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Meso- or micro-scale? Environmental factors influencing pedestrian satisfaction

TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART D-TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT 2014年第Jul.期30卷 10-20页

作者： Kim, Saehoon Park, Sungjin Lee, Jae Seung Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Dept Landscape Architecture Urban Design concentr Seoul 151742 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 151742 South Korea Hongik Univ Dept Urban Design & Planning Seoul 121791 South Korea

Despite interest in walking and its environmental, health, and social benefits, little research has investigated pedestrian satisfaction, and its potential influence on walking decisions. The present study examines the relationships between pedestrian satisfaction, and a variety of built environment factors, in order to gain insight into urban design strategies that can improve pedestrian satisfaction. We analyzed a pedestrian survey, carried out in Seoul, Korea, which includes questions about personal characteristics, micro-scale environmental attributes, and the level of pedestrian satisfaction, together with Seoul GIS data, which provided meso-scale environmental variables. The multilevel models estimated the effects of environmental factors on the level of satisfaction of utilitarian and recreational walkers. The analysis identified significant effects of both meso-scale (e.g. density, intersection density, hilliness, and the presence of bus stops), and micro-scale (e.g. sidewalk width, and the presence of bus dedicated lanes, crossings, lamps, and trees) variables on pedestrian satisfaction. The results calls on researchers to investigate a comprehensive set of psychological and environmental factors, in order to understand the various aspects of pedestrian satisfaction, and the diverse motivations behind it, as well as on planners, to adopt diverse design approaches that will produce more satisfactory pedestrian environments. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Pedestrian satisfaction Meso-scale environmental attributes Micro-scale environmental attributes Multilevel modeling

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Digital canopy photography: Exposed and in the raw

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AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY 2014年 197卷 244-253页

作者： Macfarlane, Craig Ryu, Youngryel Ogden, Gary N. Sonnentag, Oliver CSIRO Ecosyst Sci Wembley WA 6917 Australia Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Agr & Forest Meteorol Seoul 151 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 151 South Korea Univ Montreal Dept Geog Montreal PQ H2V 2B8 Canada

Estimates of the canopy gap fraction, on which calculations of leaf area index (LAI) are based, are sensitive to photographic exposure in upward-facing images. In this article we describe a simple, automated method of image acquisition and processing that eliminates both subjectivity and the need for the operator to consider photographic exposure in the field. A key strength of our methodology was the use of a test apparatus (perforated aluminum screen) with a precisely known gap fraction;this allowed us to separate the confounding effects of gap size and gap fraction on the optimal photographic exposure for a canopy. We took photographs of the test apparatus at different photographic exposures;we varied the gap fraction by covering a proportion of the holes in the screen, and also varied gap size by varying the distance of the camera from the screen. We acquired both raw images and JPEG images. We found that the optimal exposure of JPEG images varied with both gap size and gap fraction, not just gap fraction as previously assumed. Underexposing by one stop yielded raw data that were never clipped resulting in data loss, but that used most of the 14-bit range of the raw file. We also found that it was easily possible to standardize photographic exposure during image processing by acquiring raw images in the field;thus eliminating the variation in estimated gap fraction and LAI associated with exposure variations. This result was replicated in both fisheye images and cover images that we acquired in real canopies. We recommend the following protocol for acquiring canopy images in future studies: 1. Shoot raw using one stop of underexposure. 2. Convert propriety-format raw files to DNG format using the free software Adobe DNG Converter. 3. Contrast stretch the blue channel of the image and save as JPG for further analysis. The authors can supply MATLAB script to perform this step. Crown Copyright (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Leaf area index Digital canopy photography Raw gamma Gap fraction Cover

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Twenty-three unsolved problems in hydrology (UPH) - a community perspective

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HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES JOURNAL 2019年第10期64卷 1141-1158页

作者： Bloeschl, Gunter Bierkens, Marc F. P. Chambel, Antonio Cudennec, Christophe Destouni, Georgia Fiori, Aldo Kirchner, James W. McDonnell, Jeffrey J. Savenije, Hubert H. G. Sivapalan, Murugesu Stumpp, Christine Toth, Elena Volpi, Elena Carr, Gemma Lupton, Claire Salinas, Jose Szeles, Borbala Viglione, Alberto Aksoy, Hafzullah Allen, Scott T. Amin, Anam Andreassian, Vazken Arheimer, Berit Aryal, Santosh K. Baker, Victor Bardsley, Earl Barendrecht, Marlies H. Bartosova, Alena Batelaan, Okke Berghuijs, Wouter R. Beven, Keith Blume, Theresa Bogaard, Thom de Amorim, Pablo Borges Boettcher, Michael E. Boulet, Gilles Breinl, Korbinian Brilly, Mitja Brocca, Luca Buytaert, Wouter Castellarin, Attilio Castelletti, Andrea Chen, Xiaohong Chen, Yangbo Chen, Yuanfang Chifflard, Peter Claps, Pierluigi Clark, Martyn P. Collins, Adrian L. Croke, Barry Dathe, Annette David, Paula C. de Barros, Felipe P. J. de Rooij, Gerrit Di Baldassarre, Giuliano Driscoll, Jessica M. Duethmann, Doris Dwivedi, Ravindra Eris, Ebru Farmer, William H. Feiccabrino, James Ferguson, Grant Ferrari, Ennio Ferraris, Stefano Fersch, Benjamin Finger, David Foglia, Laura Fowler, Keirnan Gartsman, Boris Gascoin, Simon Gaume, Eric Gelfan, Alexander Geris, Josie Gharari, Shervan Gleeson, Tom Glendell, Miriam Bevacqua, Alena Gonzalez Gonzalez-Dugo, Maria P. Grimaldi, Salvatore Gupta, A. B. Guse, Bjoern Han, Dawei Hannah, David Harpold, Adrian Haun, Stefan Heal, Kate Helfricht, Kay Herrnegger, Mathew Hipsey, Matthew Hlavacikova, Hana Hohmann, Clara Holko, Ladislav Hopkinson, Christopher Hrachowitz, Markus Illangasekare, Tissa H. Inam, Azhar Innocente, Camyla Istanbulluoglu, Erkan Jarihani, Ben Kalantari, Zahra Kalvans, Andis Khanal, Sonu Khatami, Sina Kiesel, Jens Kirkby, Mike Knoben, Wouter Kochanek, Krzysztof Kohnova, Silvia Kolechkina, Alla Krause, Stefan Kreamer, David Kreibich, Heidi Kunstmann, Harald Lange, Holger Liberato, Margarida L. R. Lindquist, Eric Link, Timothy Liu, Junguo Loucks, Daniel Peter Luce, Charles Mahe, Gil Makarieva, Olga Malard, Julien Masht Vienna Univ Technol Inst Hydraul Engn & Water Resources Management Vienna Austria Univ Utrecht Fac Geosci Dept Phys Geog Utrecht Netherlands Univ Evora Inst Earth Sci Dept Geosci Evora Portugal INRA UMR SAS 1069 Agrocampus Ouest Rennes France Stockholm Univ Dept Phys Geog Stockholm Sweden Roma Tre Univ Dept Engn Rome Italy Swiss Fed Inst Technol Dept Environm Syst Sci Zurich Switzerland Swiss Fed Inst Forest Snow & Landscape Res WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland Univ Saskatchewan Global Inst Water Secur Saskatoon SK Canada Delft Univ Technol Dept Water Management Delft Netherlands Univ Illinois Dept Civil & Environm Engn Urbana IL USA Univ Illinois Dept Geog & Geog Informat Sci Urbana IL USA Univ Nat Resources & Life Sci Inst Soil Phys & Rural Water Management Vienna Austria Univ Bologna Dept Civil Chem Environm & Mat Engn DICAM Bologna Italy IAHS Ltd CEH Wallingford Wallingford Oxon England Politecn Torino Dept Environm Land & Infrastruct Engn DIATI Turin Italy Istanbul Tech Univ Dept Civil Engn Istanbul Turkey Univ Padua Dept Land Environm Agr & Forestry TESAF Padua Italy Irstea HYCAR Res Unit Antony France SMHI Norrkoping Sweden CSIRO Land & Water Canberra ACT Australia Univ Arizona Dept Hydrol & Atmospher Sci Tucson AZ USA Univ Waikato Fac Sci & Engn Hamilton New Zealand Flinders Univ S Australia Coll Sci & Engn NCGRT Adelaide SA Australia Univ Lancaster Lancaster Environm Ctr Lancaster England GFZ German Res Ctr Geosci Hydrol Sect Potsdam Germany Fed Univ Santa Catarina UFSC Grad Program Environm Engn PPGEA Florianopolis SC Brazil Leibniz Inst Baltic Sea Res IOW Geochem & Isotope Biogeochem Grp Warnemunde Germany Univ Toulouse CNES CNRS IRD INRA UPS CESBIO Toulouse France Univ Ljubljana Fac Civil Engn & Geodesy Dept Environm Engn Ljubljana Slovenia CNR Res Inst Geohydrol Protect Perugia Italy Imperial Coll London Dept Civil & Environm Engn London England Politecn Milan Dept Elect Informat & Bioengn Milan Ital

This paper is the outcome of a community initiative to identify major unsolved scientific problems in hydrology motivated by a need for stronger harmonisation of research efforts. The procedure involved a public consultation through online media, followed by two workshops through which a large number of potential science questions were collated, prioritised, and synthesised. In spite of the diversity of the participants (230 scientists in total), the process revealed much about community priorities and the state of our science: a preference for continuity in research questions rather than radical departures or redirections from past and current work. Questions remain focused on the process-based understanding of hydrological variability and causality at all space and time scales. Increased attention to environmental change drives a new emphasis on understanding how change propagates across interfaces within the hydrological system and across disciplinary boundaries. In particular, the expansion of the human footprint raises a new set of questions related to human interactions with nature and water cycle feedbacks in the context of complex water management problems. We hope that this reflection and synthesis of the 23 unsolved problems in hydrology will help guide research efforts for some years to come.

关键词： hydrology science questions research agenda interdisciplinary knowledge gaps

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Local Food System for Rural Revitalization:A Case Study of the Wanju County, South Korea

Local Food System for Rural Revitalization:A Case Study of t...

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International Conference on Latest Trends in Food, Biological & Ecological Sciences (ICLTFBE-14)

作者： Baram Hwang Interdisciplinary Doctoral Program in Landscape Architecture Seoul National University

Rural society in S. Korea has trouble with agricultural industry collapse because of global competition, so the local food system has attention as alternative strategy of rural revitalization. Wanju County made a propulsive model of local food system and it shows successful results. This study explores outlines of local food policy, roles of the local government and what are the noticeable features in the case of Wanju. Their local food policy drastically focused on small-scale farmers and encouraged the community based participation. As a result, there are 91 of community businesses for local food, farmers running food processing facility and local food direct stores which most profit is distributed to farmers. Local food system in Wanju is not only be limited to direct marketing(stabilized earnings of farmers) but also promotes agricultural diversity, activates local communities, and improves quality and safety of local farm products.

关键词： Local Food Rural Revitalization Local Government Policy Community based Agriculture Direct Store

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Temperature response of soil respiration largely unaltered with experimental warming

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2016年第48期113卷 13797-13802页

作者： Carey, Joanna C. Tang, Jianwu Templer, Pamela H. Kroeger, Kevin D. Crowther, Thomas W. Burton, Andrew J. Dukes, Jeffrey S. Emmett, Bridget Frey, Serita D. Heskel, Mary A. Jiang, Lifen Machmuller, Megan B. Mohan, Jacqueline Panetta, Anne Marie Reich, Peter B. Reinsch, Sabine Wang, Xin Allison, Steven D. Bamminger, Chris Bridgham, Scott Collins, Scott L. de Dato, Giovanbattista Eddy, William C. Enquist, Brian J. Estiarte, Marc Harte, John Henderson, Amanda Johnson, Bart R. Larsen, Klaus Steenberg Luo, Yiqi Marhan, Sven Melillo, Jerry M. Peuelas, Josep Pfeifer-Meister, Laurel Poll, Christian Rastetter, Edward Reinmann, Andrew B. Reynolds, Lorien L. Schmidt, Inger K. Shaver, Gaius R. Strong, Aaron L. Suseela, Vidya Tietema, Albert Marine Biol Lab Ecosyst Ctr Woods Hole MA 02543 USA Boston Univ Dept Biol Boston MA 02215 USA US Geol Survey Woods Hole Coastal & Marine Sci Ctr Woods Hole MA 02543 USA Netherlands Inst Ecol Dept Terr Ecol NL-6708 PB Wageningen Netherlands Yale Univ Sch Forestry & Environm Studies New Haven CT 06511 USA Michigan Technol Univ Sch Forest Resources & Environm Sci Houghton MI 49931 USA Purdue Univ Dept Forestry & Nat Resources W Lafayette IN 47907 USA Purdue Univ Dept Biol Sci W Lafayette IN 47907 USA Purdue Univ Purdue Climate Change Res Ctr W Lafayette IN 47907 USA Environm Ctr Wales Ctr Ecol & Hydrol Bangor LL57 2UW Gwynedd Wales Univ New Hampshire Dept Nat Resources & Environm Durham NH 03824 USA Univ Oklahoma Dept Microbiol & Plant Biol Norman OK 73019 USA Colorado State Univ Nat Resource Ecol Lab Ft Collins CO 80523 USA Univ Georgia Odum Sch Ecol Athens GA 30601 USA Univ Calif Davis Nat Resource Ecol Lab Davis CA 95616 USA Univ Minnesota Dept Forest Resources St Paul MN 55108 USA Univ Western Sydney Hawkesbury Inst Environm Penrith NSW 2751 Australia Chinese Acad Sci Inst Bot State Key Lab Vegetat & Environm Change Beijing 100093 Peoples R China Univ Calif Irvine Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol Irvine CA 92697 USA Univ Calif Irvine Dept Earth Syst Sci Irvine CA 92697 USA Univ Hohenheim Inst Soil Sci & Land Evaluat D-70593 Stuttgart Germany Univ Oregon Inst Ecol & Evolut Eugene OR 97403 USA Univ New Mexico Dept Biol Albuquerque NM 87131 USA Council Agr Res & Econ Forestry Res Ctr I-52100 Arezzo Italy Univ Minnesota Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav St Paul MN 55108 USA Univ Arizona Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol Tucson AZ 85721 USA CSIC Global Ecol Unit CREAF Cerdanyola Del Valles 08193 Spain CREAF Cerdanyola Del Valles 08193 Spain Univ Calif Berkeley Energy & Resources Grp Berkeley CA 94720 USA Univ Calif Berkeley Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management Berkeley CA 94720 USA Univ Oregon Dept Landscape Architecture Eugene OR 97403

The respiratory release of carbon dioxide (CO2) from soil is a major yet poorly understood flux in the global carbon cycle. Climatic warming is hypothesized to increase rates of soil respiration, potentially fueling further increases in global temperatures. However, despite considerable scientific attention in recent decades, the overall response of soil respiration to anticipated climatic warming remains unclear. We synthesize the largest global dataset to date of soil respiration, moisture, and temperature measurements, totaling > 3,800 observations representing 27 temperature manipulation studies, spanning nine biomes and over 2 decades of warming. Our analysis reveals no significant differences in the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration between control and warmed plots in all biomes, with the exception of deserts and boreal forests. Thus, our data provide limited evidence of acclimation of soil respiration to experimental warming in several major biome types, contrary to the results from multiple single-site studies. Moreover, across all nondesert biomes, respiration rates with and without experimental warming follow a Gaussian response, increasing with soil temperature up to a threshold of similar to 25 degrees C, above which respiration rates decrease with further increases in temperature. This consistent decrease in temperature sensitivity at higher temperatures demonstrates that rising global temperatures may result in regionally variable responses in soil respiration, with colder climates being considerably more responsive to increased ambient temperatures compared with warmer regions. Our analysis adds a unique cross-biome perspective on the temperature response of soil respiration, information critical to improving our mechanistic understanding of how soil carbon dynamics change with climatic warming.

关键词： soil respiration climate change experimental warming temperature sensitivity biome

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Lessons learned from CarboEastAsia: carbon and water cycles in East Asian terrestrial ecosystems

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JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH 2013年第1期18卷 1-3页

作者： Kim, Joon Hirano, Takashi Yu, Guirui Li, Shenggong Tamai, Koji Seoul Natl Univ Complex Syst Sci Lab Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Interdisciplinary Grad Program Agr & Forest Meteo Seoul 151921 South Korea Hokkaido Univ Grad Sch Agr Sapporo Hokkaido Japan Chinese Acad Sci Key Lab Ecosyst Network Observat & Modeling Inst Geog Sci & Nat Resources Res Beijing Peoples R China Forestry & Forest Prod Res Inst Tsukuba Ibaraki 305 Japan

Currenct Account balance is affected by various domestic and external economic variables. In this study I examine how changes in macroeconomic variables, such as domestic and international business cycles,international raw material prices, exchange rates and the terms of trade,affect current account balance in the short run by using the vector autoregressive model (VAR). The empirical analysis shows that international business cycles and international raw material prices are the key variables that affect Korea’s current account balances most *** to our expectations, however, exchange rates do not significantly affect Korea’s current account balances. The results of this study imply that it is imperative for Korea to come up with policies that can alleviate external shocks stemming from raw material price hikes and international business cycles.

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Conservation plans for wildlife habitat in the Seom River Basin, Korea 49

Conservation plans for wildlife habitat in the Seom River Ba...

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49th World Congress of the International Federation of landscape Architects, IFLA 2012

作者： Jeong, Seung-Gyu Yu, Myung-Woo Park, ChongHwa Dept. of Interdisciplinary Program in Landscape Architecture Graduate School of EnvironmentalStudies Seoul National University Seoul151-742 Korea Republic of Graduate School of Environmental Studies Seoul National University Seoul151-742 Korea Republic of

River restoration has become a very important scientific and political issue in Korea, too. But the effectiveness of most restoration projects in heavily populated river corridors is doubtful. The purpose of this paper is to develop a wildlife habitat conservation plan for the Seom River, a second tributary of the Han River. The site has high biodiversity, and is home to several protected wildlife species of egrets, sandpipers, leopard cat, and river otter. The conservation plan is based on a comprehensive analysis of field data obtained by using GPS and heat sensor cameras. Spatial data of high resolution image and lidar data were employed for the analysis and evaluation of wildlife habitat, human disturbance such as levees, dams, weirs, other structures. The conservation plan can be summarized as follows. First, the degree of river naturalness and the wildlife habitat suitability of otter, the indicator species of the aquatic ecosystem, have been evaluated. Those river segments with the least human interference(disturbance) and high fish productivity have been classified as the river naturalness class II and prime otter habitats. Areas with poor vegetation cover due to the presence of gabion and other artificial structure have been classified as class III. Second, the conservation plan has been developed based on the IUCN guidelines. Much of the core habitat has been designated as protected areas (PA), and other parts of the corridor have been designated as buffers and transition areas. Third, the management plan requires the establishment of wildlife passages and strict control of human disturbance by using information posts. The buffers are characterized by the establishment of riparian forest and grassland that can minimize human interference around the core PA. Finally, guided tour, self-guided trail, walking, and other outdoor activities based on the visitor center are allowed in the transition area. The wildlife habitat conservation plan would be essential t

关键词： Rivers

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Positive biodiversity-productivity relationship predominant in global forests

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SCIENCE 2016年第6309期354卷 aaf8957页

作者： Liang, Jingjing Crowther, Thomas W. Picard, Nicolas Wiser, Susan Zhou, Mo Alberti, Giorgio Schulze, Ernst-Detlef McGuire, A. David Bozzato, Fabio Pretzsch, Hans de-Miguel, Sergio Paquette, Alain Herault, Bruno Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael Barrett, Christopher B. Glick, Henry B. Hengeveld, Geerten M. Nabuurs, Gert-Jan Pfautsch, Sebastian Viana, Helder Vibrans, Alexander C. Ammer, Christian Schall, Peter Verbyla, David Tchebakova, Nadja Fischer, Markus Watson, James V. Chen, Han Y. H. Lei, Xiangdong Schelhaas, Mart-Jan Lu, Huicui Gianelle, Damiano Parfenova, Elena I. Salas, Christian Lee, Eungul Lee, Boknam Kim, Hyun Seok Bruelheide, Helge Coomes, David A. Piotto, Daniel Sunderland, Terry Schmid, Bernhard Gourlet-Fleury, Sylvie Sonke, Bonaventure Tavani, Rebecca Zhu, Jun Brandl, Susanne Vayreda, Jordi Kitahara, Fumiaki Searle, Eric B. Neldner, Victor J. Ngugi, Michael R. Baraloto, Christopher Frizzera, Lorenzo Balazy, Radomir Oleksyn, Jacek Zawila-Niedzwiecki, Tomasz Bouriaud, Olivier Bussotti, Filippo Finer, Leena Jaroszewicz, Bogdan Jucker, Tommaso Valladares, Fernando Jagodzinski, Andrzej M. Peri, Pablo L. Gonmadje, Christelle Marthy, William O'Brien, Timothy Martin, Emanuel H. Marshall, Andrew R. Rovero, Francesco Bitariho, Robert Niklaus, Pascal A. Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia Chamuya, Nurdin Valencia, Renato Mortier, Frederic Wortel, Verginia Engone-Obiang, Nestor L. Ferreira, Leandro V. Odeke, David E. Vasquez, Rodolfo M. Lewis, Simon L. Reich, Peter B. West Virginia Univ Sch Nat Resources Morgantown WV 26505 USA Netherlands Inst Ecol Droevendaalsesteeg 10 NL-6708 PB Wageningen Netherlands Yale Univ Yale Sch Forestry & Environm Studies 195 Prospect St New Haven CT 06511 USA Food & Agr Org United Nations Forestry Dept Rome Italy Landcare Res Lincoln 7640 New Zealand Univ Udine Dept Agri Food Anim & Environm Sci Via Sci 206 I-33100 Udine Italy Max Planck Inst Biogeochem Hans Knoell Str 10 D-07745 Jena Germany Univ Alaska Fairbanks US Geol Survey Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit Fairbanks AK 99775 USA Italcementi Grp Architecture & Environm Dept I-24100 Bergamo Italy TUM Sch Life Sci Weihenstephan Inst Forest Growth & Yield Sci Hans Carl von Carlowitz Pl 2 D-85354 Freising Weihenstephan Germany Univ Lleida Dept Prod Vegetal & Ciencia Forestal UdL Agrotecnio Agrotecnio Ctr Avinguda Rovira Roure 191 E-25198 Lleida Spain CTFC Carretera De St Llorenc MorunysKm 2 E-25280 Solsona Spain Univ Quebec CEF Montreal PQ H3C 3P8 Canada Univ Guyane Univ AntillesAgroParisTech UMR Joint Res Unit Ecol Guianan Forests EcoFoG Ctr Cooperat Int Rech Agron Dev CIRADINRACNRS Kourou French Guiana Univ Freiburg Fac Biol Geobot D-79104 Freiburg Germany Cornell Univ Charles H Dyson Sch Appl Econ & Management Ithaca NY 14853 USA Wageningen Univ & Res Alterra Team Vegetat Forest & Landscape Ecol NL-6700 AA Wageningen Netherlands Wageningen Univ & Res Forest & Nat Conservat Policy Grp NL-6700 AA Wageningen Netherlands Wageningen Univ Forest Ecol & Forest Management Grp NL-6700 AA Wageningen Ur Netherlands Univ Western Sydney Hawkesbury Inst Environm Richmond NSW 2753 Australia Polytech Inst Viseu ESAV DEAS Ctr Studies Educ Technol & Hlth CI&DETS Res Ctr Viseu Portugal Univ Tras Os Montes & Alto Douro UTAD Ctr Res & Technol Agroenvironm & Biol Sci CITAB P-5000801 Quinta De Prados Vila Real Portugal Univ Reg Blumenau Dept Engn Florestal Rua Sao Paulo 3250 BR-89030000 Blumenau SC Brazil Georg August U

The biodiversity-productivity relationship (BPR) is foundational to our understanding of the global extinction crisis and its impacts on ecosystem functioning. Understanding BPR is critical for the accurate valuation and effective conservation of biodiversity. Using ground-sourced data from 777,126 permanent plots, spanning 44 countries and most terrestrial biomes, we reveal a globally consistent positive concave-down BPR, showing that continued biodiversity loss would result in an accelerating decline in forest productivity worldwide. The value of biodiversity in maintaining commercial forest productivity alone-US$166 billion to 490 billion per year according to our estimation-is more than twice what it would cost to implement effective global conservation. This highlights the need for a worldwide reassessment of biodiversity values, forest management strategies, and conservation priorities.

关键词： ECOSYSTEMS BIODIVERSITY conservation FOREST productivity & climate FOREST management BIOMES

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Biodiversity Conservation in Local Planning

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CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2009年第1期23卷 53-63页

作者： Miller, James R. Groom, Martha Hess, George R. Steelman, Toddi Stokes, David L. Thompson, Jan Bowman, Troy Fricke, Laura King, Brandon Marquardt, Ryan Iowa State Univ Dept Nat Resource Ecol & Management Ames IA 50011 USA Iowa State Univ Dept Landscape Architecture Ames IA 50011 USA N Carolina State Univ Dept Forestry & Environm Resources Raleigh NC 27695 USA Univ Washington Interdisciplinary Arts & Sci Program Bothell WA 98011 USA

Local land-use policy is increasingly being recognized as fundamental to biodiversity conservation in the United States. Many planners and conservation scientists have called for broader use of planning and regulatory tools to support the conservation of biodiversity at local scales. Yet little is known about the pervasiveness of these practices. We conducted an on-line survey of county, municipal, and tribal planning directors (n = 116) in 3 geographic regions of the United States: metropolitan Seattle, Washington;metropolitan Des Moines, Iowa;and the Research Triangle, North Carolina. Our objectives were to gauge the extent to which local planning departments address biodiversity conservation and to identify factors that facilitate or hinder conservation actions in local planning. We found that biodiversity conservation was seldom a major consideration in these departments. Staff time was mainly devoted to development mandates and little time was spent on biodiversity conservation. Regulations requiring conservation actions that might benefit biodiversity were uncommon, with the exception of rules governing water quality in all 3 regions and the protection of threatened and endangered species in the Seattle region. Planning tools that could enhance habitat conservation were used infrequently. Collaboration across jurisdictions was widespread, but rarely focused on conservation. Departments with a conservation specialist on staff tended to be associated with higher levels of conservation actions. Jurisdictions in the Seattle region also reported higher levels of conservation action, largely driven by state and federal mandates. Increased funding was most frequently cited as a factor that would facilitate greater consideration of biodiversity in local planning. There are numerous opportunities for conservation biologists to play a role in improving conservation planning at local scales.

关键词： conservation policy habitat conservation Iowa land-use planning local conservation North Carolina urbanization Washington

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Collaborative Graduate Education across Multiple Campuses

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Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education 2009年第1期38卷 16-26页

作者： J. R. Thompson G. R. Hess T. A. Bowman H. Magnusdottir C. E. Stubbs-Gipson M. Groom J. R. Miller T. A. Steelman D. L. Stokes Dep. of Natural Resource Ecology and Management Iowa State Univ. Ames IA 50011-3221 Dep. of Forestry and Environmental Resources North Carolina State Univ. Raleigh NC 27695-8002 Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences Program Univ. of Washington Bothell WA 98011 Dep. of Natural Resource Ecology and Management and Dep. of Landscape Architecture Iowa State Univ. Ames IA 50011-3221

Multi-institutional approaches to graduate education continue to emerge as a way to better prepare students for collaborative work. In this article, we describe a graduate course designed to investigate application of conservation biology principles by local land use planners. “Where is Conservation Science in Local Planning?” was offered jointly by three institutions and integrated inquiry-guided, collaborative, and computer-mediated learning. Participants collaborated across universities to investigate this question and create products based on their work, including a presentation and two peer-reviewed manuscripts. We used a wiki for brainstorming and collaborative writing, a virtual classroom for work meetings, and video conferencing for building community and making complex decisions. Pre- and post-course questionnaires were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the course for improving skills in collaboration, use of collaborative technologies, and subject-area knowledge. Student development mirrored those areas where learning was required to consistently support class-wide activities. Students reported that they gained knowledge about collaboration, increased their mastery of communication skills and use of collaborative technologies, and gained knowledge about course subject matter. Students did not indicate significant changes in knowledge or activities related to leadership. Participants gained a fuller understanding of the benefits—collective creativity and enhanced accountability—and drawbacks—time required to build relationships and engage in deliberation—of collaborative research. Faculty participants suggest that future offerings continue to follow an inquiry-guided, collaborative learning approach using similar collaborative technologies, but include more explicit guidance about leadership and attempt to generate a smaller number of products.

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