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Evaluating landslide hazards using RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios

ENVIRONMENTAL EARTH SCIENCES 2015年第3期73卷 1385-1400页

作者： Kim, Ho Gul Lee, Dong Kun Park, Chan Kil, Sungho Son, Yonghoon Park, Jin Han Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr Life Sci Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ CALS Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul South Korea Natl Inst Environm Studies Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan Texas A&M Univ Coll Architecture Dept Landscape Architecture & Urban Planning College Stn TX 77843 USA Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Seoul South Korea

Recently, extreme meteorological events have occurred frequently owing to climate change and its influence. Impacts of concentrated precipitation events include the damage caused by landslides. Many areas in Gangwondo (Korea) are located at high elevation and have large elevation differences;these areas are thus at high risk of landslides. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the landslide hazard of the province using representative concentration pathways (RCP) scenarios 4.5 and 8.5 and to compare results. This study produced an optimal landslide model for the province through analysis of variables and points of landslide origin. Estimates indicate that the landslide hazard area will increase to 154 km(2). The RCP 8.5 scenario showed a larger (by about 59 km 2) landslide hazard area than the RCP 4.5 scenario. The uncertainty of climate change scenarios was also explored using statistical values of each scenario period. An overlay analysis (overlay of landslide hazard areas and land cover map) showed that 40.6 % of farmlands would be susceptible to landslides in 2070-2099 (RCP 8.5). Additionally, damage to the alpine agriculture due to landslides was also identified as a critical area. In the RCP 8.5 scenario, the land-use types that occupy more than 20 % of the landslide hazard area are transportation, recreational facilities, and vinyl house for farming. This suggests that casualties from landslides will increase in future. It also highlights a lack of policies to manage development. Therefore, the local government of Gangwondo should consider landslide hazard areas when planning future land uses.

关键词： Climate change scenario Maximum entropy model Landslide susceptibility map Gangwondo

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Valuing the Cultural landscapes Past and Present: Tea Plantations in Sri Lanka

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landscape RESEARCH 2015年第6期40卷 668-683页

作者： Wijetunga, Chandana Shrinath Sung, Jong Sang Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Seoul South Korea

The study focuses on tea plantation cultural landscapes in Sri Lanka and its historical formation, present issues and future considerations. [Sri Lanka was known as Ceylon before 1972. At present, the country uses Sri Lanka for all related documents.] According to the research, the tea estate is identified as the main building unit of tea heritage. This paper reveals the historical formation of tea heritage and its contribution to the existing landscape. This study focuses on the Nuwara Eliya region, as it is the main area for tea cultivation. The present condition of tea plantations in Sri Lanka is derived through a survey conducted in Labookellie estate, Blue Field estate and Pedro estate. Past and the present circumstances are examined through analysis of literature, topographical maps and site observations, while interviews with outsiders (foreign visitors) were used to strengthen the thoughts on tea plantation landscapes. This paper reveals basic concepts such as agriculture as a heritage, active agriculture and value added through future conservation and development procedure. The paper first discusses the formation of tea estates and governing factors. Second, the paper explains estate settlement as the main building block of tea heritage with researched case studies and explains existing landscape values. Third, the paper explains future thoughts on the tea plantation landscapes in Sri Lanka. Opinions of foreign visitors to the plantation are considered as a valuable contribution to the conclusions. The paper stresses the importance of understanding tea estate cultural landscapes and their heritage value for future planning and the conservation priorities in Sri Lanka.

关键词： Cultural landscape tea plantations estate settlements cultural landscape values tea heritage Sri Lanka

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The neighborhood effects of new road infrastructure: Transformation of urban settlements and resident's socioeconomic characteristics in Danang, Vietnam

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HABITAT INTERNATIONAL 2015年 50卷 169-179页

作者： Won, Sehyung Cho, Sea Eun Kim, Saehoon Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 151742 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Urban Design Concentrat Dept Landscape Architecture Seoul 151742 South Korea

This study documented the transformation of urban landscape and residents' socioeconomic conditions associated with the development of Nguyen Tat Thanh Road in Danang, Vietnam. The road was newly built along the coastal lines of Danang Bay in 2003, linking downtown Danang with the western part of the city. To better understand the relationship between infrastructure and urban change in developing countries, we conducted in-depth interviews of 400 property owners living in one of the following sites: 1) an area directly abutting on the new road, 2) an area abutting on an existing road but is away from the new road, and 3) an area inside an urban block which is disconnected from all types of vehicular roads. The results showed that road development took place along with a sizable number of urban changes over time, including housing types, building densities and uses, income level, commuting distances, and the type of occupation. The changes were more striking in the area abutting the new road where relatively well-off migrants settled down and capitalized on land rents by accommodating a variety of retail uses compared to other areas away from the road. However, the area inside the block also experienced small-scaled, parcel-level adaptive reuse of the built environment by the original residents who maintained the livable environment of the residential neighborhood. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Road infrastructure Migration Tube house Urban development Danang

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The Seventeenth-century Transition of Seoul's Spatial Structure to Functional Pragmatism

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JOURNAL OF ASIAN architecture AND BUILDING ENGINEERING 2015年第2期14卷 419-426页

作者： Kwon, Youngsang Jeon, Bonghee Kim, Saehoon Seoul Natl Univ Urban Design Dept Civil & Environm Engn Integrated Res Inst Construct & Environm Engn Seoul 151742 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Architecture & Architectural Engn Seoul 151742 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Urban Studies & DesignDept Landscape Architectur Seoul 151742 South Korea

This paper explores the functional pragmatism embedded in the transformation of feudal Seoul's urban structure. Using historic maps drawn between 1751 and 1914 and an analytical method of space syntax, the paper documents changes in the distribution of major administrative buildings and streets in Seoul ("Hanseongbu") during the Joseon Dynasty. The results indicate that administrative buildings such as palaces, royal villas, economic authority buildings, and military headquarters were relocated along major commercial corridors such as Jongro and Namdaemunro Boulevard during the period. Based on a geographical information analysis, Jongro showed the highest street integration value over time, followed by the southwestern part of the city, because of the overlap between commercial boulevards and administrative buildings. The results suggest that the principle of urban design in which government districts were separated from commercial areas was incrementally abandoned during the late Joseon Dynasty. This functional merging was encoded into the shaping of contemporary Seoul instead of following the old Chinese regulation of urban-form making.

关键词： urban history Seoul space syntax urban design

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Seasonal changes in vertical canopy structure in a temperate broadleaved forest in Korea

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ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015年第5期30卷 821-831页

作者： Song, Youngkeun Ryu, Youngryel Seoul Natl Univ Brain Korea Plus Team 21 Seoul 151921 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul 151921 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Agr & Forest Meteorol Seoul 151921 South Korea

Field measurements of vertical canopy structure have been challenging for decades and still important for understanding forest ecosystems. We measured the vertical canopy structure and its seasonal changes in a temperate deciduous forest canopy in Gwangneung, Korea. Time-series measurements of leaf area index (LAI) were collected in 2013 from a five story (4-m vertical intervals) tower. We evaluated crown depth and species composition by height from a vegetation survey. The vertical distribution of leaf and woody area density was described from measurements taken during the leaf-on and leaf-off seasons, and averaged 0.18 and 0.04 m(2) m(-3), respectively. Three strata were characterized: (1) the dense upper crowns with large trees (> 16-m) of Quercus serrata, in which 29.3 % of the plant materials were distributed;(2) abundant foliage dominated by Carpinus laxiflora at about 16-m (40.8 %);and (3) a diverse and well-developed understory vegetation at about 4-m (15.5 %), consisting of C. laxiflora, Carnipus cordata, and Styrax japonica communities. Per-layer phenology of each species was successfully illustrated by the drastic increase in LAI during the leaf-out season [days of the year (DOY) 110-140], the full-leaved stage LAI of 3.4 +/- A 0.9 m(2) m(-2) (mean +/- 1 standard deviation), and a decrease during the leaf-fall season (DOY 280-320). The seasonal variation in gap fractions reflected different light conditions varying with canopy height. This type of vertical profile archive is valuable not only for comparing the structure of various forests but also for monitoring changes in this ecosystem in the future.

关键词： Foliage-height profile Gwangneung Leaf area density Leaf area index Phenology

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Urban heat mitigation by roof surface materials during the East Asian summer monsoon

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ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2015年第12期10卷 124012-124012页

作者： Lee, Seungjoon Ryu, Youngryel Jiang, Chongya Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Agr & Forest Meteorol Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Sci Seoul South Korea

Roof surface materials, such as green and white roofs, have attracted attention in their role in urban heat mitigation, and various studies have assessed the cooling performance of roof surface materials during hot and sunny summer seasons. However, summers in the East Asian monsoon climate region are characterized by significant fluctuations in weather events, such as dry periods, heatwaves, and rainy and cloudy days. This study investigated the efficacy of different roof surface materials for heat mitigation, considering the temperatures both at and beneath the surface of the roof covering materials during a summer monsoon in Seoul, Korea. We performed continuous observations of temperature at and beneath the surface of the roof covering materials, and manual observation of albedo and the normalized difference vegetation index for a white roof, two green roofs (grass (Poa pratensis) and sedum (Sedum sarmentosum)), and a reference surface. Overall, the surface temperature of the white roof was significantly lower than that of the grass and sedum roofs (1.1 degrees C and 1.3 degrees C), whereas the temperature beneath the surface of the white roof did not differ significantly from that of the grass and sedum roofs during the summer. The degree of cloudiness significantly modified the surface temperature of the white roof compared with that of the grass and sedum roofs, which depended on plant metabolisms. It was difficult for the grass to maintain its cooling ability without adequate watering management. After considering the cooling performance and maintenance efforts for different environmental conditions, we concluded that white roof performed better in urban heat mitigation than grass and sedum during the East Asian summer monsoon. Our findings will be useful in urban heat mitigation in the region.

关键词： white roof green roof urban heat island grass CAM albedo NDVI

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Interannual variations in methane emission from an irrigated rice paddy caused by rainfalls during the aeration period

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AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT 2016年 223卷 67-75页

作者： Kim, Yeonuk Talucder, Mohammad Samiul Ahsan Kang, Minseok Shim, Kyo-Moon Kang, Namgoo Kim, Joon Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Complex Syst Sci Lab 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea Natl Ctr AgroMeteorol 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Agr & Forest Meteorol 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea Korea Res Inst Stand & Sci Ctr Gas Anal 267 Gajeong Ro Daejeon 34113 South Korea Natl Inst Agr Sci 166 Nongsaengmyeong Ro Wanju Gun 55365 Jeollabuk Do South Korea Sylhet Agr Univ Dept Agroforestry & Environm Sci Sylhet 3100 Bangladesh Univ Sci & Technol Sci Measurement KRISS Campus217 Gajeong Ro Daejeon 34113 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Inst Green Bio Sci & Technol Seoul 151 South Korea

Mid-season drainage (MSD) decreases methane emission from an irrigated rice paddy. For this reason, the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and several methane estimation models consider MSD as a static input factor. However, if rainfall occurs during the MSD period, the reduction effect on methane emission may become small. In this paper, we report the methane emission from an intermittently irrigated rice paddy with MSD for three growing seasons. Methane flux was measured using eddy covariance technique with an open-path methane analyzer. Our objective is to ascertain the seasonal and interannual variations in methane emission caused by rainfalls during the MSD period. The growing season (from June to Oct.) methane emission during the three year study period ranged from 198 to 450 kg CH4 ha(-1), showing significant interannual variability with changes in rainfall during the MSD period. In order to implement the effect of rainfall during the MSD on methane emission (not considered in the IPCC method), we developed a simple method for a scaling factor. The estimated and the observed CH4 emissions agreed within 40%, and additional consideration of soil pH further improved the agreement within 10%. These results suggest that the rainfall effect should be considered when estimating national or global methane emission from irrigated, rice paddies. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Methane Rice paddy Mid-season drainage Eddy covariance IPCC scaling factor Greenhouse Gas Inventory

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New data-driven estimation of terrestrial CO₂ fluxes in Asia using a standardized database of eddy covariance measurements, remote sensing data, and support vector regression

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JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-BIOGEOSCIENCES 2017年第4期122卷 767-795页

作者： Ichii, Kazuhito Ueyama, Masahito Kondo, Masayuki Saigusa, Nobuko Kim, Joon Carmelita Alberto, Ma. Ardoe, Jonas Euskirchen, Eugenie S. Kang, Minseok Hirano, Takashi Joiner, Joanna Kobayashi, Hideki Marchesini, Luca Belelli Merbold, Lutz Miyata, Akira Saitoh, Taku M. Takagi, Kentaro Varlagin, Andrej Bret-Harte, M. Syndonia Kitamura, Kenzo Kosugi, Yoshiko Kotani, Ayumi Kumar, Kireet Li, Sheng-Gong Machimura, Takashi Matsuura, Yojiro Mizoguchi, Yasuko Ohta, Takeshi Mukherjee, Sandipan Yanagi, Yuji Yasuda, Yukio Zhang, Yiping Zhao, Fenghua Japan Agcy Marine Earth Sci & Technol Dept Environm Geochem Cycle Res Yokohama Kanagawa Japan Natl Inst Environm Studies Ctr Global Environm Res Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan Chiba Univ Ctr Environm Remote Sensing Chiba Japan Osaka Prefecture Univ Grad Sch Life & Environm Sci Sakai Osaka Japan Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Agr & Forest Meteorol Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul South Korea Natl Ctr AgroMeteorol Seoul South Korea Int Rice Res Inst Los Banos Philippines Lund Univ Dept Phys Geog & Ecosyst Sci Lund Sweden Univ Alaska Fairbanks Inst Arctic Biol Fairbanks AK USA Hokkaido Univ Res Fac Agr Sapporo Hokkaido Japan NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr Greenbelt MD USA Vrije Univ Amsterdam Dept Earth Sci Earth & Climate Cluster Amsterdam Netherlands Far Eastern Fed Univ Sch Nat Sci Vladivostok Russia Int Livestock Res Inst Mazingira Ctr Nairobi Kenya ETH Inst Agr Sci Grassland Sci Dept Environm Syst Sci Zurich Switzerland NARO Inst Agroenvironm Sci Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan Gifu Univ River Basin Res Ctr Gifu Japan Hokkaido Univ Field Sci Ctr Northern Biosphere Sapporo Hokkaido Japan AN Severtsov Inst Ecol & Evolut RAS Moscow Russia Forestry & Forest Prod Res Inst Kyushu Res Ctr Kumamoto Japan Kyoto Univ Grad Sch Agr Kyoto Japan Nagoya Univ Grad Sch Bioagr Sci Nagoya Aichi Japan GBP Natl Inst Himalayan Environm & Sustainable De Almora India Chinese Acad Sci Key Lab Ecosyst Network Observat & Modeling Inst Geog Sci & Nat Resources Res Beijing Peoples R China Osaka Univ Grad Sch Engn Suita Osaka Japan Forestry & Forest Prod Res Inst Ctr Int Partnerships & Res Climate Change Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan Forestry & Forest Prod Res Inst Hokkaido Res Ctr Sapporo Hokkaido Japan Forestry & Forest Prod Res Inst Dept Meteorol Environm Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan Chinese Acad Sci Key Lab Trop Forest Ecol Xishuangbanna Trop Bot Garden Mengla Peoples R China

The lack of a standardized database of eddy covariance observations has been an obstacle for data-driven estimation of terrestrial CO2 fluxes in Asia. In this study, we developed such a standardized database using 54 sites from various databases by applying consistent postprocessing for data-driven estimation of gross primary productivity (GPP) and net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE). Data-driven estimation was conducted by using a machine learning algorithm: support vector regression (SVR), with remote sensing data for 2000 to 2015 period. Site-level evaluation of the estimated CO2 fluxes shows that although performance varies in different vegetation and climate classifications, GPP and NEE at 8days are reproduced (e.g., r(2)=0.73 and 0.42 for 8day GPP and NEE). Evaluation of spatially estimated GPP with Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment 2 sensor-based Sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence shows that monthly GPP variations at subcontinental scale were reproduced by SVR (r(2)=1.00, 0.94, 0.91, and 0.89 for Siberia, East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia, respectively). Evaluation of spatially estimated NEE with net atmosphere-land CO2 fluxes of Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) Level 4A product shows that monthly variations of these data were consistent in Siberia and East Asia;meanwhile, inconsistency was found in South Asia and Southeast Asia. Furthermore, differences in the land CO2 fluxes from SVR-NEE and GOSAT Level 4A were partially explained by accounting for the differences in the definition of land CO2 fluxes. These data-driven estimates can provide a new opportunity to assess CO2 fluxes in Asia and evaluate and constrain terrestrial ecosystem models.

关键词： terrestrial CO2 flux data-driven model eddy covariance data remote sensing Asia upscaling

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Interannual variability of regional evapotranspiration under precipitation extremes: A case study of the Youngsan River basin in Korea

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JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY 2014年第PartD期519卷 3531-3540页

作者： Song, Youngkeun Ryu, Youngryel Jeon, Soohyun Seoul Natl Univ Brain Korea Plus Team 21 Seoul 151921 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul 151921 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Agr & Forest Meteorol Seoul 151921 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 151921 South Korea

Understanding basin-scale evapotranspiration (ET) is an important issue for the management of regional water resources, especially with the recent trend of intensified precipitation (P). This study assessed the spatial and temporal variations of regional ET in response to P extremes, for various types of land-cover across the Youngsan River basin in Korea. The spatial distribution of monthly P and ET from 2001 to 2009 were estimated using rainfall records from 40 weather stations located across the basin and a satellite-derived, process-based ET model Breathing Earth System Simulator (BESS) (Ryu et al., 2011), respectively. The study periods were focused on the recent years with abnormally large, small and normal P, which were identified from anomalies in the z-sores of long-term (1973-2011) rainfall records. The variation of regional Er was assessed in terms of: (1) the controlling factors, using the statistics of related meteorological and geographical data, (2) a waterenergy balance, using Budyko's framework, and (3) the water balance of four selected watersheds in the region, using the partitioning of annual P into ET and riverflow discharge (Q). The total annual ET of this region decreased in abnorthally large-P year and increased in small-P year, because the ET in July to August (which accounts for more than 36% of annual ET) was limited by the available energy rather than available water due to the summer monsoon. In terms of land cover types, forests showed larger interannual variability in ET than paddy fields or cropland, with the differences in ET between large and small-P years being 108 and 82 mm yr(-1), respectively. The sensitivity of annual ET to P extremes was significantly related to the leaf area index (LAI), rather than soil properties, topography, or specific land-cover type (p < 0.05, generalized linear model). However, the interannual variations of ET were not large (15-18%) compared to those of annual P (51-62%) and Q(108-232%) during 2002-20

关键词： Evapotranspiration Budyko curve Water balance MODIS Climate extremes

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Monitoring multi-layer canopy spring phenology of temperate deciduous and evergreen forests using low-cost spectral sensors

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REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT 2014年 149卷 227-238页

作者： Ryu, Youngryel Lee, Galam Jeon, Soohyun Song, Youngkeun Kimm, Hyungsuk Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul 151921 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Agr & Forest Meteorol Seoul 151921 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 151921 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Sci Seoul 151921 South Korea

Emerging near-surface remote sensing techniques have advanced our ability to monitor forest canopy phenology. Thus far, however, little effort has been made to monitor the phenologies of the various canopies of multilayer forests separately, despite their importance in regulating forest biogeochemical cycles. Here we report phenological changes in multi-layer canopies of deciduous broadleaf and evergreen needleleaf forests in the Republic of Korea during the spring of 2013. We installed light-emitting diode (LED) sensors at four different canopy heights at two sites to measure the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) using red and near-infrared (NIR) spectral reflectance and to estimate leaf area index (LAI) using the blue band gap fraction. LED-sensors identified leaf-out dates of over- and understory canopies at both sites;leaves unfolded 8-11 days earlier in the understory canopy than the overstory canopy. At the deciduous forest site, LED-NDVI failed to capture the leaf-out date in the overstory canopy, because all four LED-sensors started to see green-up from the understory canopy while the overstory canopy was leafless. LED-LAI identified different leaf-out dates for the over- and understory canopy, because the gap fraction was measured explicitly for each canopy layer. In the evergreen forest site, LED-NDVI signals between the top of the tower and beneath the overstory canopy were decoupled because of the dense evergreen overstory canopy. Both LED-NDVI and LED-LAI identified new needle expansion in the overstory canopy and understory canopy development. MODIS NDVI agreed well with LED-NDVI data (R-2 = 0.96, RMSE = 0.04) at the deciduous forest site, and we discovered that understory canopy development determined the onset of greenness based on MODIS NDVI data. LED-LAI data agreed well with independent estimates from the other instruments, indicating that LED-sensors could be used to monitor multi-layer canopy LAI. Continuous, in-situ observation of m

关键词： Leaf area index Spectral reflectance LED NDVI Phenology MODIS Multi-layer canopy

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