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Inclusive conservation and the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework: Tensions and prospects

ONE EARTH 2022年第3期5卷 252-264页

作者： Raymond, Christopher M. Cebrian-Piqueras, Miguel A. Andersson, Erik Andrade, Riley Schnell, Alberto Arroyo Romanelli, Barbara Battioni Filyushkina, Anna Goodson, Devin J. Horcea-Milcu, Andra Johnson, Dana N. Keller, Rose Kuiper, Jan J. Lo, Veronica Lopez-Rodriguez, Maria D. March, Hug Metzger, Marc Oteros-Rozas, Elisa Salcido, Evan Sellberg, My Stewart, William Ruiz-Mallen, Isabel Plieninger, Tobias van Riper, Carena J. Verburg, Peter H. Wiedermann, Magdalena M. Univ Helsinki Helsinki Inst Sustainabil Sci Helsinki Finland Univ Helsinki Fac Biol & Environm Sci Ecosyst & Environm Res Program Helsinki Finland Univ Helsinki Fac Agr & Forestry Dept Econ & Management Helsinki Finland Swedish Univ Agr Sci Dept Landscape Architecture Planning & Management Alnarp Sweden Univ Gottingen Dept Agr Econ & Rural Dev Gottingen Germany Stockholm Univ Stockholm Resilience Ctr Stockholm Sweden North West Univ Unit Environm Sci & Management Potchefstroom South Africa Univ Florida Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat Gainesville FL USA Univ Illinois Dept Recreat Sport & Tourism Champaign IL USA IUCN European Reg Off Brussels Belgium Vrije Univ Amsterdam Inst Environm Studies IVM Amsterdam Netherlands Babes Bolyai Univ Hungarian Dept Biol & Ecol Cluj Napoca Romania Univ British Columbia Inst Resources Environm & Sustainabil Vancouver BC Canada Norwegian Inst Nat Res Lillehammer Norway Univ Oberta Catalunya UOC Internet Interdisciplinary Inst IN3 Barcelona Spain Univ Oberta Catalunya UOC Estudis Econ & Empresa Barcelona Spain Univ Edinburgh Sch Geosci Edinburgh Midlothian Scotland FRACTAL Collect Madrid Spain Univ Kassel Fac Organ Agr Sci Kassel Germany Lund Univ Dept Geol Lund Sweden

The draft Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework commits to achievement of equity and justice outcomes and represents a "relational turn" in how we understand inclusive conservation. Although "inclusivity" is drawn on as a means to engage diverse stakeholders, widening the framing of inclusivity can create new tensions with regard to how to manage protected areas. We first offer a set of tensions that emerge in the light of the relational turn in biodiversity conservation. Drawing on global case examples applying multiple methods of inclusive conservation, we then demonstrate that, by actively engaging in the interdependent phases of recognizing hybridity, enabling conditions for reflexivity and partnership building, tensions can not only be acknowledged but softened and, in some cases, reframed when managing for biodiversity, equity, and justice goals. The results can improve stakeholder engagement in protected area management, ultimately supporting better implementation of global biodiversity targets.

关键词： inclusive conservation biodiversity conservation equity plural valuation values ecosystem services protected area management

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How has COVID-19 impacted the economic resilience of retail clusters?: Examining the difference between neighborhood-level and district-level retail clusters

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CITIES 2023年 140卷 104457页

作者： Che, Jihyun Lee, Jae Seung Kim, Saehoon Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Dept Environm Design Urban Design Concentrat 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Environm Planning Inst 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Integrated Major Smart City Global Convergence 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea

The spread of COVID-19 greatly restricted physical and economic activities in global cities due to growing fears of infection and lockdown policies. Accordingly, the transfer of shopping activities from traditional markets to e-commerce has accelerated. Urban retail has substantially declined by competing with these disrupting factors, but resilience capabilities are known to vary by scale and regional characteristics. This study identifies which types of retail clusters were more resilient to the economic shock caused by the pandemic. This research focuses on the changes in online and in-store sales and how retailers recovered differently at the neighborhood and district levels in 2019 and 2020. This research compares the resilience of two types of retail clusters by calcu-lating the loss of resilience and online adaptivity. The findings suggest that neighborhood-level retail areas were more resilient and bounced back in sales at a faster rate than district-level retail areas during the pandemic. These findings suggest that retail clusters are more resilient if they have steady populations and low-rent loads and can accommodate online shopping. The study contributes theoretical insights into how sales have changed and how e-commerce has increased the resilience of retail clusters throughout the pandemic by examining in -store and online sales.

关键词： COVID-19 Retail clusters Retail resilience Credit card sales data In-store and online sales

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Persistent global greening over the last four decades using novel long-term vegetation index data with enhanced temporal consistency

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REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT 2024年 311卷

作者： Jeong, Sungchan Ryu, Youngryel Gentine, Pierre Lian, Xu Fang, Jianing Li, Xing Dechant, Benjamin Kong, Juwon Choi, Wonseok Jiang, Chongya Keenan, Trevor F. Harrison, Sandy P. Prentice, Iain Colin Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Integrated Major Smart City Global Convergence Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul South Korea Columbia Univ Dept Earth & Environm Engn New York NY USA Columbia Univ Ctr Learning Earth Artificial intelligence & Phys New York NY USA Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Sci Seoul South Korea German Ctr Integrat Biodivers Res iDiv Leipzig Germany Univ Leipzig Leipzig Germany Yale Univ Yale Sch Environm New Haven CT 06511 USA Univ Illinois Inst Sustainabil Energy & Environm Agroecosyst Sustainabil Ctr Urbana IL USA Univ Illinois Coll Agr Consumer & Environm Sci Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci Urbana IL USA Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab Climate & Ecosyst Sci Div Berkeley CA USA Univ Calif Berkeley Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management Berkeley CA USA Univ Reading Geog & Environm Sci Reading RG6 6AH England Imperial Coll London Georgina Mace Ctr Living Planet Dept Life Sci Silwood Pk CampusBuckhurst Rd Ascot SL5 7PY England Tsinghua Univ Minist Educ Key Lab Earth Syst Modelling Dept Earth Syst Sci Beijing 100084 Peoples R China

Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite observations have provided the longest global daily records from 1980s, but the remaining temporal inconsistency in vegetation index datasets has hindered reliable assessment of vegetation greenness trends. To tackle this, we generated novel global long-term Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Near-Infrared Reflectance of vegetation (NIRv) datasets derived from AVHRR and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). We addressed residual temporal inconsistency through three-step post processing including cross-sensor calibration among AVHRR sensors, orbital drifting correction for AVHRR sensors, and machine learning-based harmonization between AVHRR and MODIS. After applying each processing step, we confirmed the enhanced temporal consistency in terms of detrended anomaly, trend and interannual variability of NDVI and NIRv at calibration sites. Our refined NDVI and NIRv datasets showed a persistent global greening trend over the last four decades (NDVI: 0.0008 yr(-1);NIRv: 0.0003 yr(-1)), contrasting with those without the three processing steps that showed rapid greening trends before 2000 (NDVI: 0.0017 yr(-1);NIRv: 0.0008 yr(-1)) and weakened greening trends after 2000 (NDVI: 0.0004 yr(-1);NIRv: 0.0001 yr(-1)). These findings highlight the importance of minimizing temporal inconsistency in long-term vegetation index datasets, which can support more reliable trend analysis in global vegetation response to climate changes.

关键词： AVHRR MODIS NDVI NIRv Greening trend Orbital drift

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Evaluation of forest carbon uptake in South Korea using the national flux tower network, remote sensing, and data-driven technology

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AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY 2021年 311卷 108653-108653页

作者： Cho, Sungsik Kang, Minseok Ichii, Kazuhito Kim, Joon Lim, Jong-Hwan Chun, Jung-Hwa Park, Chan-Woo Kim, Hyun Seok Choi, Sung-Won Lee, Seung-Hoon Indrawati, Yohana Maria Kim, Jongho Natl Ctr Agro Meteorol Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Agr & Forest Meteorol Seoul 08826 South Korea Chiba Univ Ctr Environm Remote Sensing Chiba 2638522 Japan Natl Inst Environm Studies Ctr Global Environm Res 16-2 Onogawa Tsukuba Ibaraki 3058506 Japan Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Inst Green Bio Sci & Technol Pyeonchang Campus Pyeongchang 25354 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Sci Seoul 08826 South Korea Natl Inst Forest Sci Forest Ecol Div Seoul South Korea Natl Inst Forest Sci Forest ICT Res Ctr Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Coll Agr & Life Sci Dept Agr Forestry & Bioresources Seoul 08826 South Korea

Forests provide most of the carbon sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2);however, accurately quantifying the uptake amount over a region remains challenging. For reginal or national estimates, the forest productivity model and forest inventories are used which provide information for national greenhouse gas inventories. However, it has some limitations, such as not considering below-ground biomass, its lack of species-specific allometric models, the restrictions it places during fieldwork, and the long period it takes to complete the survey. In contrast to inventory-based biomass estimates, the eddy covariance (EC) method can assess net CO2 exchange of a whole ecosystem continuously and automatically with a high temporal resolution. Since, these measurements only represent a site-level observation scale (similar to 1 km(2)), upscaling via linkages with observation data, remote sensing, and modeling methods has been used to estimate regional or national land-atmosphere carbon fluxes. In this study, we employ a data-driven method to estimate the national-scale gross primary production (GPP) and net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) by combining EC flux data from 10 sites in South Korea with remote sensing data through a machine learning algorithm based on support vector regression (SVR) for the period 2000-2018. Site-level evaluation of estimated GPP and NEE from the SVR-based model shows equivalent performance compared to other continental and global upscaled models. The mean estimated annual GPP and NEE of the South Korea forests region over the period 2000-2018 were 1465 +/- 37 and -243 +/- 32 g C m(2) year(-1) respectively. The SVR-based net primary production (NPP) was consistent with the biometric-based NPP = 0.46, p < 0.05). This study shows that combining data from a national flux network and remote sensing using a data-driven approach can be used to estimate forest CO2 fluxes on a national scale.

关键词： Carbon flux Eddy covariance KoFlux Data-driven approach Support vector regression Remote sensing

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Values shift in response to social learning through deliberation about protected areas

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GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS 2023年 78卷

作者： Andrade, Riley Riper, Carena J. van Goodson, Devin J. Johnson, Dana N. Stewart, William Lopez-Rodriguez, Maria D. Cebrian-Piqueras, Miguel A. Horcea-Milcu, Andra Ioana Lo, Veronica Raymond, Christopher M. Univ Illinois Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci 1102 S Goodwin Ave Urbana IL 61801 USA Univ Florida Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall Gainesville FL 32611 USA Univ British Columbia Inst Resources Environm & Sustainabil 2202 Main Mall Vancouver BC 614 Canada Univ Illinois Dept Recreat Sport & Tourism 104 George Huff Hall 1206 S 4th St Champaign IL 61820 USA Univ Oberta Catalunya UOC Internet Interdisciplinary Inst IN3 Barcelona Spain Univ Gottingen Dept Agr Econ & Rural Dev Pl Gottinger Sieben 5 D-37073 Gottingen Germany Inst Adv Sustainabil Studies IASS Berliner Str 130 D-14467 Potsdam Germany Univ British Columbia Fac Forestry Dept Forest & Conservat Sci Vancouver BC Canada Univ Helsinki Helsinki Inst Sustainabil Sci Helsinki Finland Univ Helsinki Fac Biol & Environm Sci Ecosyst & Environm Res Program Helsinki Finland Univ Helsinki Fac Agr & Forestry Dept Econ & Management Helsinki Finland Swedish Univ Agr Sci Dept Landscape Architecture Planning & Management Uppsala Sweden

Salient, long-term solutions to address global environmental change hinge on management strategies that are inclusive of local voices and that recognize the array of values held by surrounding communities. Group-based participatory processes that involve deliberation of multiple stakeholders with varying perspectives-particu-larly social learning-hold promise to advance inclusive conservation by identifying and creating a shared un-derstanding of the landscape. However, few studies have empirically investigated how the value basis of stakeholder deliberation changes over time in relation to social learning. This study provided a novel platform for local stakeholders from Interior Alaska to deliberate on landscape change and associated management practices in ways that shifted their value orientations. In particular, we used a pre-test, post-test experimental design involving mixed methods to measure how different types of values changed as a result of social learning through an online discussion forum. We found evidence that social learning: 1) activated shared values that were pre-viously hidden through building a relational understanding of others, and 2) shifted values that spanned three levels of psychological stability. As hypothesized, social values that represented expressed preferences for landscape change were most likely to shift in association with social learning. Conversely, shifts in individual values towards self-transcendence required learning to go beyond the discussion forum and be situated within the participants' broader communities of practice. Overall, this longitudinal study highlights how social learning facilitated through deliberation presents opportunities to identify shared values and spark value shifts across stakeholder groups, thus incorporating diverse viewpoints into decision-making about global environmental change.

关键词： Social learning Values Deliberation Inclusive conservation

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New data-driven estimation of terrestrial CO₂ fluxes in Asia using a standardized database of eddy covariance measurements, remote sensing data, and support vector regression

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JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-BIOGEOSCIENCES 2017年第4期122卷 767-795页

作者： Ichii, Kazuhito Ueyama, Masahito Kondo, Masayuki Saigusa, Nobuko Kim, Joon Carmelita Alberto, Ma. Ardoe, Jonas Euskirchen, Eugenie S. Kang, Minseok Hirano, Takashi Joiner, Joanna Kobayashi, Hideki Marchesini, Luca Belelli Merbold, Lutz Miyata, Akira Saitoh, Taku M. Takagi, Kentaro Varlagin, Andrej Bret-Harte, M. Syndonia Kitamura, Kenzo Kosugi, Yoshiko Kotani, Ayumi Kumar, Kireet Li, Sheng-Gong Machimura, Takashi Matsuura, Yojiro Mizoguchi, Yasuko Ohta, Takeshi Mukherjee, Sandipan Yanagi, Yuji Yasuda, Yukio Zhang, Yiping Zhao, Fenghua Japan Agcy Marine Earth Sci & Technol Dept Environm Geochem Cycle Res Yokohama Kanagawa Japan Natl Inst Environm Studies Ctr Global Environm Res Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan Chiba Univ Ctr Environm Remote Sensing Chiba Japan Osaka Prefecture Univ Grad Sch Life & Environm Sci Sakai Osaka Japan Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Agr & Forest Meteorol Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul South Korea Natl Ctr AgroMeteorol Seoul South Korea Int Rice Res Inst Los Banos Philippines Lund Univ Dept Phys Geog & Ecosyst Sci Lund Sweden Univ Alaska Fairbanks Inst Arctic Biol Fairbanks AK USA Hokkaido Univ Res Fac Agr Sapporo Hokkaido Japan NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr Greenbelt MD USA Vrije Univ Amsterdam Dept Earth Sci Earth & Climate Cluster Amsterdam Netherlands Far Eastern Fed Univ Sch Nat Sci Vladivostok Russia Int Livestock Res Inst Mazingira Ctr Nairobi Kenya ETH Inst Agr Sci Grassland Sci Dept Environm Syst Sci Zurich Switzerland NARO Inst Agroenvironm Sci Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan Gifu Univ River Basin Res Ctr Gifu Japan Hokkaido Univ Field Sci Ctr Northern Biosphere Sapporo Hokkaido Japan AN Severtsov Inst Ecol & Evolut RAS Moscow Russia Forestry & Forest Prod Res Inst Kyushu Res Ctr Kumamoto Japan Kyoto Univ Grad Sch Agr Kyoto Japan Nagoya Univ Grad Sch Bioagr Sci Nagoya Aichi Japan GBP Natl Inst Himalayan Environm & Sustainable De Almora India Chinese Acad Sci Key Lab Ecosyst Network Observat & Modeling Inst Geog Sci & Nat Resources Res Beijing Peoples R China Osaka Univ Grad Sch Engn Suita Osaka Japan Forestry & Forest Prod Res Inst Ctr Int Partnerships & Res Climate Change Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan Forestry & Forest Prod Res Inst Hokkaido Res Ctr Sapporo Hokkaido Japan Forestry & Forest Prod Res Inst Dept Meteorol Environm Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan Chinese Acad Sci Key Lab Trop Forest Ecol Xishuangbanna Trop Bot Garden Mengla Peoples R China

The lack of a standardized database of eddy covariance observations has been an obstacle for data-driven estimation of terrestrial CO2 fluxes in Asia. In this study, we developed such a standardized database using 54 sites from various databases by applying consistent postprocessing for data-driven estimation of gross primary productivity (GPP) and net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE). Data-driven estimation was conducted by using a machine learning algorithm: support vector regression (SVR), with remote sensing data for 2000 to 2015 period. Site-level evaluation of the estimated CO2 fluxes shows that although performance varies in different vegetation and climate classifications, GPP and NEE at 8days are reproduced (e.g., r(2)=0.73 and 0.42 for 8day GPP and NEE). Evaluation of spatially estimated GPP with Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment 2 sensor-based Sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence shows that monthly GPP variations at subcontinental scale were reproduced by SVR (r(2)=1.00, 0.94, 0.91, and 0.89 for Siberia, East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia, respectively). Evaluation of spatially estimated NEE with net atmosphere-land CO2 fluxes of Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) Level 4A product shows that monthly variations of these data were consistent in Siberia and East Asia;meanwhile, inconsistency was found in South Asia and Southeast Asia. Furthermore, differences in the land CO2 fluxes from SVR-NEE and GOSAT Level 4A were partially explained by accounting for the differences in the definition of land CO2 fluxes. These data-driven estimates can provide a new opportunity to assess CO2 fluxes in Asia and evaluate and constrain terrestrial ecosystem models.

关键词： terrestrial CO2 flux data-driven model eddy covariance data remote sensing Asia upscaling

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Temperature response of soil respiration largely unaltered with experimental warming

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2016年第48期113卷 13797-13802页

作者： Carey, Joanna C. Tang, Jianwu Templer, Pamela H. Kroeger, Kevin D. Crowther, Thomas W. Burton, Andrew J. Dukes, Jeffrey S. Emmett, Bridget Frey, Serita D. Heskel, Mary A. Jiang, Lifen Machmuller, Megan B. Mohan, Jacqueline Panetta, Anne Marie Reich, Peter B. Reinsch, Sabine Wang, Xin Allison, Steven D. Bamminger, Chris Bridgham, Scott Collins, Scott L. de Dato, Giovanbattista Eddy, William C. Enquist, Brian J. Estiarte, Marc Harte, John Henderson, Amanda Johnson, Bart R. Larsen, Klaus Steenberg Luo, Yiqi Marhan, Sven Melillo, Jerry M. Peuelas, Josep Pfeifer-Meister, Laurel Poll, Christian Rastetter, Edward Reinmann, Andrew B. Reynolds, Lorien L. Schmidt, Inger K. Shaver, Gaius R. Strong, Aaron L. Suseela, Vidya Tietema, Albert Marine Biol Lab Ecosyst Ctr Woods Hole MA 02543 USA Boston Univ Dept Biol Boston MA 02215 USA US Geol Survey Woods Hole Coastal & Marine Sci Ctr Woods Hole MA 02543 USA Netherlands Inst Ecol Dept Terr Ecol NL-6708 PB Wageningen Netherlands Yale Univ Sch Forestry & Environm Studies New Haven CT 06511 USA Michigan Technol Univ Sch Forest Resources & Environm Sci Houghton MI 49931 USA Purdue Univ Dept Forestry & Nat Resources W Lafayette IN 47907 USA Purdue Univ Dept Biol Sci W Lafayette IN 47907 USA Purdue Univ Purdue Climate Change Res Ctr W Lafayette IN 47907 USA Environm Ctr Wales Ctr Ecol & Hydrol Bangor LL57 2UW Gwynedd Wales Univ New Hampshire Dept Nat Resources & Environm Durham NH 03824 USA Univ Oklahoma Dept Microbiol & Plant Biol Norman OK 73019 USA Colorado State Univ Nat Resource Ecol Lab Ft Collins CO 80523 USA Univ Georgia Odum Sch Ecol Athens GA 30601 USA Univ Calif Davis Nat Resource Ecol Lab Davis CA 95616 USA Univ Minnesota Dept Forest Resources St Paul MN 55108 USA Univ Western Sydney Hawkesbury Inst Environm Penrith NSW 2751 Australia Chinese Acad Sci Inst Bot State Key Lab Vegetat & Environm Change Beijing 100093 Peoples R China Univ Calif Irvine Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol Irvine CA 92697 USA Univ Calif Irvine Dept Earth Syst Sci Irvine CA 92697 USA Univ Hohenheim Inst Soil Sci & Land Evaluat D-70593 Stuttgart Germany Univ Oregon Inst Ecol & Evolut Eugene OR 97403 USA Univ New Mexico Dept Biol Albuquerque NM 87131 USA Council Agr Res & Econ Forestry Res Ctr I-52100 Arezzo Italy Univ Minnesota Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav St Paul MN 55108 USA Univ Arizona Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol Tucson AZ 85721 USA CSIC Global Ecol Unit CREAF Cerdanyola Del Valles 08193 Spain CREAF Cerdanyola Del Valles 08193 Spain Univ Calif Berkeley Energy & Resources Grp Berkeley CA 94720 USA Univ Calif Berkeley Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management Berkeley CA 94720 USA Univ Oregon Dept Landscape Architecture Eugene OR 97403

The respiratory release of carbon dioxide (CO2) from soil is a major yet poorly understood flux in the global carbon cycle. Climatic warming is hypothesized to increase rates of soil respiration, potentially fueling further increases in global temperatures. However, despite considerable scientific attention in recent decades, the overall response of soil respiration to anticipated climatic warming remains unclear. We synthesize the largest global dataset to date of soil respiration, moisture, and temperature measurements, totaling > 3,800 observations representing 27 temperature manipulation studies, spanning nine biomes and over 2 decades of warming. Our analysis reveals no significant differences in the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration between control and warmed plots in all biomes, with the exception of deserts and boreal forests. Thus, our data provide limited evidence of acclimation of soil respiration to experimental warming in several major biome types, contrary to the results from multiple single-site studies. Moreover, across all nondesert biomes, respiration rates with and without experimental warming follow a Gaussian response, increasing with soil temperature up to a threshold of similar to 25 degrees C, above which respiration rates decrease with further increases in temperature. This consistent decrease in temperature sensitivity at higher temperatures demonstrates that rising global temperatures may result in regionally variable responses in soil respiration, with colder climates being considerably more responsive to increased ambient temperatures compared with warmer regions. Our analysis adds a unique cross-biome perspective on the temperature response of soil respiration, information critical to improving our mechanistic understanding of how soil carbon dynamics change with climatic warming.

关键词： soil respiration climate change experimental warming temperature sensitivity biome

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Inferring CO2fertilization effect based on global monitoring land-atmosphere exchange with a theoretical model

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ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2020年第8期15卷

作者： Ueyama, Masahito Ichii, Kazuhito Kobayashi, Hideki Kumagai, Tomo'omi Beringer, Jason Merbold, Lutz Euskirchen, Eugenie S. Hirano, Takashi Marchesini, Luca Belelli Baldocchi, Dennis Saitoh, Taku M. Mizoguchi, Yasuko Ono, Keisuke Kim, Joon Varlagin, Andrej Kang, Minseok Shimizu, Takanori Kosugi, Yoshiko Bret-Harte, M. Syndonia Machimura, Takashi Matsuura, Yojiro Ohta, Takeshi Takagi, Kentaro Takanashi, Satoru Yasuda, Yukio Osaka Prefecture Univ Grad Sch Life & Environm Sci Naka Ku 1-1 Gakuen Cho Sakai Osaka 5998531 Japan Chiba Univ Ctr Environm Remote Sensing Inage Ku 1-33 Yayoi Cho Chiba 2638522 Japan Natl Inst Environm Studies Ctr Global Environm Change 16-2 Onokawa Tsukuba Ibaraki 3058506 Japan Japan Agcy Marine Earth Sci & Technol Inst Arctic Climate & Environm Change Res Kanazawa Ku 3173-25 Showa Machi Yokohama Kanagawa 2360001 Japan Univ Tokyo Grad Sch Agr & Life Sci Bunkyo Ku 1-1-1 Yayoi Tokyo 1138657 Japan Nagoya Univ Inst Space Earth Environm Res Chikusa Ku Furo Cho Nagoya Aichi 4648601 Japan Univ Western Australia Sch Agr & Environm 35 Stirling Hwy Perth WA 6009 Australia Int Livestock Res Inst ILRI Mazingira Ctr POB 3070900100 Nairobi 30709 Kenya Univ Alaska Fairbanks Inst Arctic Biol 311 Irving 1 Bldg Fairbanks AK USA Hokkaido Univ Res Fac Agr Kita Ku Kita 9Nishi 9 Sapporo Hokkaido 0608589 Japan Fdn Edmund Mach Res & Innovat Ctr Dept Sustainable Agroecosyst & Bioresources San Michele All Adige Italy RUDN Univ Agr Technol Inst Dept Landscape Design & Sustainable Ecosyst Miklukho Maklaya Str 8-2 Moscow 117198 Russia Univ Calif Berkeley Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management 345 Hilgard Hall Berkeley CA 94720 USA Gifu Univ River Basin Res Ctr 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 5011193 Japan Forestry & Forest Prod Res Inst Hokkaido Res Ctr Toyohira Ku 7 Hitsujigaoka Sapporo Hokkaido 0628516 Japan Natl Agr & Food Res Org Inst Agroenvironm Sci 3-1-3 Kannondai Tsukuba Ibaraki 3058604 Japan Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Interdisciplinary Program Agr & Forest Meteorol 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea AN Severtsov Inst Ecol & Evolut RAS Leninsky Pr 33 Moscow 119071 Russia Natl Ctr AgroMeteorol 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea Forestry & Forest Prod Res Inst 1 Matsunosato Tsukuba Ibaraki 3058687 Japan Kyoto Univ Grad Sch Agr Sakyo Ku YoshidahonmachiKitasyirakawa Oiwake Cho Kyoto 6068502 Japan Osaka Univ Grad

Rising atmospheric CO(2)concentration ([CO2]) enhances photosynthesis and reduces transpiration at the leaf, ecosystem, and global scale via the CO(2)fertilization effect. The CO(2)fertilization effect is among the most important processes for predicting the terrestrial carbon budget and future climate, yet it has been elusive to quantify. For evaluating the CO(2)fertilization effect on land photosynthesis and transpiration, we developed a technique that isolated this effect from other confounding effects, such as changes in climate, using a noisy time series of observed land-atmosphere CO(2)and water vapor exchange. Here, we evaluate the magnitude of this effect from 2000 to 2014 globally based on constraint optimization of gross primary productivity (GPP) and evapotranspiration in a canopy photosynthesis model over 104 global eddy-covariance stations. We found a consistent increase of GPP (0.138 0.007% ppm(-1);percentile per rising ppm of [CO2]) and a concomitant decrease in transpiration (-0.073% 0.006% ppm(-1)) due to rising [CO2]. Enhanced GPP from CO(2)fertilization after the baseline year 2000 is, on average, 1.2% of global GPP, 12.4 g C m(-2)yr(-1)or 1.8 Pg C yr(-1)at the years from 2001 to 2014. Our result demonstrates that the current increase in [CO2] could potentially explain the recent land CO(2)sink at the global scale.

关键词： CO(2)fertilization effect photosynthesis evapotranspiration eddy covariance sun shade model

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Twenty-three unsolved problems in hydrology (UPH) - a community perspective

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HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES JOURNAL 2019年第10期64卷 1141-1158页

作者： Bloeschl, Gunter Bierkens, Marc F. P. Chambel, Antonio Cudennec, Christophe Destouni, Georgia Fiori, Aldo Kirchner, James W. McDonnell, Jeffrey J. Savenije, Hubert H. G. Sivapalan, Murugesu Stumpp, Christine Toth, Elena Volpi, Elena Carr, Gemma Lupton, Claire Salinas, Jose Szeles, Borbala Viglione, Alberto Aksoy, Hafzullah Allen, Scott T. Amin, Anam Andreassian, Vazken Arheimer, Berit Aryal, Santosh K. Baker, Victor Bardsley, Earl Barendrecht, Marlies H. Bartosova, Alena Batelaan, Okke Berghuijs, Wouter R. Beven, Keith Blume, Theresa Bogaard, Thom de Amorim, Pablo Borges Boettcher, Michael E. Boulet, Gilles Breinl, Korbinian Brilly, Mitja Brocca, Luca Buytaert, Wouter Castellarin, Attilio Castelletti, Andrea Chen, Xiaohong Chen, Yangbo Chen, Yuanfang Chifflard, Peter Claps, Pierluigi Clark, Martyn P. Collins, Adrian L. Croke, Barry Dathe, Annette David, Paula C. de Barros, Felipe P. J. de Rooij, Gerrit Di Baldassarre, Giuliano Driscoll, Jessica M. Duethmann, Doris Dwivedi, Ravindra Eris, Ebru Farmer, William H. Feiccabrino, James Ferguson, Grant Ferrari, Ennio Ferraris, Stefano Fersch, Benjamin Finger, David Foglia, Laura Fowler, Keirnan Gartsman, Boris Gascoin, Simon Gaume, Eric Gelfan, Alexander Geris, Josie Gharari, Shervan Gleeson, Tom Glendell, Miriam Bevacqua, Alena Gonzalez Gonzalez-Dugo, Maria P. Grimaldi, Salvatore Gupta, A. B. Guse, Bjoern Han, Dawei Hannah, David Harpold, Adrian Haun, Stefan Heal, Kate Helfricht, Kay Herrnegger, Mathew Hipsey, Matthew Hlavacikova, Hana Hohmann, Clara Holko, Ladislav Hopkinson, Christopher Hrachowitz, Markus Illangasekare, Tissa H. Inam, Azhar Innocente, Camyla Istanbulluoglu, Erkan Jarihani, Ben Kalantari, Zahra Kalvans, Andis Khanal, Sonu Khatami, Sina Kiesel, Jens Kirkby, Mike Knoben, Wouter Kochanek, Krzysztof Kohnova, Silvia Kolechkina, Alla Krause, Stefan Kreamer, David Kreibich, Heidi Kunstmann, Harald Lange, Holger Liberato, Margarida L. R. Lindquist, Eric Link, Timothy Liu, Junguo Loucks, Daniel Peter Luce, Charles Mahe, Gil Makarieva, Olga Malard, Julien Masht Vienna Univ Technol Inst Hydraul Engn & Water Resources Management Vienna Austria Univ Utrecht Fac Geosci Dept Phys Geog Utrecht Netherlands Univ Evora Inst Earth Sci Dept Geosci Evora Portugal INRA UMR SAS 1069 Agrocampus Ouest Rennes France Stockholm Univ Dept Phys Geog Stockholm Sweden Roma Tre Univ Dept Engn Rome Italy Swiss Fed Inst Technol Dept Environm Syst Sci Zurich Switzerland Swiss Fed Inst Forest Snow & Landscape Res WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland Univ Saskatchewan Global Inst Water Secur Saskatoon SK Canada Delft Univ Technol Dept Water Management Delft Netherlands Univ Illinois Dept Civil & Environm Engn Urbana IL USA Univ Illinois Dept Geog & Geog Informat Sci Urbana IL USA Univ Nat Resources & Life Sci Inst Soil Phys & Rural Water Management Vienna Austria Univ Bologna Dept Civil Chem Environm & Mat Engn DICAM Bologna Italy IAHS Ltd CEH Wallingford Wallingford Oxon England Politecn Torino Dept Environm Land & Infrastruct Engn DIATI Turin Italy Istanbul Tech Univ Dept Civil Engn Istanbul Turkey Univ Padua Dept Land Environm Agr & Forestry TESAF Padua Italy Irstea HYCAR Res Unit Antony France SMHI Norrkoping Sweden CSIRO Land & Water Canberra ACT Australia Univ Arizona Dept Hydrol & Atmospher Sci Tucson AZ USA Univ Waikato Fac Sci & Engn Hamilton New Zealand Flinders Univ S Australia Coll Sci & Engn NCGRT Adelaide SA Australia Univ Lancaster Lancaster Environm Ctr Lancaster England GFZ German Res Ctr Geosci Hydrol Sect Potsdam Germany Fed Univ Santa Catarina UFSC Grad Program Environm Engn PPGEA Florianopolis SC Brazil Leibniz Inst Baltic Sea Res IOW Geochem & Isotope Biogeochem Grp Warnemunde Germany Univ Toulouse CNES CNRS IRD INRA UPS CESBIO Toulouse France Univ Ljubljana Fac Civil Engn & Geodesy Dept Environm Engn Ljubljana Slovenia CNR Res Inst Geohydrol Protect Perugia Italy Imperial Coll London Dept Civil & Environm Engn London England Politecn Milan Dept Elect Informat & Bioengn Milan Ital

This paper is the outcome of a community initiative to identify major unsolved scientific problems in hydrology motivated by a need for stronger harmonisation of research efforts. The procedure involved a public consultation through online media, followed by two workshops through which a large number of potential science questions were collated, prioritised, and synthesised. In spite of the diversity of the participants (230 scientists in total), the process revealed much about community priorities and the state of our science: a preference for continuity in research questions rather than radical departures or redirections from past and current work. Questions remain focused on the process-based understanding of hydrological variability and causality at all space and time scales. Increased attention to environmental change drives a new emphasis on understanding how change propagates across interfaces within the hydrological system and across disciplinary boundaries. In particular, the expansion of the human footprint raises a new set of questions related to human interactions with nature and water cycle feedbacks in the context of complex water management problems. We hope that this reflection and synthesis of the 23 unsolved problems in hydrology will help guide research efforts for some years to come.

关键词： hydrology science questions research agenda interdisciplinary knowledge gaps

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Positive biodiversity-productivity relationship predominant in global forests

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SCIENCE 2016年第6309期354卷 aaf8957页

作者： Liang, Jingjing Crowther, Thomas W. Picard, Nicolas Wiser, Susan Zhou, Mo Alberti, Giorgio Schulze, Ernst-Detlef McGuire, A. David Bozzato, Fabio Pretzsch, Hans de-Miguel, Sergio Paquette, Alain Herault, Bruno Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael Barrett, Christopher B. Glick, Henry B. Hengeveld, Geerten M. Nabuurs, Gert-Jan Pfautsch, Sebastian Viana, Helder Vibrans, Alexander C. Ammer, Christian Schall, Peter Verbyla, David Tchebakova, Nadja Fischer, Markus Watson, James V. Chen, Han Y. H. Lei, Xiangdong Schelhaas, Mart-Jan Lu, Huicui Gianelle, Damiano Parfenova, Elena I. Salas, Christian Lee, Eungul Lee, Boknam Kim, Hyun Seok Bruelheide, Helge Coomes, David A. Piotto, Daniel Sunderland, Terry Schmid, Bernhard Gourlet-Fleury, Sylvie Sonke, Bonaventure Tavani, Rebecca Zhu, Jun Brandl, Susanne Vayreda, Jordi Kitahara, Fumiaki Searle, Eric B. Neldner, Victor J. Ngugi, Michael R. Baraloto, Christopher Frizzera, Lorenzo Balazy, Radomir Oleksyn, Jacek Zawila-Niedzwiecki, Tomasz Bouriaud, Olivier Bussotti, Filippo Finer, Leena Jaroszewicz, Bogdan Jucker, Tommaso Valladares, Fernando Jagodzinski, Andrzej M. Peri, Pablo L. Gonmadje, Christelle Marthy, William O'Brien, Timothy Martin, Emanuel H. Marshall, Andrew R. Rovero, Francesco Bitariho, Robert Niklaus, Pascal A. Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia Chamuya, Nurdin Valencia, Renato Mortier, Frederic Wortel, Verginia Engone-Obiang, Nestor L. Ferreira, Leandro V. Odeke, David E. Vasquez, Rodolfo M. Lewis, Simon L. Reich, Peter B. West Virginia Univ Sch Nat Resources Morgantown WV 26505 USA Netherlands Inst Ecol Droevendaalsesteeg 10 NL-6708 PB Wageningen Netherlands Yale Univ Yale Sch Forestry & Environm Studies 195 Prospect St New Haven CT 06511 USA Food & Agr Org United Nations Forestry Dept Rome Italy Landcare Res Lincoln 7640 New Zealand Univ Udine Dept Agri Food Anim & Environm Sci Via Sci 206 I-33100 Udine Italy Max Planck Inst Biogeochem Hans Knoell Str 10 D-07745 Jena Germany Univ Alaska Fairbanks US Geol Survey Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit Fairbanks AK 99775 USA Italcementi Grp Architecture & Environm Dept I-24100 Bergamo Italy TUM Sch Life Sci Weihenstephan Inst Forest Growth & Yield Sci Hans Carl von Carlowitz Pl 2 D-85354 Freising Weihenstephan Germany Univ Lleida Dept Prod Vegetal & Ciencia Forestal UdL Agrotecnio Agrotecnio Ctr Avinguda Rovira Roure 191 E-25198 Lleida Spain CTFC Carretera De St Llorenc MorunysKm 2 E-25280 Solsona Spain Univ Quebec CEF Montreal PQ H3C 3P8 Canada Univ Guyane Univ AntillesAgroParisTech UMR Joint Res Unit Ecol Guianan Forests EcoFoG Ctr Cooperat Int Rech Agron Dev CIRADINRACNRS Kourou French Guiana Univ Freiburg Fac Biol Geobot D-79104 Freiburg Germany Cornell Univ Charles H Dyson Sch Appl Econ & Management Ithaca NY 14853 USA Wageningen Univ & Res Alterra Team Vegetat Forest & Landscape Ecol NL-6700 AA Wageningen Netherlands Wageningen Univ & Res Forest & Nat Conservat Policy Grp NL-6700 AA Wageningen Netherlands Wageningen Univ Forest Ecol & Forest Management Grp NL-6700 AA Wageningen Ur Netherlands Univ Western Sydney Hawkesbury Inst Environm Richmond NSW 2753 Australia Polytech Inst Viseu ESAV DEAS Ctr Studies Educ Technol & Hlth CI&DETS Res Ctr Viseu Portugal Univ Tras Os Montes & Alto Douro UTAD Ctr Res & Technol Agroenvironm & Biol Sci CITAB P-5000801 Quinta De Prados Vila Real Portugal Univ Reg Blumenau Dept Engn Florestal Rua Sao Paulo 3250 BR-89030000 Blumenau SC Brazil Georg August U

The biodiversity-productivity relationship (BPR) is foundational to our understanding of the global extinction crisis and its impacts on ecosystem functioning. Understanding BPR is critical for the accurate valuation and effective conservation of biodiversity. Using ground-sourced data from 777,126 permanent plots, spanning 44 countries and most terrestrial biomes, we reveal a globally consistent positive concave-down BPR, showing that continued biodiversity loss would result in an accelerating decline in forest productivity worldwide. The value of biodiversity in maintaining commercial forest productivity alone-US$166 billion to 490 billion per year according to our estimation-is more than twice what it would cost to implement effective global conservation. This highlights the need for a worldwide reassessment of biodiversity values, forest management strategies, and conservation priorities.

关键词： ECOSYSTEMS BIODIVERSITY conservation FOREST productivity & climate FOREST management BIOMES

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