SZAs), sky conditions, and canopy structures. This method computes gap fractions of ambiguous vegetation or sky pixels using an unsaturated raw image from DCP and a reconstructed sky image from the raw image, thus taking full advantage of the potential of raw image processing. This is combined with pre -classification of pixels that are unambiguously canopy and sky to greatly reduce light scattering effects that are likely to be present within the canopy. To test the sensitivity of the new method, we acquired images at one -hour intervals between 20 and 85 degrees of SZAs under closed, half-closed, and open canopies with REV settings from 0 to -5. The new method showed little variation in gap fractions across the diverse SZAs in closed, half-closed, and open canopies. A perforated panel experiment, which was used to test the accuracy of the estimated gap fractions, confirmed that the new method accurately estimated gap fractions across a range of hole size, gap fractions and SZAs. We conclude that the new method opens new opportunities to estimate gap fractions accurately regardless of solar positions from open to closed canopies, and is a significant advance for accurate and precise monitoring of canopy cover and leaf area index (LAI), and for calibrating and evaluating satellite remote sensing [Al products. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Leaf area index Gap fraction Digital cover photography Light exposure Remote sensing

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