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The impact of mega shopping complexes on the survival of nearby local businesses: A case study of the seoul metropolitan area, South Korea

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HABITAT INTERNATIONAL 2025年 155卷

作者： Kang, Mingu Yoon, Heeyeun Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Integrated Major Smart City Global Convergence 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Coll Agr & Life Sci Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Sci 1 Gwanak ro Seoul 08826 South Korea

This study examines the impact of mega shopping complexes (MSCs) on the survival of adjacent businesses in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), South Korea, from 2008 to 2023. Using mixed-effects Cox models, we analyzed three prevalent industrial sectors in commercial districts: food service, beauty, and recreation businesses. We found that MSC affects local businesses differently, depending on the services they offer. In food service businesses, only pubs face the risk of business failure due to the entry of MSC. Conversely, general restaurants, cafes, and beauty businesses showed no significant statistical impact. Recreation businesses are divided into two types based on the similarity of their services to those offered by MSC. After MSC entry, close proximity to the MSC yields a negative effect on establishments offering similar services, while benefiting those offering distinct services. This finding suggests that policies should focus more on enhancing the competitiveness of local businesses to effectively utilize the increased visibility rather than solely limiting the spillover effect of the MSC.

关键词： Mega shopping complex Local business survival Mixed-effects Cox model Seoul Metropolitan area

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Getting to school on your own: the correlates of independence and modes of active school travel

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JOURNAL OF ASIAN architecture AND BUILDING ENGINEERING 2023年第3期22卷 1430-1443页

作者： Lee, Jong Seon Park, Yunmi Gim, Tae-Hyoung Tommy Korean Intellectual Property Off Trademark & Design Examinat Bur Seo South Korea Ewha Womans Univ Architectural & Urban Syst Engn Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture & Environm Planning Gwanak Ro 1Gwanak guBldg 82Room 222 Seoul 08826 South Korea

Young people's decreased active and independent travel to schools has prompted many countries to devise various policies, initiatives, and programs to counter the associated health detriments. Meanwhile, scholarly studies have identified how children were walking and biking to school benefits physical and mental health, social and cognitive development, and local government finances. Contributing to the broader spectrum of academic research concerning active travel to school, this study explored independent and active school-travel correlates and analyzed the difference between walking and biking. Survey responses from 367 children in North Carolina indicated that walking was sensitive to mixed land use and positive utility while biking was more connected to physical settings. Perceived environmental safety influenced independent active travel, indicating the need for future programs and initiatives to take different actions when targeting modes and independence of active travel to school.

关键词： Independent active travel to school neighborhood design mixed land use sidewalks positive utility subjective safety settings

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Toward sustainable development? Trend analysis of environmental policy in Korea from 1987 to 2040

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JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT 2023年第8期66卷 1640-1654页

作者： Bayarsaikhan, Tsolmon Kim, Moon-Hyun Oh, Hee Jin Gim, Tae-Hyoung Tommy Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Environm Planning Inst Seoul South Korea

It is crucial to observe how international policy initiatives are implemented in each country's environmental policies to ensure global environmental conservation and sustainable development. This study aims to comprehensively analyze the trend of environmental policy in Korea over time. To this aim, we use semantic network analysis to explore the main keywords and to identify the characteristics of the key themes in each period based on the national environmental comprehensive plan. Our results show that the value of economic growth and technological development are regarded as priorities in Korean environmental policy because the economy and technology are closely related to the environment. Similarly, when it comes to the fundamental concept of environmental policy, the concept of "green growth" is applied in preference to the concept of "sustainability." The results contribute to expanding the approach of existing policy research by providing the potential for semantic network analysis based on policy documents.

关键词： Korea's environmental policy sustainability green growth network analysis policy documents

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Evaluating the effectiveness of mitigation measures in environmental impact assessments: A comprehensive review of development projects in Korea

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HELIYON 2024年第11期10卷 e31647页

作者： Kim, Eun Sub Lee, Dong Kun Choi, Jiyoung Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Integrated Major Smart City Global Convergence Pro Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Specialized Grad Sch Intelligent Ecosci Dept Landscape Architecture Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Sci Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engi neer Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 08826 South Korea

Rapid urbanization and development projects in Korea have posed significant threats to biodiversity;thus, effective mitigation measures are required to preserve natural habitats. Nevertheless, the factors underlying variations in mitigation measure effectiveness according to the disturbance level and surrounding environmental conditions have not been clarified. This study evaluated the effectiveness of mitigation measures implemented in environmental impact assessments (EIAs) of development projects in Korea, with a focus on their effectiveness with respect to the disturbance level and surrounding environmental conditions. A review of 288 EIA reports from selected projects that implemented all 10 mitigation measures classified according to the Wildlife Conservation Comprehensive Plan was conducted. Using the biodiversity tipping point framework, the effects of mitigation measures on biodiversity were categorized into four levels and analyzed. Analysis of variance and redundancy analysis were then performed to discern the variance in mitigation measure effectiveness in terms of the disturbance level, surrounding environment, and species. The results revealed significant variations in the effectiveness of mitigation measures depending on the surrounding environment and disturbance level. Linear projects exhibited a clear impact on various species as the disturbance level increased, whereas area-based projects did not exhibit such pronounced effects. All species demonstrated a negative relationship with development duration, development area, and distance from urban centers. Notably, avian and amphibian species showed a strong negative correlation with the digital elevation model while reptiles and mammals exhibited a strong positive relationship with predevelopment biodiversity and distance from protected areas, respectively. Mitigation measures play a key role in alleviating the adverse effects of development projects;therefore, our findings indicate the need for spa

关键词： Mitigation measures Effectiveness analysis Terrestrial animals Decision-making support Post-environment impact assessment

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Spaces Eliciting Negative and Positive Emotions in Shrinking Neighbourhoods: a Study in Seoul, South Korea, Using EEG (Electroencephalography)

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JOURNAL OF URBAN HEALTH-BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE 2022年第2期99卷 245-259页

作者： Cho, Hyung Rae Kim, Saehoon Lee, Jae Seung Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture Grad Sch Environm Studies 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Environm Planning Inst Urban Design Concentrat 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea

Although shrinking neighbourhoods are places where urban citizens experience negative emotions, some evidence suggests that people in some shrinking neighbourhoods feel less negative emotions than in other areas. Nevertheless, empirical studies that analyse environmental and personal elements that affect people's emotions in a shrinking neighbourhood remain insufficient. This is rather surprising, considering an increasing interest in the effects of negative emotions on individuals' health. Thus, this study used electroencephalography (EEG) to examine the impacts of environmental and personal characteristics on people's emotional levels in a shrinking area of Seoul, South Korea. A multilinear regression model was used to analyse emotional valence levels between sites with different urban designs and management levels. The results revealed that people felt positive emotions at sites where both urban design factors and their management were both satisfactory at appropriate levels. The results also found that people who had lived or worked in the neighbourhood for a long time and were women experienced more positive emotions than visitors and men. This finding implies that a shrinking neighbourhood can maintain a sense of satisfaction as long as the area is carefully managed. Revealing the emotional effects of environmental and personal characteristics in a shrinking neighbourhood can be used for planning practices and policy-making to create healthy and liveable urban neighbourhoods.

关键词： Urban shrinkage Urban design Emotion Health Neighbourhood disorder Electroencephalography (EEG)

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Rockfall Hazard Analysis Based on the Concept of Functional Safety with Application to the Highway Network in South Korea

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ROCK MECHANICS AND ROCK ENGINEERING 2021年第12期54卷 6633-6647页

作者： Lee, Jongook Barbato, Michele Lee, Dong Kun Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Univ Calif Davis Dept Civil & Environm Engn Davis CA 95616 USA Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul South Korea

Numerous rockfall incidents involving infrastructure damage and loss of life have been reported along roads in mountainous terrain. Previous studies have used quantitative risk assessment approaches to identify the level of rockfall risk. However, appropriate quantitative indicators that are able to describe time-varying risk have not yet been developed. This study aims to develop a rockfall risk mitigation method based on reliability concepts, to classify rockfall data, to model the probability of rockfall occurrence, and to estimate the magnitude of risk reduction through mitigation measures. A synthetic measure of rockfall risk is proposed, which allows to compare directly and quantitatively the rockfall risk for different cut slopes under unmitigated and mitigated conditions. The proposed methodology can estimate the risk reduction obtained using mitigation measures, such as introducing protections barriers, their periodic maintenance, and horizontal coverage ratio. This methodology was applied to 20 years of rockfall data collected by the Korea Expressway Corporation from 1215 artificial cut slopes along the highway network in South Korea. The rockfall frequency was analyzed based on the inventory data, and a rockfall hazard mitigation strategy was demonstrated using the suggested methodology for the case study. It was shown that appropriate mitigation strategies, based on number of protection barriers, interval of periodic maintenance, and horizontal coverage ratio, can be devised to reduce the risk of different artificial slopes below a target failure probability. The approach shown in this study can provide insights into ways of improving overall risk management to prevent losses by rockfall.

关键词： Rockfall hazard Rockfall mitigation Risk management Time-varying risk Reliability

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Outdoor activity and walking for leisure in the COVID-19 era: their correlates and mutual relationship

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JOURNAL OF ASIAN architecture AND BUILDING ENGINEERING 2024年

作者： Bayarsaikhan, Tsolmon Kim, Moon-Hyun Gim, Tae-Hyoung Tommy Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Environm Planning Inst Grad Sch Environm Studies Integrated Major Reg Stu Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Inst Sustainable Dev Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Gwanak Ro 1Bldg 82Room 222 Seoul 08826 South Korea

The pandemic has changed daily urban life, including leisure activities and travel patterns. Although several studies have tracked changes in leisure and travel behavior due to the pandemic, few have analyzed the effects of COVID-19 preventive behavior by considering the interaction between activities and walking for leisure. This study aims to investigate the mutual relationship between outdoor activities and walking for leisure during the pandemic among 537 residents in the Seoul metropolitan area using a three-level least squares (3SLS) approach. The results demonstrate a bidirectional association between outdoor activities and walking during the pandemic. Individuals who avoided long-distance leisure travel increased their frequency of short-distance walking, and postponing or canceling social interactions led to more outdoor leisure activities. Notably, those who refrained from going out for leisure exhibited reduced outdoor activities but an increase in walking for leisure. These findings highlight the significance of considering the synergy between leisure activities and walking amid the pandemic. [GRAPHICS] .

关键词： Urban three-stage least squares outdoor activity walking for leisure preventive behavior COVID-19 pandemic

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Exploring Google Street View with deep learning for crop type mapping

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ISPRS JOURNAL OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND REMOTE SENSING 2021年 171卷 278-296页

作者： Yan, Yulin Ryu, Youngryel Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Agr & Forest Meteorol Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul 151921 South Korea

Ground reference data are an essential prerequisite for supervised crop mapping. The lack of a low-cost and efficient ground referencing method results in pervasively limited reference data and hinders crop classification. In this study, we apply a convolutional neural network (CNN) model to explore the efficacy of automatic ground truthing via Google Street View (GSV) images in two distinct farming regions: Illinois and the Central Valley in California. We demonstrate the feasibility and reliability of our new ground referencing technique by performing pixel-based crop mapping at the state level using the cloud-based Google Earth Engine platform. The mapping results are evaluated using the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) crop data layer (CDL) products. From similar to 130,000 GSV images, the CNN model identified similar to 9,400 target crop images. These images are well classified into crop types, including alfalfa, almond, corn, cotton, grape, rice, soybean, and pistachio. The overall GSV image classification accuracy is 92% for the Central Valley and 97% for Illinois. Subsequently, we shifted the image geographical coordinates 2-3 times in a certain direction to produce 31,829 crop reference points: 17,358 in Illinois, and 14,471 in the Central Valley. Evaluation of the mapping results with CDL products revealed satisfactory coherence. GSV-derived mapping results capture the general pattern of crop type distributions for 2011-2019. The overall agreement between CDL products and our mapping results is indicated by R-2 values of 0.44-0.99 for the Central Valley and 0.81-0.98 for Illinois. To show the applicational value of the proposed method in other countries, we further mapped rice paddy (2014-2018) in South Korea which yielded fairly well outcomes (R-2 = 0.91). These results indicate that GSV images used with a deep learning model offer an efficient and cost-effective alternative method for ground referencing, in many regions of the world.

关键词： Crop type mapping Deep learning Google Earth Engine Google Street View Ground referencing

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Sky view factor calculation in complex urban geometry with terrestrial LiDAR

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PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 2021年第4期42卷 374-394页

作者： Heo, Han Kyul Lee, Dong Kun Park, Chae Yeon Kim, Ho Gul Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Coll Agr Life Sci Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul South Korea Cheongju Univ Dept Human Environm Design Major Landscape Urban Planning Cheongju South Korea

The sky view factor (SVF) is a key indicator in urban structures and is used in research in various fields. Recently, a method was developed to compute SVF in complex urban areas using airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR). However, it displays low accuracy in areas with trees and buildings, owing to the limited resolution of airborne LiDAR data. In this study, the accuracy of the SVF calculation using terrestrial LiDAR was verified by comparing the reference data calculated from fisheye photographs at the same positions. Our results indicate that the SVF derived using terrestrial LiDAR has higher accuracy. We also tested whether a higher accuracy could be obtained by increasing the spatial resolution of the LiDAR data. The SVF estimation is more accurate when using terrestrial LiDAR, displaying a 60% reduction in the maximum error compared with the SVF estimated using airborne LiDAR. In addition, according to this research, a voxel size of 2.5 cm is sufficient for estimating SVF in a complex urban area. This resolution can be achieved through mobile LiDAR. Therefore, it is anticipated that the SVF calculation technique used in this study will be more practical when used with mobile LiDAR.

关键词： Urban structure voxel 3D Point Cloud tree effect sensitivity analysis

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Influences of COVID-19 pandemic on travel patterns across past, present, and future

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF URBAN SCIENCES 2025年第2期29卷 405-429页

作者： Gim, Tae-Hyoung Tommy Park, Yunmi Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture I Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Environm Planning Inst Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Civil & Environm Engn Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Inst Construct & Environm Engn Seoul South Korea

As societies strive to return to pre-COVID-19 norms, there's growing recognition of the profound changes people have experienced over the past two and a half years. This has prompted discussions on how to shape future transportation strategies to align with evolving lifestyles. Understanding people's travel patterns before, during, and after the pandemic is crucial for shaping post-pandemic actions. This study investigates the relationship between travel patterns across these phases, with a focus on the pandemic's mediating effects. Using structural equation modelling and data from 7,613 U.S. survey responses, we uncover noteworthy shifts in travel behaviour dynamics. During the pandemic, policy measures and sociodemographic factors significantly influenced travel. However, these effects may diminish as measures are lifted and vulnerabilities no longer correlate with sociodemographics. In contrast, past travel behaviour and attitudes, especially favouring alternative modes of transportation, are expected to have a more enduring impact in the post-pandemic era. This shift is likely to emerge 'strengthened new normal,' especially among those who reduced travel and embraced alternative modes. Future travel policies should anticipate and accommodate these evolving dynamics. Promoting diverse transportation modes beyond private vehicles will be crucial as travel behaviour undergoes transformation. Thus, policy formulation should consider a range of scenarios to address these changing preferences and behaviours.

关键词： Travel behaviour COVID-19 new normal lifestyle mediation effect partial least squares structural equation modelling

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