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Spatial Distribution of Reduced Density of Hard Spheres Near a Hard-Sphere Dimer: Results from Three-Dimensional Ornstein–Zernike Equations Coupled with Several Different Closures and from Grand Canonical Monte Carlo Simulation

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Matsuo, Mika Nakamura, Yuka Kinoshita, Masahiro Akiyama, Ryo Department of Chemistry Kyushu University Fukuoka819-0395 Japan Interdisciplinary Program of Biomedical Engineering Assistive Technology and Art and Sports Sciences Faculty of Engineering Niigata University Niigata950-2181 Japan Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Chiba University Chiba263-8522 Japan Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research Kyoto University Kyoto606-8501 Japan

We calculated the spatial distribution of the reduced density and pair distribution function (PDF) of solvent hard spheres near a solute using three-dimensional Ornstein–Zernike (OZ) equations coupled with closures in which Percus–Yevick (PY) and hypernetted–chain (HNC) approximations were used or in which the bridge functions (BFs)proposed by Verlet, Duh and Henderson, and Kinoshita were incorporated. The solute was formed by two solvent hard spheres in contact with each other, with the result that the system was not radial-symmetric, necessitating the extension of the Verlet, Duh–Henderson, and Kinoshita BFs to three-variable functions considered in the Cartesian coordinate system. The results were compared with those from grand canonical Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. In terms of the PDF, HNC was superior to PY in the sense that the results from the former are closer to those from MC. Incorporation of the three BFs made the results even closer to those from MC. The three BFs shared almost the sameperformance for a solute immersed in a one-component solvent at the infinite-dilution limit. Analyses on the triplet distribution function (TDF) were also performed. It was found that in terms of the TDF, the incorporation of the BFs does not necessarily lead to improvement. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Distribution functions

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Monitoring Stress Level Through EDA by Using Convex Optimization 1

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1st International Conference on Electronics, biomedical engineering, and Health Informatics, ICEBEHI 2020

作者： Fajriaty, Nuzula Dwi Rahma, Osmalina Nur Putri, Yang Sa’ada Kamila Ariyansah Putra, Alfian Pramudita Rahmatillah, Akif Ain, Khusnul Biomedical Engineering Study Program Department of Physics Faculty of Science and Technology Universitas Airlangga Surabaya60115 Indonesia Biomedical Signals and Systems Research Group Faculty of Science and Technology Universitas Airlangga Surabaya60115 Indonesia

ISBN: (数字)9789813369269

ISBN: (纸本)9789813369252

This study designed an effective system for monitoring stress levels based on Electrodermal Activity (EDA) sensors by knowing the signal patterns and characteristics using convex optimization decomposition. The EDA sensor considered accurate and sensitive for identifying stress by analyzing the skin conductivity (SC) due to the changes in sympathetic nerve activity. However, the SC signal consists of phasic and tonic components, which needed to decompose to analyze stress levels. The SC signals also followed by the white Gaussian noise, which represents the error value. Hence, deconvolution is a crucial stage for the further process because the quality of the measurement depends on this result. This study aims to deconvolve the SC signal using the convex optimization method (cvxEDA). This model is physiology inspired by EDA based on Bayesian statistics, convex mathematical optimization, and sparsity. This research conducted with 18 subjects through three sessions of measurement. The given stimuli arise in each session to increase the level of stress. The results showed that this method could separate and identify SC. The Phasic component shows an increase in the stimulus of each session, as seen from the number of peaks. In contrast, there were no significant differences in the tonic component. This study shows that the phasic component is closely related to changes in sudomotor nerve activity (SMNA) and response to a stressor, which could be useful to classify stress levels in the future study. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

关键词： Convex optimization

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Electrodermal Activity-Based Stress Measurement Using Continuous Deconvolution Analysis Method 1

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1st International Conference on Electronics, biomedical engineering, and Health Informatics, ICEBEHI 2020

作者： Putri, Yang Sa’ada Kamila Ariyansah Rahma, Osmalina Nur Fajriaty, Nuzula Dwi Putra, Alfian Pramudita Rahmatillah, Akif Ain, Khusnul Biomedical Engineering Study Program Department of Physics Faculty of Science and Technology Universitas Airlangga Surabaya60115 Indonesia Biomedical Signals and Systems Research Group Faculty of Science and Technology Universitas Airlangga Surabaya60115 Indonesia

ISBN: (数字)9789813369269

ISBN: (纸本)9789813369252

Stress is a psychological response that must be handled properly, or it can affect psychology and trigger other complicated diseases. Nowadays, stress measured by filling out stress-related forms or interviews with a psychologist. This method still requires a willingness from the patient to consult their condition, which is often not giving the best result due to late treatment. Therefore, we need a system to monitor a person’s stress level conditions independently so they could be threatened quickly if their state gets worsen. One of the non-invasive methods that can be used to measure stress is an Electrodermal Activity (EDA) sensor. EDA is known to be associated with sweat gland activity regulated by SudoMotor Nerve Activity (SMNA), which response to a stressor. However, the SMNA need to decompose into the Skin Conductance Response (SCR) before it could represent stress condition. Hence, the decomposition stage is essential in measuring the quality of the stress condition. In this study, the EDA sensor placed in the palm to obtain the skin conductivity signal. Then, the skin conductivity signals were deconvolved using the Continuous Deconvolution Analysis (CDA) method to capture the SCR. CDA was chosen because it could produce a zero-based line SCR driver and could separate two overlapping peaks in SCR. The result, CDA is adequate to extract SCR, which is shown by the zero baseline of the SCR driver line with a clear peak. The clear SCR peaks are essential for identifying the responses related to the stimulus (stressor). © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

关键词： Noninvasive medical procedures

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Design of Wireless Electromyography (EMG) Monitoring System for Muscle Activity Detection on Parkinson Disease

Design of Wireless Electromyography (EMG) Monitoring System ...

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2020 International Conference on Smart Technology and Applications, ICoSTA 2020

作者： Fadhlannisa, Nisrina Firyal Basari, Basari Universitas Indonesia Biomedical Engineering Course Program West Java Indonesia Universitas Indonesia Biomedical Engineering Course Program Indonesia Research Center for Biomedical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Universitas Indonesia Indonesia

ISBN: (纸本)9781728130835

Parkinson's disease attacking 1 percent of the elder population in this world, with one of the main symptoms of this disease being resting tremor. Until now, Parkinson's disease information acquisition can only be done through patients' visits to clinics or hospitals, whereas the aspects of the disease are also shown during in-between those visits. In this research, we develop an Electromyography (EMG) based remote-monitoring systemin order for patients are able to be checked more frequently and the results are in always-renewed information. This monitoring system utilizes NodeMCU as the compiler component and ESP8266 WiFi module and web server. The data acquired from an arm of a tested person will always be read in real-time and can be displayed on web-based platform. From the data acquired, they are processed in detail for pattern characteristics analysis. We have successfully carried out the experimental test by displaying on the web server-based monitoring system. © 2020 IEEE.

关键词： Neurodegenerative diseases

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Technology Roadmap for Flexible Sensors

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ACS NANO 2023年第6期17卷 5211-5295页

作者： Luo, Yifei Abidian, Mohammad Reza Ahn, Jong-Hyun Akinwande, Deji Andrews, Anne M. Antonietti, Markus Bao, Zhenan Berggren, Magnus Berkey, Christopher A. Bettinger, Christopher John Chen, Jun Chen, Peng Cheng, Wenlong Cheng, Xu Choi, Seon-Jin Chortos, Alex Dagdeviren, Canan Dauskardt, Reinhold H. Di, Chong-an Dickey, Michael D. Duan, Xiangfeng Facchetti, Antonio Fan, Zhiyong Fang, Yin Feng, Jianyou Feng, Xue Gao, Huajian Gao, Wei Gong, Xiwen Guo, Chuan Fei Guo, Xiaojun Hartel, Martin C. He, Zihan Ho, John S. Hu, Youfan Huang, Qiyao Huang, Yu Huo, Fengwei Hussain, Muhammad M. Javey, Ali Jeong, Unyong Jiang, Chen Jiang, Xingyu Kang, Jiheong Karnaushenko, Daniil Khademhosseini, Ali Kim, Dae-Hyeong Kim, Il-Doo Kireev, Dmitry Kong, Lingxuan Lee, Chengkuo Lee, Nae-Eung Lee, Pooi See Lee, Tae-Woo Li, Fengyu Li, Jinxing Liang, Cuiyuan Lim, Chwee Teck Lin, Yuanjing Lipomi, Darren J. Liu, Jia Liu, Kai Liu, Nan Liu, Ren Liu, Yuxin Liu, Yuxuan Liu, Zhiyuan Liu, Zhuangjian Loh, Xian Jun Lu, Nanshu Lv, Zhisheng Magdassi, Shlomo Malliaras, George G. Matsuhisa, Naoji Nathan, Arokia Niu, Simiao Pan, Jieming Pang, Changhyun Pei, Qibing Peng, Huisheng Qi, Dianpeng Ren, Huaying Rogers, John A. Rowe, Aaron Schmidt, Oliver G. Sekitani, Tsuyoshi Seo, Dae-Gyo Shen, Guozhen Sheng, Xing Shi, Qiongfeng Someya, Takao Song, Yanlin Stavrinidou, Eleni Su, Meng Sun, Xuemei Takei, Kuniharu Tao, Xiao-Ming Tee, Benjamin C. K. Thean, Aaron Voon-Yew Trung, Tran Quang Wan, Changjin Wang, Huiliang Wang, Joseph Wang, Ming Wang, Sihong Wang, Ting Wang, Zhong Lin Weiss, Paul S. Wen, Hanqi Xu, Sheng Xu, Tailin Yan, Hongping Yan, Xuzhou Yang, Hui Yang, Le Yang, Shuaijian Yin, Lan Yu, Cunjiang Yu, Guihua Yu, Jing Yu, Shu-Hong Yu, Xinge Zamburg, Evgeny Zhang, Haixia Zhang, Xiangyu Zhang, Xiaosheng Zhang, Xueji Zhang, Yihui Zhang, Yu Zhao, Siyuan Zhao, Xuanhe Zheng, Yuanjin Zheng, Yu-Qing Zheng, Zijian Zhou, Tao Zhu, Bowen Zhu, Ming Zhu, Rong Zhu, Yangzhi Zhu, Yong Zou, Guijin Chen, Xiaodong 08-03 Innovis Singapore 138634 Republic of Singapore Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX) School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore 639798 Singapore Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Houston Houston Texas 77024 United States School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas 78712 United States Microelectronics Research Center The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas 78758 United States Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles California 90095 United States Colloid Chemistry Department Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces 14476 Potsdam Germany Department of Chemical Engineering Stanford University Stanford California 94305 United States Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Campus Norrköping Linköping University 83 Linköping Sweden Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability (WISE) and Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC) SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stanford University Stanford California 94301 United States Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213 United States Department of Bioengineering University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles California 90095 United States School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637457 Singapore Nanobionics Group Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Monash University Clayton Australia 3800 Monash

Humans rely increasingly on sensors to address grand challenges and to improve quality of life in the era of digitalization and big data. For ubiquitous sensing, flexible sensors are developed to overcome the limitations of conventional rigid counterparts. Despite rapid advancement in bench-side research over the last decade, the market adoption of flexible sensors remains limited. To ease and to expedite their deployment, here, we identify bottlenecks hindering the maturation of flexible sensors and propose promising solutions. We first analyze continued...challenges in achieving satisfactory sensing performance for real-world applications and then summarize issues in compatible sensor-biology interfaces, followed by brief discussions on powering and connecting sensor networks. Issues en route to commercialization and for sustainable growth of the sector are also analyzed, highlighting environmental concerns and emphasizing nontechnical issues such as business, regulatory, and ethical considerations. Additionally, we look at future intelligent flexible sensors. In proposing a comprehensive roadmap, we hope to steer research efforts towards common goals and to guide coordinated development strategies from disparate communities. Through such collaborative

关键词： soft materials mechanics engineering flexible electronics conformable sensors bioelectronics human-machine interfaces body area sensor networks technology translation sustainable electronics

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Formation of Thick-Walled Iodine-Supported Titania Nanotubes on Additively Manufactured Ti-6al-4v Implant with Enhanced Interfacial Adhesion

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Taweekitikul, Pariwat Aliyu, Abdul Azeez Abdu Decha-Umphai, Dechawut Tantavisut, Saran Khamwannah, Jirapon Puncreobutr, Chedtha Lohwongwatana, Boonrat Biomedical Engineering Program Faculty of Engineering Chulalongkorn University Bangkok10330 Thailand Trauma Unit Department of Orthopaedic Queen Savang Vadhana Memorial Hospital Chonburi20110 Thailand M3D Laboratory Advanced Materials Analysis Research Unit Department of Metallurgical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Chulalongkorn University Phayathai Road Wangmai Pathumwan District Bangkok10330 Thailand Biomechanics Research Center Meticuly Co. Ltd. Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand Hip Fracture Research Unit Department of Orthopaedic Faculty of Medicine Chulalongkorn University Bangkok10330 Thailand Biomedical Engineering Research Center Chulalongkorn University Bangkok10330 Thailand Department of Metallurgical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Chulalongkorn University Bangkok10330 Thailand

This study aimed to synthesize, characterize, and evaluate the adhesion strength of iodine-coated Titania nanotubes (TNTs) architectures on the additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) implant surface. The TNTs were synthesized through two stages of electrochemical anodization, whereby TNTs are anodically fabricated through a conventional approach and then, modified by an anodic iodine TNTs deposition (I-TNTs). The characterization results revealed the formation of α-Ti, β-Ti, and TiI2 phases on the TNTs and I-TNTs surface, thus confirming successful iodine deposition. The morphology of TNTs exhibits a consistent diameter, evenly distributed, well-ordered array, and densely packed nanotubular structures. Formation of a water-soluble fluoride-rich [TiF6]2 complexes beneath the TNTs and incessant nanotube’s sidewall etching resulted in poor interfacial TNTs adhesion to the titanium-substrate surface. Deposition of anodic iodine film on the TNTs significantly reduced the [TiF6]2 complexes accumulation and the TNT’s sidewall etching. It also facilitates the adhesion and interfacial mechanical anchorage between the TNTs and the surface of the Ti64 implant. The hardness and adhesion strength of the TNTs increased by more than 50%, due to the formation of a hard TiI2 film on the TNTs sidewall, which thickened the nanotube’s sidewall and degraded the effect of fluoride ions at the TNT/Ti64-substrate interface. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Nanotubes

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Epigallocatechin -3- gallate mitigates diazinon neurotoxicity via suppression of pro-inflammatory genes and upregulation of antioxidant pathways

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BMC Neuroscience 2025年第1期26卷 1-18页

作者： Onukak, Charles Etang Femi-Akinlosotu, Omowumi Moromoke Obasa, Adedunsola Adewunmi Folarin, Oluwabusayo Racheal Ajibade, Temitayo Olabisi Igado, Olumayowa Olawumi Esan, Oluwaseun Olarenwaju Oyagbemi, Taiwo Olaide Adeogun, Adewunmi Victoria Oyagbemi, Ademola Adetokunbo Ola-Davies, Olufunke Eunice Omobowale, Temidayo Olutayo Olopade, James Olukayode Oguntibeju, Oluwafemi Omoniyi Yakubu, Momoh Audu Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria Developmental Neurobiology and Forensic Anatomy Unit Department of Anatomy College of Medicine University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science College of Medicine University of Ibadan Oyo State Ibadan Nigeria Neuroscience Unit Department of Veterinary Anatomy Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria Department of Veterinary Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology Ibadan Nigeria Phytomedicine and Phytochemistry Group Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences Cape Peninsula University of Technology Bellville South Africa Department of Environmental & Interdisciplinary Sciences College of Science Engineering & Technology Vascular Biology Unit Center for Cardiovascular Diseases COPHS Texas Southern University Houston TX United States

Diazinon is a commonly used organophosphate (OP) insecticide especially in developing countries for the control of insect pests, however, exposure to its toxic impact especially in humans and other non-target species remains an important public health concern. The study aimed to investigate the effect of epigallocatechin -3- gallate (EGCG), abundant in green tea plants on neurobehavioural, biochemical, and pathological changes in the brain of male Wistar rats following exposure to diazinon toxicity. Sixty adult male Wistar rats were acclimatized for seven days and subsequently randomly assigned into six treatment groups as follows: Group I: Control group (0.2 mL distilled water);Group II: Diazinon at 3 mg/kg (1% LD50);Group III: Diazinon (3 mg/kg) + EGCG (50 mg/kg, ~ 2% of LD50);Group IV: Diazinon (3 mg/kg) + EGCG (100 mg/kg, ~ 5% of LD50);Group V: EGCG (50 mg/kg) and Group VI: EGCG (100 mg/kg). All treatments were administered orally once daily for 14 days. Neurobehavioural studies, biomarkers of oxidative stress, histology, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT qPCR) were performed. Diazinon alone impaired recognition memory, increased oxidative stress markers and altered antioxidant defense in the brain. It upregulated TNF-α and IL-6 genes and repressed GPx 4 gene expressions. It was also associated with increased GFAP, Tau, and α-SN immunoreactivity. Microscopic examination revealed loss of Purkinje and hippocampal cells in brain. Co-treatment with EGCG however improved cognition, lowered oxidative stress markers, improved antioxidant status and suppressed TNF-α and IL-6. In conclusion, findings from this study demonstrated that EGCG offered protection against diazinon-induced neurotoxicity. Hence, natural sources of epigallocatechin -3- gallate such as fruits and vegetables could offer immense benefits by protecting against oxidative stress and inflammation in neurodegenerative disease conditions. Clinical trial number Not applica

关键词： Antioxidants Cognitive impairment Diazinon Epigallocatechin -3- gallate Immunohistochemistry Neurotoxicity Oxidative stress Pro-inflammatory cytokines

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STUDY ON THE PROCESS OF INTRODUCING TOWN DEVELOPMENT LEARNING AND STUDENT'S LEARNING THROUGH ITS IMPLEMENTATION

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AIJ Journal of Technology and Design 2022年第70期28卷 1635-1640页

作者： Urai, Ryotaro Hashida, Ryohei Kikuchi, Shigetomo Dept. of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies Graduate School of Engineering The Univ. of Tokyo Japan Program of Architecture Faculty of Engineering Niigata Univ. Japan Faculty of Human-Environment Studies Kyushu Univ. Japan

In this study, we identify the challenges in implementing town development learning using the case of hometown learning we practiced at Koyasan Junior High School. Koyasan is famous as a tourist destination with a World Heritage Site but has been experiencing a population decline in recent years. In collaboration with teachers, we planned a hometown study program targeting the historic city area, including the discovery of the town's charms and issues and proposals for the future, which we implemented through trial and error in actual classes. © 2022 Architectural Institute of Japan. All rights reserved.

关键词： Population statistics

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Comparison between technical parameters recommended by regulatory agencies and relevant institutions for ventilatory therapy equipment used in patients with COVID-19

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Research on biomedical engineering 2021年第2期37卷 375-388页

作者： de Souza, Daniel Baldoino Frondana, Fernanda Vieira Silva, Fábia Diniz Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health Postgraduate Program in Electrical and Biomedical Engineering Faculty of Electrical Engineering Federal University of Uberlândia Uberlândia Brazil Health Science Center Postgraduate Program in Health Management and Innovation Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal Brazil Pneumology Division Heart Institute at Clinical Hospital Faculty of Medicine University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil

Background: Patients contaminated with the new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, and who develop the severe form of the disease require ventilatory support to maintain adequate gas exchange. The objective of this systematic review was to establish reference parameters of ventilator therapy used in the various levels of severity of adult patients affected by COVID-19 to assist health professionals and hospital managers who will purchase this equipment. Methods: It used four databases: Medline, Cochrane Central, Scielo, and Pubmed. Restrictions applied as to the language, restricted to English, and to the patient’s profile, only adults affected by SARS-CoV-2. The review process was carried out by three independent reviewers using the PRISMA-P method. Results: Nineteen articles were included, in addition to the recommendations of the Brazilian Association of Intensive Care Medicine (Brazil), Federal Commission for Protection against Health Risks (Mexico), Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (UK), Pan American Health Organization, and World Health Organization. The types of ventilatory therapies found in the articles eligible for this study were continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), non-invasive ventilation (NIV), and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). For each ventilatory therapy, the parameters presented in the article and the recommendations of regulatory agencies and relevant institutions were compared and analyzed. Conclusion: It was possible to suggest a relationship between the respiratory support strategy adopted by the clinical team and the clinical conditions of the patient infected with SARS-CoV-2. The included studies used ventilation modes and parameters within the specifications and recommendations of relevant regulatory agencies and institutions. However, some minor differences were observed in the instruction presented among the agencies more related to the recommended ventilation modes. Further studies are needed. © 2021, Sociedade Bras

关键词： Coronavirus

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Measuring the Complexity of EMG Signal by Using Fuzzy Approximate Entropy in Post-Stroke Patients Rehabilitation

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Journal of engineering Science and Technology Review 2021年第3期14卷 85-90页

作者： Rulaningtyas, Riries Prasetyo, Angga Bagus Rahmatillah, Akif Putra, Alfian Pramudita Rahma, Osmalina Nur Ain, Khusnul Pawana, I Putu Alit Biomedical Engineering Study Program Department of Physics Faculty of Science and Technology Universitas Airlangga Surabaya Indonesia Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation School of Medicine Universitas Airlangga Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital Surabaya Indonesia

Stroke is one of world’s highest medical cases that cause physical or mental problem, even death. The treatment for overcoming stroke so far was by conducting rehabilitation or therapy. The therapy progress could be seen over the improvement indicated by stroke patients after participation in rehabilitation program. So far, the assessment of the level of development exhibited by stroke patients are still subjective. Meanwhile, Electromyograph (EMG) can be used as a quantitative method to evaluate the patient's improvement. The complexity of the EMG signal could define the progress of a rehabilitation process related to muscle function. One of the methods to calculate the complexity is fuzzy approximate entropy (fApEn). This study aims to propose fApEn as a quantitative method to evaluate the condition of stroke patients by comparing the complexity of the normal EMG, affected, and unaffected side limb of the patient's EMG signal. The value of fApEn on Subject 1 showed that the affected side obtained the complexity of 0.18141 and on the unaffected side of 0.80740. Subject 2 showed the complexity on the affected side of 0.58597 and the unaffected side of 1.02787, whereas the healthy subjects showed the complexity of 2.07856. The statistical results showed that the data were homogeneous and normally distributed. There was a significant difference between the results of fApEn on the affected side and the unaffected side. Thus, fApEn could be used as a quantitative method to determine the condition of muscle activity. © 2021 School of Science, IHU. All rights reserved.

关键词： Entropy

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