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SSRN 2022年

作者： Yun, Seok Hwan Lee, Dong Kun Piao, Zheng Gang Park, Chae Yeon Kim, Sang Hyuck Kim, Eun Sub Interdisciplinary Program in Landscape Architecture Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Integrated Major in Smart City Global Convergence Program Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural System Engineering Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Social Systems Division National Institute for Environmental Studies 16-2 Onogawa Ibaraki Tsukuba305-8506 Japan

Understanding the urban heat problem, which is intensifying owing to urbanization and climate change, has become a great challenge. Evaluating the thermal environment of urban spaces and predicting changes based on urban planning are essential for developing optimal urban cooling plans. Models using numerical methods are efficient and flexible for accurately simulating thermal comfort in various spatial arrangements in urban areas. In this study, we developed a three-dimensional urban surface model to evaluate the thermal comfort of humans by reflecting complex urban environments. We analyzed the thermal comfort according to the angular change of east–west streets, which are vulnerable to heat, and found that a change of 12.5° has a significant effect on the heat felt by the person on the sidewalk. The results suggest that spatiotemporal thermal comfort simulations considering the orientation of the streets and analytical planning are necessary to efficiently cool the city. This model can be used to develop efficient cooling strategies to achieve sustainable cities. © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Thermal comfort

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Quantifying the Effects of Green-Gray Infrastructure at the Urban Catchment Scale Under Various Rainfall Patterns

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SSRN 2022年

作者： Bae, Chaeyoung Lee, Dongkun Sohn, Wonmin Interdisciplinary Program in Landscape Architecture & Integrated Major in Smart City Global Convergence Seoul National University Korea Republic of College of Agriculture and Life Science Seoul National University Korea Republic of School of Planning Design and Construction Michigan State University United States

This study evaluated several green-gray infrastructure strategies under various rainfall patterns to support decision-making on flood management in urbanized catchments. The evaluation framework based on a simulation was applied to the target study area under 20 design storms with different return periods, durations, and time distributions. Time-dependent resilience assessment was simulated by real flood events. The main conclusions were: 1) Among green infrastructure (GI) practices, the performance of green roofs (GRs) was better than that of permeable pavements (PPs);2) all three hydrological performance indexes decreased as the return period of a storm increased, but the reduction patterns differed depending on the quantile and duration;3) the implementation of GI practices should be combined with the improvement of gray infrastructure to achieve optimal flood mitigation under extreme rainfall events. The results highlight the importance and necessity of detailed comparisons of various options that can aid the decision-making process governing green-gray infrastructure planning. © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Floods

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GEOSIF: A continental-scale sub-daily reconstructed solar-induced fluorescence derived from OCO-3 and GK-2A over Eastern Asia and Oceania

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REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT 2024年 311卷

作者： Jeong, Sungchan Ryu, Youngryel Li, Xing Dechant, Benjamin Liu, Jiangong Kong, Juwon Choi, Wonseok Fang, Jianing Lian, Xu Gentine, Pierre Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Integrated Major Smart City Global Convergence Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Sci Seoul South Korea German Ctr Integrat Biodivers Res iDiv Leipzig Germany Univ Leipzig Leipzig Germany Columbia Univ Dept Earth & Environm Engn New York NY USA Yale Univ Yale Sch Environm New Haven CT 06511 USA Columbia Univ Ctr Learning Earth Artificial intelligence & Phys New York NY USA

The diurnal solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) sampling capability of OCO-3 can provide crucial insights into ecosystem function at the sub-daily scale. However, potential applications of OCO-3 SIF have suffered from its inherent spatiotemporal discontinuity. In this study, we addressed the discontinuous observation coverage of OCO-3 SIF by utilizing information coming from the continuous geostationary satellite observations from Geostationary Korea Multi-Purpose Satellite-2A (GK-2A). We generated and comprehensively evaluated a continental-scale hourly reconstructed SIF over the Eastern Asia and Oceania. To do this, we trained an extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model using OCO-3 SIF and GK-2A observations including four band Nadir BRDF Adjusted Reflectance (NBAR) (blue, green, red, and near-infrared), shortwave radiation, and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) using the data from August 2019 to July 2021. The reconstructed SIF data showed robust agreement with OCO-3 SIF across diverse ecosystems, different hours of the day, and varying observation geometries (R2 = 0.68-79). We found large feature importance of near-infrared reflectance, red reflectance, and shortwave radiation, which together explained 84.6% of SIF prediction. VPD played an increasing role under high temperature conditions. The reconstructed SIF effectively captured the afternoon depression of photosynthesis across diverse ecosystems, ranging from 63.9% to 88.9%, which was consistent with the original OCO-3 SIF. Our results identified a more pronounced afternoon depression in the physiological SIF yield than in the canopy structural proxy. In addition, diurnal changes in both canopy structural and physiological components of SIF showed a stronger relationship with VPD than that of temperature. These findings highlight the benefits of the synergistic use of new-generation satellite observations to improve our understanding of large-scale diurnal ecosystem dynamics and its environmental drive

关键词： OCO-3 GK-2A SIF NIRv Afternoon depression VPD

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landscape Design for Improved Thermal Environment: An Optimized Tree Arrangement Design for Climate-Responsive Outdoor Spaces in Residential Buildings

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Kim, Ji Yeon Park, Chae Yeon Hyun, Jung Hee Kim, Sang Hyuck Yun, Seok Hwan Lee, Dong Kun Interdisciplinary Program in Landscape Architecture Seoul National University Seoul Korea Republic of Integrated Major in Smart City Global Convergence Program Seoul National University Seoul Korea Republic of Specialized Graduate School of Intelligent Eco-Science Seoul National University Seoul Korea Republic of Smart Green Solution team SK forest Seoul Korea Republic of National Institute for Environmental Studies 16-2 Onogawa Ibaraki Tsukuba305-8506 Japan Systemic Risk and Resilience Research Group Advancing Systems Analysis International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Austria Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural System Engineering Seoul National University Seoul Korea Republic of

The heat reduction effect of trees has been investigated through numerical simulations;however, there are still challenges to applying the scientific results to the planning process due to the model's complexity and the computational resources required. This study investigates a rapid spatial evaluation method for heat stress potential, measured by mean radiant temperature (MRT), by decomposing radiation into sub-radiation using a multilayer MRT model. This method also enables the reproduction of optimized layouts considering the effect of tree arrangement in residential buildings. Multi-objectives were achieved through an evolutionary algorithm, resulting in more effective design layouts combining tree types and arrangements, all within a standard budget. By adopting this study's approach, landscape designers can create climate-responsive tree layouts with reduced heat exposure and generate customized planting designs tailored to their preferences. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Decision making

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Assessing the impact of green infrastructure on thermal comfort in relation to humidity: A case study in Korea

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URBAN FORESTRY & URBAN GREENING 2024年 95卷

作者： Park, Byeong Jin Lee, Dong Kun Yun, Seok Hwan Kim, Eun Sub Lee, Jae Hong Kim, Sang Hyuck Seoul Natl Univ Coll Agr & Life Sci Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 151921 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Integrated Major Smart City Global Convergence 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Specialized Grad Sch Intelligent Ecosci Dept Landscape Architecture 4 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Sci 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea Natl Inst Environm Studies 16-2 Onogawa Tsukuba Ibaraki 3058506 Japan Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea

Problems arising from heatwaves and urban heat islands (UHIs) exacerbated by climate change have prompted diverse adaptation strategies. Although green infrastructure, which positively affects climate change adaptation, has been extensively evaluated, global -scale assessments of UHIs indicate that green infrastructure may not be sufficient to mitigate UHIs in humid regions with annual precipitation exceeding 1000 mm or summer precipitation exceeding 570 mm. However, these assessments primarily focused on UHIs;different results may be obtained for individual heat comfort. As relative humidity increases, the cooling effect of green areas potentially decreases. This suggests the need for additional studies on the impact of short-term precipitation, which increases relative humidity and induces cooling effects on green infrastructure. Korea experiences a humid summer due to the concentration of precipitation (approximately 711 mm of summer precipitation);thus, the contribution of green infrastructure to improving heat comfort might be limited. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of green infrastructure on thermal comfort in relation to precipitation levels using the Wet -Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) index and data from weather stations in Korea. Precipitation intensity was categorized into 2 -day periods and 10 mm/day. Subsequently, thermal comfort was compared for summers from 1993 to 2022 according to the green infrastructure ratio around the stations. The results indicated that green infrastructure had a cooling effect on clear days but only had a cooling effect on precipitation days when the level of green infrastructure was above the critical ratio. Additionally, green infrastructure reduced the WBGT index if minimal precipitation occurred during the five-day cooling period following precipitation. While green infrastructure remains crucial for climate change adaptation, other strategies must be implemented to improve the thermal environment, particular

关键词： Climate change adaptation Cooling effect Heat mitigation Precipitation impact Urban climate

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A Multi-Layer Model for Transpiration of Urban Trees Considering Vertical Structure

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FORESTS 2020年第11期11卷 1164-1164页

作者： Yun, Seok Hwan Park, Chae Yeon Kim, Eun Sub Lee, Dong Kun Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 08826 South Korea Natl Inst Environm Studies Ctr Social & Environm Syst Res Tsukuba Ibaraki 3050053 Japan Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr Life Sci Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Smart City Global Convergence Program Seoul 08826 South Korea

As the intensity of the urban heat island effect increases, the cooling effect of urban trees has become important. Urban trees cool surfaces during the day via shading, increasing albedo and transpiration. Many studies are being conducted to calculate the transpiration rate;however, most approaches are not suitable for urban trees and oversimplify plant physiological processes. We propose a multi-layer model for the transpiration of urban trees, accounting for plant physiological processes and considering the vertical structure of trees and buildings. It has been expanded from an urban canopy model to accurately simulate the photosynthetically active radiation and leaf surface temperature. To evaluate how tree and surrounding building conditions affect transpiration, we simulated the transpiration of trees in different scenarios such as building height (i.e., 1H, 2H and 3H, H = 12 m), tree location (i.e., south tree and north tree in a E-W street), and vertical leaf area density (LAD) (i.e., constant density, high density with few layers, high density in middle layers, and high density in lower layers). The transpiration rate was estimated to be more sensitive to the building height and tree location than the LAD distribution. Transpiration-efficient trees differed depending on the surrounding condition and plant location. This model is a useful tool that provides guidelines on the planting of thermo-efficient trees depending on the structure or environment of the city.

关键词： urban heat island urban street tree transpiration multi-layer model urban canopy model cooling effect

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Are decline-oriented strategies thermally sustainable in shrinking cities?

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URBAN CLIMATE 2021年 39卷 100924-100924页

作者： Jang, Gukhwa Kim, Saehoon Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Dept Landscape Architecture Urban Design Concentrat Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Smart City Global Convergence Seoul South Korea

Since the 20th century, shrinking cities have become a crucial subject in urban planning and public health literature. Given the growing concern about heat stress, a planning method for managing shrinking cities is increasingly linked with improvement of urban thermal comfort. The purpose of this study is to identify policy implications for developing so-called "decline-oriented strategies" that help to mitigate heat stress. The article assesses the effects of three strategies: 1) demolition strategy of abandoned houses, 2) demolition and greening the site strategy, and 3) small-scale urban renewal strategy. Using ENVI-met, we performed a comparative analysis of the differences in thermal comfort levels associated with each strategy. The results showed that the pre-post differences in thermal comfort were statistically significant for each strategy. Overall, the demolition strategy without greening elevated the surface temperature due to more extensive open areas without shade, forming a heat stress zone around vacant lots. The greening strategy partly offset the adverse effects of the demolition strategy by providing a thermally pleasant environment. Finally, the small-scale urban renewal strategy improved the thermal environment and provided a potential cooling zone, which pedestrians and residents could utilize.

关键词： Climate change Heat stress Outdoor thermal comfort Physiological equivalent temperature smart shrinkage

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Urban flood adaptation and optimization for net-zero: Case study of Dongjak-gu, Seoul

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JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY-REGIONAL STUDIES 2022年 41卷

作者： Kim, Jaekyoung Lee, Jihoon Hwang, Soonho Kang, Junsuk Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Transdisciplinary Program Smart City Global Conver Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Univ Illinois Urbana Champaign Res Inst Agr & Life Sci Dept Agr & Biol Engn IL61801 Seoul 08826 South Korea

Study region: Sangdo-dong, Dongjak-gu, which is classified as inland water disaster risk zone within Seoul, Republic of Korea. Study focus: This study evaluated the amount of flooding that could occur in the carbon-neutral era, and optimized low-impact development (LID) technology for an urban flood adaptation. The optimal scenario of LID technologies was proposed for the Sangdo-dong area at the urban level, and the amount of runoff and flood reduction was evaluated. New hydrological insights: The LID controls provided by the storm water management model were used to analyze the flood damage that may occur under RCP 2.6 scenario. The evaluation simulated eight combinations of three optimized techniques: green roofs, permeable pavements, and vegetative swales to construct evidence-based data for the use by decision makers. In Scenario 8, which was evaluated as the most efficient, both peak and total flooding could be reduced by 55-60% respectively. This study not only evaluate the runoff but also the flooding value reflecting the interactions among LID-pipe networks. The LID installation area and runoff damage scale are inversely proportional. In contrast, as total flooding considers the capacity of the sewage network, a non uniform graph can be seen compared to the runoff. Results of this study can be used as guidance for LID evidence-based design and construction as well as strategies for decision maker.

关键词： Hydrology LID-pipe network Climate change scenario Net-Zero RCP 2 6 Storm water management

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The magnitude and causes of edge effects on soil organic carbon stocks within and across urban to rural forest patches

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landscape AND URBAN PLANNING 2021年 215卷 104223-104223页

作者： Bae, Jeehwan Ryu, Youngryel Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Coll Agr & Life Sci Seoul 151921 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Integrated Major Smart City Global Convergence Seoul South Korea

landscape fragmentation has created large areas of forest edge. Understanding how soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks within forest edges respond to fragmentation is essential to assess carbon budgets;however, the causes and magnitude of edge effects on SOC stocks have been poorly characterized. Here, we quantify the edge effects on SOC stocks within and across urban to rural forest patches from three fragmented urban forests to a large patch of rural forest. The SOC stocks within 20 m of the rural forest edge (1.86 kgC m(-2)) is on average 80% lower than the interiors of rural forest (10.47 kgC m(-2)). We found that biotic factors, including annual litterfall mass (R-2 > 0.94), peak leaf area index (R-2 > 0.92), and fine-root mass density (R-2 > 0.77), explained the spatial variation in SOC stocks within the rural forest. In urban forests, human activities at forest edges led to contrasting edge effects on SOC stocks, for instance, the SOC stocks at the east edges (4.74 kgC m(-2)) were 56% greater than at the west edges (3.03 kgC m(-2)) explained by the adjacent land uses (e.g., paved roads vs. non-paved soils) and in-situ litterfall management. We also found significant differences in summer soil temperature (Delta T-S > 2.8 degrees C) and soil moisture (Delta VWC > 0.05 m(3) m(-3)) between the east and west forest edges. Our results reveal that the factors responsible for the edge effects on SOC stocks in rural forests are biotic factors, while heterogeneous human activities at the local scale lead to complex edge effects on urban forest SOC stocks.

关键词： Forest fragmentation Edge effect Forest edge Soil organic carbon Urban soil Urban forest

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Adaptation Strategies for Future Coastal Flooding: Performance Evaluation of Green and Grey Infrastructure in South Korea

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SSRN 2022年

作者： Park, Sangjin Sohn, Wonmin Piao, Yong Lee, Dongkun Interdisciplinary Program in Landscape Architecture & Integrated Major in Smart City Global Convergence Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of School of Planning Design and Construction Michigan State University MI48826 United States College of Agriculture and Life Science Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of

Climate change is contributing to an increasing frequency and intensity of floods in Korea. This study predicts areas with a high probability of flooding in coastal areas of South Korea owing to future climate change, which is likely to cause extreme rainfall and sea-level rise, using a spatiotemporal downscaled future climate change scenario with random forest, artificial neural network, and k-nearest neighbor techniques. In addition, the change in coastal flooding risk probability according to the application of different adaptation strategies (green spaces and seawalls) was identified. The results showed a clear difference in the risk probability distribution in the absence and presence of either adaptation strategy. Their effectiveness in moderating future flooding risks is subject to change owing to strategy type, geographic region, and urbanization intensity and the results show that green spaces are slightly more effective than seawalls when forecasting for 2050. This demonstrates the importance of a nature-based strategy. Moreover, this study highlights the need to prepare adaptation measures according to regional characteristics to mitigate the impact of climate change. Korea is surrounded by seas on three sides that have independent geophysical and climate characteristics. The south coast has a higher risk of coastal flooding than the east and west coasts. In addition, a higher urbanization rate is associated with a higher risk probability. This implies that climate change response strategies for coastal cities are necessary as the population and socioeconomic activities of coastal urban areas are likely to increase in the future. © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Climate change

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