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SSRN 2023年

作者： Kuswidiyanto, Lukas Wiku Han, Xiongzhe Wang, Pingan Noh, Hyun-Ho Jung, Hee-Young Jung, Dae-Hyun Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture College of Agricultural and Life Sciences Kangwon National University Chuncheon Korea Republic of Department of Biosystem Engineering College of Agricultural and Life Science Kangwon National University Chuncheon Korea Republic of Residual Agrochemical Assessment Division Department of Agro-Food Safety and Crop Protection National Institute of Agricultural Science Rural Development Administration Wanju-gun Korea Republic of Department of Plant Pathology College of Agricultural and Life Science Kyungpook National University Daegu Korea Republic of Department of Smart Farm Science Kyung Hee University Yongin Korea Republic of

Kimchi cabbage (Brassica rapa pekinensis), one of the main agricultural products in Korea, is susceptible to downy mildew disease infections. Infected plants develop yellow spots (chlorosis) on the upper (adaxial) side of the infected leaf, undermining cabbage production and quality. An early detection method to recognize and treat the disease is crucial to prevent downy mildew and lessen its physical effects on plants. Hyperspectral imaging can capture data from a broad spectrum, which can be utilized to detect disease occurrence before any visible symptoms appear. Combining a hyperspectral camera with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) can provide a non-destructive, field-scale disease detection system. In this study, three-dimensional (3D) convolutional neural network (CNN) models were used to simultaneously account for the spectral and spatial features of the disease to enable automatic disease detection. Using a 3D-residual network (ResNet) CNN with four residual blocks, each followed by a rectified linear unit activation function and a max-pooling layer, helped achieve an overall accuracy of 0.876 and a diseased class accuracy of 0.873. Disease severity was estimated by grouping nearby diseased leaves using the density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise clustering algorithm to achieve a 27.07% relative error or a 1.08 level difference from the actual. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Agricultural products

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The Impact of Greening Strategies on Temperature Reduction at Bus Stop Utilizing Computational Fluid Dynamics (Cfd) Analysis

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Kim, Na Youn Kim, Eun Sub Yun, Seokhwan Lee, Dong Kun Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural System Engineering Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Interdisciplinary Program in Landscape Architecture Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Integrated Major in Smart City Global Convergence Program Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Specialized Graduate School of Intelligent Eco-Science 4 Dept. of Landscape Architecture Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of

This study analyzed the effectiveness of a vegetation strategy for mitigating heat within a bus stop shelter by implementing vegetation wind permeability and transpiration cooling processes using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. In scenario 1, a pot-type vertical greening system (VGS) without wind permeability had no significant effect on temperature reduction in the bus stop shelter. In contrast, scenario 2, with a mesh VGS allowing wind permeability, resulted in an average temperature reduction of 0.16°C within the interior area of the bus stop shelter, accompanied by shelter improved ventilation. Scenario 3, which entailed the removal of the shelter and the planting of trees, resulted in the least reduction in wind speed and an average temperature reduction of 0.14°C in the bus waiting area. Scenario 2 demonstrated the most effective temperature reduction for interior and surrounding area of the bus stop. Considering the normal effective temperature (NET), Scenario 3 provided the lowest sensation temperature. This indicates that the improved ventilation in Scenario 3 had a substantial impact on NET. Considering the effects of the vegetation strategies proposed in this study, it is essential to select suitable strategies for heat mitigation in bus-stop shelters based on regional and spatial considerations. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Computational fluid dynamics

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Electrospinning Near Infra-Red Light-Responsive Unzipped CNT/PDA Nanofibrous Membrane for Enhanced Antibacterial Effect and Rapid Drug Release

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SSRN 2022年

作者： Lim, Ki-Taek Patil, Tejal V. Dutta, Sayan Deb Patel, Dinesh K. Ganguly, Keya Department of Biosystems Engineering Kangwon National University Chuncheon24341 Korea Republic of Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture Kangwon National University Chuncheon24341 Korea Republic of Institute of Forest Science Kangwon National University Chuncheon24341 Korea Republic of

Presently, efficient protection from bacterial infections is considered a potential threat owing to the raise of multidrug-resistant bacterial phenotypes. Hence, there is an urgent requirement to develop alternative strategies for eliminating bacterial infections. In this regard, near infrared (NIR) responsive photothermal agents (PTAs) has received significant attention. We report a mussel-inspired NIR-responsive unzipped CNT (uCNT)-based nanocomposite to combat against bacteria. The modification of mussel-inspired polydopamine (PDA) coating improved the NIR responsiveness and biocompatibility of uCNTs. The temperature of uCNT@PDA increased by 40°C upon exposure of 808 nm NIR light (1.0W/cm2, 10 min) showing the excellent photothermal property. PCL/uCNT@PDA nanofiber mats showed controlled photothermal heating upon low power density (0.5W/cm2) NIR irradiation and exhibited robust mechanical strength up to 20 MPa (PCL/uCNT@PDA-1). Taking advantage of photothermal effect and ROS generation, the nanofiber displayed remarkable antibacterial efficacy against Bacillus subtilis (gram positive) and Escherichia coli (gram negative) and displayed the release of curcumin in presence of NIR light. The fabricated PCL/uCNT@PDA platform is bioactive, anti-oxidative, and non-toxic for human dermal fibroblast cells. Therefore, we anticipate that the developed uCNT@PDA is a potential PTA and may provide a versatile platform for eradicating bacterial contamination in medical and non-medical sectors. © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Electrospinning

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Quantifying the Effects of Green-Gray Infrastructure at the Urban Catchment Scale Under Various Rainfall Patterns

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SSRN 2022年

作者： Bae, Chaeyoung Lee, Dongkun Sohn, Wonmin Interdisciplinary Program in Landscape Architecture & Integrated Major in Smart City Global Convergence Seoul National University Korea Republic of College of Agriculture and Life Science Seoul National University Korea Republic of School of Planning Design and Construction Michigan State University United States

This study evaluated several green-gray infrastructure strategies under various rainfall patterns to support decision-making on flood management in urbanized catchments. The evaluation framework based on a simulation was applied to the target study area under 20 design storms with different return periods, durations, and time distributions. Time-dependent resilience assessment was simulated by real flood events. The main conclusions were: 1) Among green infrastructure (GI) practices, the performance of green roofs (GRs) was better than that of permeable pavements (PPs);2) all three hydrological performance indexes decreased as the return period of a storm increased, but the reduction patterns differed depending on the quantile and duration;3) the implementation of GI practices should be combined with the improvement of gray infrastructure to achieve optimal flood mitigation under extreme rainfall events. The results highlight the importance and necessity of detailed comparisons of various options that can aid the decision-making process governing green-gray infrastructure planning. © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Floods

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Development of a Greenhouse Environmental Forecasting Model Using Machine Learning to Optimize Energy Consumption

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Oh, Kwang Cheol Park, Sun Yong Kim, Seok Jun Cho, La Hoon Lee, Chung Geon Kim, Dae Hyun Agriculture and Life Science Research Institute Kangwon National University Hyoja 2 Dong 192-1 Chuncheon-si Korea Republic of Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture Kangwon National University Hyoja 2 Dong 192-1 Chuncheon-si Korea Republic of Department of Biosystems Engineering Kangwon National University Hyoja 2 Dong 192-1 Chuncheon-si Korea Republic of National Academy of Agricultural Science Rural Development Administration Jeonju54874 Korea Republic of

In this study, we developed a simulation model of the internal environment of greenhouses using artificial intelligence (AI) techniques. The research was conducted to optimize energy consumption through smart agriculture applications. A prediction model was established using a basic machine learning time-series algorithm, followed by the development of forecasting models through gap-labeling feature analysis. Data were collected from greenhouses equipped with heating systems over 55 days. Iterative learning was conducted using 7 days of training data and 1day d of validation data, resulting in 48 models (average r2 = 0.77, RMSE = 1.43). Implementing data-driven predictive control with the developed forecasting model can help achieve energy savings of approximately 15%. An effective energy management in greenhouse environments can be realized through control using AI-based forecasting models. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Prediction models

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6-Methoxyquinoline Immobilized Nylon Sensor for Monitoring Chloride Concentration in Reinforced Concrete

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Jeong, Hoseong Jung, Byung Jun Kim, Jae Hyun Kim, Kang Su Department of Architectural Engineering and Smart City Interdisciplinary Major Program University of Seoul 163 Seoulsiripdaero Dongdaemun-gu Seoul02504 Korea Republic of Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Seoul 163 Seoulsiripdaero Dongdaemun-gu Seoul02504 Korea Republic of Department of Architectural Engineering University of Seoul 163 Siripdae-ro Dongdaemun-gu Seoul02504 Korea Republic of

An excess in the threshold concentration of chloride in concrete leads to the initiation of reinforcement corrosion, which in turn results in a reduction in the load-bearing capacity of reinforced concrete(RC) structures. Accordingly, the chloride concentration of RC is periodically investigated via a destructive method, but this process is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and costly. In order to overcome the limitations, this study sought to develop an optical chloride sensor that can be used in structural health monitoring. To this end, nylon was functionalized using formaldehyde and epichlorohydrine, after which 6-methoxy quinoline was covalently immobilized to manufacture a sensor. The developed sensor was found to be capable of measuring chloride concentrations (0~5,000mM) and exhibited rapid responsiveness and reversibility. In addition, the developed sensor also showed a stable response even when exposed to the pH 13.4 environment for three months, and it could detect changes in chloride concentration even inside the mortar. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Reinforced concrete

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Modeling Supports the Implementation of Urban Greening as a Response to the Challenges of Sustainable Spatial Planning

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Kim, Eun Sub Lee, Dong Kun Hyun, Jung Hee Kim, Na Yeon Heo, Su Jeong Kim, Da Sle Interdisciplinary Program in Landscape Architecture Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Integrated Major in Smart City Global Convergence Program Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Specialized Graduate School of Intelligent Eco-Science 4 Dept. of Landscape Architecture Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Systemic Risk and Resilience Research Group Advancing Systems Analysis International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Austria Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural System Engineering Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of

Urban greening is a critical strategy for sustainable urban development, climate change mitigation, and biodiversity conservation. However, the effectiveness of urban greening varies depending on the specific goals (e.g., enhancing biodiversity, reducing urban heat, or both) and their spatial implementation. To address the spatial variability in the effectiveness of greening, we propose a spatial decision support model based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II). This model aims to optimize urban greening locations to maximize biomass density, mitigate urban heat stress, and simultaneously improve landscape connectivity. Applied to Suwon City, South Korea, the model's effectiveness was evaluated against a Business-As-Usual (BAU) scenario across four scenarios: Connectivity-based, Biomass density-based, Heat stress-based, and an Integrated-based scenario. The integrated approach, balancing trade-offs between ecological benefits and implementation costs, outperformed the BAU scenario by 8.84%. This outcome indicated of significant improvements in biomass density and landscape connectivity, despite highlighting a weaker correlation with heat stress mitigation. Our findings underscore the necessity of an integrated planning approach to urban greening, as it can contribute toward the attainment of urban development goals. Additionally, by proposing an app-based model for policymakers to utilize, our outputs should enable the reconciliation of multiple environmental objectives in urban landscapes. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Climate change

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Adaptation Strategies for Future Coastal Flooding: Performance Evaluation of Green and Grey Infrastructure in South Korea

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SSRN 2022年

作者： Park, Sangjin Sohn, Wonmin Piao, Yong Lee, Dongkun Interdisciplinary Program in Landscape Architecture & Integrated Major in Smart City Global Convergence Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of School of Planning Design and Construction Michigan State University MI48826 United States College of Agriculture and Life Science Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of

Climate change is contributing to an increasing frequency and intensity of floods in Korea. This study predicts areas with a high probability of flooding in coastal areas of South Korea owing to future climate change, which is likely to cause extreme rainfall and sea-level rise, using a spatiotemporal downscaled future climate change scenario with random forest, artificial neural network, and k-nearest neighbor techniques. In addition, the change in coastal flooding risk probability according to the application of different adaptation strategies (green spaces and seawalls) was identified. The results showed a clear difference in the risk probability distribution in the absence and presence of either adaptation strategy. Their effectiveness in moderating future flooding risks is subject to change owing to strategy type, geographic region, and urbanization intensity and the results show that green spaces are slightly more effective than seawalls when forecasting for 2050. This demonstrates the importance of a nature-based strategy. Moreover, this study highlights the need to prepare adaptation measures according to regional characteristics to mitigate the impact of climate change. Korea is surrounded by seas on three sides that have independent geophysical and climate characteristics. The south coast has a higher risk of coastal flooding than the east and west coasts. In addition, a higher urbanization rate is associated with a higher risk probability. This implies that climate change response strategies for coastal cities are necessary as the population and socioeconomic activities of coastal urban areas are likely to increase in the future. © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Climate change

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Sequential Action-Based Dynamic Decision-Support Model for Urban Ecological Planning

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Kim, Eun Sub Yun, Seok Hwan Kim, Ji Yeon Thorne, James H. Hyun, Jung Hee Lee, Dong Kun Interdisciplinary Program in Landscape Architecture Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Integrated Major in Smart City Global Convergence Program Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Specialized Graduate School of Intelligent Eco-Science 4 Dept. of Landscape Architecture Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Smart Green Solution Team SK forest Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California One Shields Ave DavisCA95616 United States Systemic Risk and Resilience Research Group Advancing Systems Analysis International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Austria Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural System Engineering Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of

Decision-makers often encounter the challenge of efficient long-term ecological planning to consider economic and environmental trade-offs. However, tools to support stepwise mitigation strategies that account for dynamic ecological responses to continuing urban development are limited. Therefore, we developed a sequential action-based dynamic decision-making model to simulate stepwise mitigation measures in space over time using a multi-objective optimization algorithm. We focused on exploring the ecological corridors and habitat creation as mitigation measures through four decades to identify trade-offs and optimal plans that minimize landscape connectivity and edge density as ecological responses to urban development and minimize implementation costs per action. The results showed that adopting an initial low-investment strategy with sequential planning significantly enhanced potential ecological benefits beyond the 2000s compared with one-action planning. In contrast, the initial high-cost investment exhibited a gradual decline in the ecological benefits over time from 1995. The initial low-cost investment presented an opportunity to enhance ecological benefits by implementing early mitigation measures in locations capable of sustaining long-term ecological functions. The results suggest that sequential planning offers valuable insights into effective urban ecological planning by analyzing time-series data. This study enables step-by-step scenario testing, thereby supporting the facilitation of urban and regional sustainability planning. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Decision making

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Landscape Design for Improved Thermal Environment: An Optimized Tree Arrangement Design for Climate-Responsive Outdoor Spaces in Residential Buildings

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Kim, Ji Yeon Park, Chae Yeon Hyun, Jung Hee Kim, Sang Hyuck Yun, Seok Hwan Lee, Dong Kun Interdisciplinary Program in Landscape Architecture Seoul National University Seoul Korea Republic of Integrated Major in Smart City Global Convergence Program Seoul National University Seoul Korea Republic of Specialized Graduate School of Intelligent Eco-Science Seoul National University Seoul Korea Republic of Smart Green Solution team SK forest Seoul Korea Republic of National Institute for Environmental Studies 16-2 Onogawa Ibaraki Tsukuba305-8506 Japan Systemic Risk and Resilience Research Group Advancing Systems Analysis International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Austria Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural System Engineering Seoul National University Seoul Korea Republic of

The heat reduction effect of trees has been investigated through numerical simulations;however, there are still challenges to applying the scientific results to the planning process due to the model's complexity and the computational resources required. This study investigates a rapid spatial evaluation method for heat stress potential, measured by mean radiant temperature (MRT), by decomposing radiation into sub-radiation using a multilayer MRT model. This method also enables the reproduction of optimized layouts considering the effect of tree arrangement in residential buildings. Multi-objectives were achieved through an evolutionary algorithm, resulting in more effective design layouts combining tree types and arrangements, all within a standard budget. By adopting this study's approach, landscape designers can create climate-responsive tree layouts with reduced heat exposure and generate customized planting designs tailored to their preferences. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Decision making

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