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Walkability vs. walking: assessing outcomes of walkability at Southeast False Creek, Vancouver, Canada

Journal of Urbanism 2019年第4期12卷 456-475页

作者： Girling, Cynthia Zheng, K. Monti, A. Ebneshahidi, M. School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada College of Architecture and Urban Planning Tongji University Shanghai China Interdisciplinary Studies Graduate Program University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada

If a neighbourhood is designed and built according to best practices for walkable neighbourhood design, will people respond and walk in the public realm? This was a narrowly focused case study of a brownfield redevelopment in Vancouver, Canada, intentionally designed to be highly walkable. Methods included a Walk Score® analysis, both in-person and video observational studies of people using three public spaces over a nine-month period, supplemented with questionnaires. Observational studies and questionnaires revealed high numbers of people using the public spaces for walking and active mobility throughout the year in all weather conditions, validating a very high Walk Score®. However, the study also uncovered unexpected patterns of walking and motivations for walking, which reveals the value of post-occupancy observational and survey studies to fully understand how specific attributes of the neighbourhood landscape may significantly change what people value and how they use the public realm. © 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

关键词： access to nature post occupancy observation social interaction urban greenways walkability index Walkable neighbourhood

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Evaluating landslide hazards using RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios

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ENVIRONMENTAL EARTH SCIENCES 2015年第3期73卷 1385-1400页

作者： Kim, Ho Gul Lee, Dong Kun Park, Chan Kil, Sungho Son, Yonghoon Park, Jin Han Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr Life Sci Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ CALS Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul South Korea Natl Inst Environm Studies Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan Texas A&M Univ Coll Architecture Dept Landscape Architecture & Urban Planning College Stn TX 77843 USA Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Seoul South Korea

Recently, extreme meteorological events have occurred frequently owing to climate change and its influence. Impacts of concentrated precipitation events include the damage caused by landslides. Many areas in Gangwondo (Korea) are located at high elevation and have large elevation differences;these areas are thus at high risk of landslides. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the landslide hazard of the province using representative concentration pathways (RCP) scenarios 4.5 and 8.5 and to compare results. This study produced an optimal landslide model for the province through analysis of variables and points of landslide origin. Estimates indicate that the landslide hazard area will increase to 154 km(2). The RCP 8.5 scenario showed a larger (by about 59 km 2) landslide hazard area than the RCP 4.5 scenario. The uncertainty of climate change scenarios was also explored using statistical values of each scenario period. An overlay analysis (overlay of landslide hazard areas and land cover map) showed that 40.6 % of farmlands would be susceptible to landslides in 2070-2099 (RCP 8.5). Additionally, damage to the alpine agriculture due to landslides was also identified as a critical area. In the RCP 8.5 scenario, the land-use types that occupy more than 20 % of the landslide hazard area are transportation, recreational facilities, and vinyl house for farming. This suggests that casualties from landslides will increase in future. It also highlights a lack of policies to manage development. Therefore, the local government of Gangwondo should consider landslide hazard areas when planning future land uses.

关键词： Climate change scenario Maximum entropy model Landslide susceptibility map Gangwondo

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Simultaneous detection of four lily-infecting viruses by a multiplex RT-PCR assay

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JOURNAL OF GENERAL PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021年第4期87卷 219-224页

作者： Lim, Mi Sang Min, Dong Joo Hong, Jin Sung Choi, Sun Hee Seoul Womens Univ Dept Hort Biotechnol & Landscape Architecture 621 Hwarangro Seoul 01797 South Korea Kangwon Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Smart Agr Chunchon 24341 South Korea

A multiplex reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) system was modified and evaluated for the simultaneous detection of multiple viruses in coinfected lily plants. Four major lily viruses, namely, lily symptomless, cucumber mosaic, lily mottle, and plantago asiatica mosaic viruses, were targeted by simultaneous detection. Analysis of PCR products confirmed the amplification of virus-specific DNA fragments of the expected sizes and nucleotide sequences from the target viruses. The cDNAs from singly infected plant samples were used as positive controls, and multiple infected samples were used to develop the multiplex RT-PCR system, which was then applied to leaf samples from diverse lily species and hybrids. The modified multiplex RT-PCR was successfully validated on the simultaneous detection of these viruses.

关键词： Coinfection Lily Lily-infecting viruses Multiplex detection RT-PCR

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The effects of land-based change on coastal ecosystems

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landscape AND ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING 2022年第3期18卷 351-366页

作者： Sahavacharin, Alisa Sompongchaiyakul, Penjai Thaitakoo, Danai Chulalongkorn Univ Grad Sch Interdisciplinary Program Environm Sci Bangkok 10330 Thailand Chulalongkorn Univ Fac Sci Dept Marine Sci Bangkok 10330 Thailand Chulalongkorn Univ Fac Architecture Dept Landscape Architecture Bangkok 10330 Thailand

The rapid increase in coastal urbanization profoundly impacts various environmental components and significantly transforms coastal ecosystems to the degree they lose their integrity. Coastal zones are facing increasing pressure from socio-economic development and climate change. Sustainable coastal planning and management must understand better how humans changing the physical environment of coastal areas to present a rational and comprehensive direction for development. The purpose of this research is to systematically review, with the following aims: (1) describe scientific debates on anthropogenic activities on the coastal landscape;(2) systematically identify the landscape structure of the changing coastal ecosystem;and (3) discuss the consequences of the change. Research articles from the database are systematically mapped and reviewed to summarize the state of current evidence-based information related to the characters and effects of change. The 114 articles selected indicate that there are numerous adverse actions and consequences of anthropogenic landscape change. Humans significantly influence the structure of the coastal ecosystem. Consequently, the functions of the coastal ecosystem are altered and degraded. This review proposed spatial planning guidelines to maintain or restore the ecological integrity of coastal development, especially where only small portions of formerly intact coastal ecosystems remain.

关键词： Physical environment change landscape structure landscape function landscape change Coastal urbanization Systematic review

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Digital canopy photography: Exposed and in the raw

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AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY 2014年 197卷 244-253页

作者： Macfarlane, Craig Ryu, Youngryel Ogden, Gary N. Sonnentag, Oliver CSIRO Ecosyst Sci Wembley WA 6917 Australia Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Agr & Forest Meteorol Seoul 151 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 151 South Korea Univ Montreal Dept Geog Montreal PQ H2V 2B8 Canada

Estimates of the canopy gap fraction, on which calculations of leaf area index (LAI) are based, are sensitive to photographic exposure in upward-facing images. In this article we describe a simple, automated method of image acquisition and processing that eliminates both subjectivity and the need for the operator to consider photographic exposure in the field. A key strength of our methodology was the use of a test apparatus (perforated aluminum screen) with a precisely known gap fraction;this allowed us to separate the confounding effects of gap size and gap fraction on the optimal photographic exposure for a canopy. We took photographs of the test apparatus at different photographic exposures;we varied the gap fraction by covering a proportion of the holes in the screen, and also varied gap size by varying the distance of the camera from the screen. We acquired both raw images and JPEG images. We found that the optimal exposure of JPEG images varied with both gap size and gap fraction, not just gap fraction as previously assumed. Underexposing by one stop yielded raw data that were never clipped resulting in data loss, but that used most of the 14-bit range of the raw file. We also found that it was easily possible to standardize photographic exposure during image processing by acquiring raw images in the field;thus eliminating the variation in estimated gap fraction and LAI associated with exposure variations. This result was replicated in both fisheye images and cover images that we acquired in real canopies. We recommend the following protocol for acquiring canopy images in future studies: 1. Shoot raw using one stop of underexposure. 2. Convert propriety-format raw files to DNG format using the free software Adobe DNG Converter. 3. Contrast stretch the blue channel of the image and save as JPG for further analysis. The authors can supply MATLAB script to perform this step. Crown Copyright (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Leaf area index Digital canopy photography Raw gamma Gap fraction Cover

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Dark respiration explains nocturnal stomatal conductance in rice regardless of drought and nutrient stress

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PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT 2023年第12期46卷 3748-3759页

作者： Yan, Yulin Ryu, Youngryel Dechant, Benjamin Li, Bolun Kim, Jongmin Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Agr & Forest Meteorol Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Sci Seoul South Korea German Ctr Integrat Biodivers Res iDiv Leipzig Germany Univ Leipzig Leipzig Germany

The ecological mechanism underlying nocturnal stomatal conductance (g(sn)) in C-3 and C-4 plants remains elusive. In this study, we proposed a 'coordinated leaf trait' hypothesis to explain g(sn) in rice plants. We conducted an open-field experiment by applying drought, nutrient stress and the combined drought-nutrient stress. We found that g(sn) was neither strongly reduced by drought nor consistently increased by nutrient stress. With the aforementioned multiple abiotic stressors considered as random effects, g(sn) exhibited a strong positive correlation with dark respiration (R-n). Notably, g(sn) primed early morning (5:00-7:00) photosynthesis through faster stomatal response time. This photosynthesis priming effect diminished after mid-morning (9:00). Leaves were cooled by g(sn)-derived transpiration. However, our results clearly suggest that evaporative cooling did not reduce dark respiration cost. Our results indicate that gsn is more closely related to carbon respiration and assimilation than water and nutrient availability, and that dark respiration can explain considerable variation of g(sn).

关键词： abiotic stress leaf trait coordination nocturnal respiration nocturnal stomatal conductance Oryza sativa photosynthesis

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Valuing the Cultural landscapes Past and Present: Tea Plantations in Sri Lanka

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landscape RESEARCH 2015年第6期40卷 668-683页

作者： Wijetunga, Chandana Shrinath Sung, Jong Sang Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Seoul South Korea

The study focuses on tea plantation cultural landscapes in Sri Lanka and its historical formation, present issues and future considerations. [Sri Lanka was known as Ceylon before 1972. At present, the country uses Sri Lanka for all related documents.] According to the research, the tea estate is identified as the main building unit of tea heritage. This paper reveals the historical formation of tea heritage and its contribution to the existing landscape. This study focuses on the Nuwara Eliya region, as it is the main area for tea cultivation. The present condition of tea plantations in Sri Lanka is derived through a survey conducted in Labookellie estate, Blue Field estate and Pedro estate. Past and the present circumstances are examined through analysis of literature, topographical maps and site observations, while interviews with outsiders (foreign visitors) were used to strengthen the thoughts on tea plantation landscapes. This paper reveals basic concepts such as agriculture as a heritage, active agriculture and value added through future conservation and development procedure. The paper first discusses the formation of tea estates and governing factors. Second, the paper explains estate settlement as the main building block of tea heritage with researched case studies and explains existing landscape values. Third, the paper explains future thoughts on the tea plantation landscapes in Sri Lanka. Opinions of foreign visitors to the plantation are considered as a valuable contribution to the conclusions. The paper stresses the importance of understanding tea estate cultural landscapes and their heritage value for future planning and the conservation priorities in Sri Lanka.

关键词： Cultural landscape tea plantations estate settlements cultural landscape values tea heritage Sri Lanka

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The neighborhood effects of new road infrastructure: Transformation of urban settlements and resident's socioeconomic characteristics in Danang, Vietnam

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HABITAT INTERNATIONAL 2015年 50卷 169-179页

作者： Won, Sehyung Cho, Sea Eun Kim, Saehoon Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 151742 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Urban Design Concentrat Dept Landscape Architecture Seoul 151742 South Korea

This study documented the transformation of urban landscape and residents' socioeconomic conditions associated with the development of Nguyen Tat Thanh Road in Danang, Vietnam. The road was newly built along the coastal lines of Danang Bay in 2003, linking downtown Danang with the western part of the city. To better understand the relationship between infrastructure and urban change in developing countries, we conducted in-depth interviews of 400 property owners living in one of the following sites: 1) an area directly abutting on the new road, 2) an area abutting on an existing road but is away from the new road, and 3) an area inside an urban block which is disconnected from all types of vehicular roads. The results showed that road development took place along with a sizable number of urban changes over time, including housing types, building densities and uses, income level, commuting distances, and the type of occupation. The changes were more striking in the area abutting the new road where relatively well-off migrants settled down and capitalized on land rents by accommodating a variety of retail uses compared to other areas away from the road. However, the area inside the block also experienced small-scaled, parcel-level adaptive reuse of the built environment by the original residents who maintained the livable environment of the residential neighborhood. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Road infrastructure Migration Tube house Urban development Danang

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Risk management for natural hazards based on reliability analysis: A case study of landslides 28th

Risk management for natural hazards based on reliability ana...

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28th Annual International European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL)

作者： Lee, Jongook Lee, Dong Kun Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr Life Sci Seoul South Korea

ISBN: (纸本)9781351174664;9780815386827

To cope with natural disasters, it is necessary to establish a strategy for adaptation after analyzing the risk originating from natural hazards. When conducting risk analysis, the first step is estimating the frequency of occurrence, followed by calculating the probability of occurrence. This study aimed to estimate the frequency of landslide occurrence, using the correct units, and to present how the probability of occurrence can be calculated utilizing the concept of reliability, which corresponds well to the outcomes obtained when a Poisson distribution is employed. For the analysis, a pixel unit of GIS-based spatial information was considered as a component to denote the unit for the frequency of landside occurrence, and the equation for the probability of occurrence was derived from the definition of reliability. As a result, the frequency of landslide occurrence in the study region was demonstrated, and a sample calculation of the probability of landslide occurrence is presented.

关键词： Landslides

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Predicting susceptibility to landslides under climate change impacts in metropolitan areas of South Korea using machine learning

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GEOMATICS NATURAL HAZARDS & RISK 2021年第1期12卷 2462-2476页

作者： Park, Sang-Jin Lee, Dong-kun Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Integrated Major Smart City Global Convergence Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Coll Agr & Life Sci Seoul South Korea

Landslides cause considerable damage to life and property worldwide. In order to prevent and respond to landslides, it is necessary to identify vulnerable areas. This study identified areas that are likely to be damaged by landslides and aimed to predict future landslides. We compared and analyzed areas using machine learning (ML) algorithms, and conducted susceptibility mapping and landslide prediction using an algorithm that produced excellent results. For landslide predictions, the probability distribution of precipitation in the representative concentration pathway scenario 8.5 was used. We accounted for future uncertainties by using several regional climate model scenarios. Comparing the performances of different ML algorithms, the overall prediction accuracy of the random forest (0.932) was excellent. Susceptibility to landslides in the future determined using the random forest and five other regional climate models exhibited minor differences, but the average susceptibility increased over time. In addition, many urban areas are distributed around forest areas that have high landslide vulnerabilities, which provide important perspectives for urban and environmental planning.

关键词： Climate change adaptation representative concentration pathway random forest landslide susceptibility disaster management

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