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Comparing the effects of robots and IoT objects on STEM learning outcomes and computational thinking skills between programming-experienced learners and programming-novice learners

Comparing the effects of robots and IoT objects on STEM lear...

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International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT)

作者： Chih-Chien Hu Hsiao-Ting Tseng Ming-Hsien Chen Alexis Goh Phaik Imm Nian-Shing Chen Bachelor Program in Interdisciplinary Studies College of Future National Yunlin University of Science and Technology Yunlin Taiwan R.O.C Department of Information Management National United University Miaoli Taiwan R.O.C Tatung University Taipei Taiwan R.O.C National Yunlin University of Science and Technology Yunlin Taiwan National Yunlin University of Science and Technology Yunlin Taiwan R.O.C

ISBN: (数字)9781728160900

ISBN: (纸本)9781728160917

Recent college students have been observed to be motivated and engaged in acquiring science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) knowledge and skills with robots and IoT objects. A sample of 13 master's students participated in the program. Data collected include the pre-and post- STEM and computational thinking (CT) written tests, and the pre- and post- surveys of learning perceptions toward the robots and IoT objects learning activities. The results show that the learning activities were an effective approach for the master's students' STEM learning outcome and CT as shown in the post-test. The differences between the master's students' STEM learning outcome, CT, and perceptions were also confirmed, particularly between the groups of computer programming-experienced learners and computer programming-novice learners. The results revealed that the learning activities with robots and IoT objects could improve the overall master's students' CT, STEM knowledge, and learning perceptions. Both programming-experienced and programming-novice learners' STEM learning outcome were improved.

关键词： programming profession Educational robots STEM

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A pretrained transformer model for decoding individual glucose dynamics from continuous glucose monitoring data

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National Science Review 2025年第5期 362-381页

作者： Yurun Lu Dan Liu Zhongming Liang Rui Liu Pei Chen Yitong Liu Jiachen Li Zhanying Feng Lei M.Li Bin Sheng Weiping Jia Luonan Chen Huating Li Yong Wang Center for Excellence in Mathematical Sciences National Center for Mathematics and Interdisciplinary Sciences Hua Loo-Keng Center for Mathematical Sciences Key Laboratory of Management Decision and Information System Academy of Mathematics and Systems ScienceChinese Academy of Sciences School of Mathematics University of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai Diabetes InstituteShanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province School of Life ScienceHangzhou Institute for Advanced StudyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences BGI-Research School of Mathematics South China University of Technology Department of Statistics Department of Biomedical Data Science Bio-X ProgramStanford University Department of Computer Science and Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology Pazhou Laboratory (Huangpu)

Continuous glucose monitoring(CGM) technology has grown rapidly to track real-time blood glucose levels and trends with improved sensor accuracy. The ease of use and wide availability of CGM will facilitate safe and effective decision making for diabetes management. Here, we developed an attention-based deep learning model, CGMformer, pretrained on a well-controlled and diverse corpus of CGM data to represent individual's intrinsic metabolic state and enable clinical applications. During pretraining, CGMformer encodes glucose dynamics including glucose level, fluctuation, hyperglycemia, and hypoglycemia into latent space with self-supervised learning. It shows generalizability in imputing glucose value across five external datasets with different populations and metabolic states(MAE = 3.7 mg/d L). We then fine-tuned CGMformer towards a diverse panel of downstream tasks in the screening of diabetes and its complications using task-specific data, which demonstrated a consistently boosted predictive accuracy over direct fine-tuning on a single task(AUROC = 0.914 for type 2 diabetes(T2D) screening and 0.741 for complication screening). By learning an intrinsic representation of an individual's glucose dynamics,CGMformer classifies non-diabetic individuals into six clusters with elevated T2D risks, and identifies a specific cluster with lean body-shape but high risk of glucose metabolism disorders, which is overlooked by traditional glucose measurements. Furthermore, CGMformer achieves high accuracy in predicting an individual's postprandial glucose response with dietary modelling(Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.763)and helps personalized dietary recommendations. Overall, CGMformer pretrains a transformer neural network architecture to learn an intrinsic representation by borrowing information from a large amount of daily glucose profiles, and demonstrates predictive capabilities fine-tuned towards a broad range of downstream applications, holding promise for the ear

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Retraction notice to "Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Cassia Auriculata: Targeting antibacterial, antioxidant activity, and evaluation of their possible effects on saltwater microcrustacean, Artemia Nauplii (non-target organism)" [Sci. Total Environ. 861(2023) 160575]

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The Science of the total environment 2024年 957卷 177726页

作者： Chinnaperumal Kamaraj Chinnasamy Ragavendran Kumar Manimaran Sabarathinam Sarvesh Abu Reza Md Towfiqul Islam Guilherme Malafaia Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM) Directorate of Research SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST) Kattankulathur 603203 Tamil Nadu India. Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS) Chennai 600077 India. Department of Botany School of Life Sciences Periyar University Periyar Palkalai Nagar Salem 636011 Tamil Naddu India. Department of Disaster Management Begum Rokeya University Rangpur 5400 Bangladesh. Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment Goiano Federal Institute Urutaí GO Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources Goiano Federal Institute Urutaí GO Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Ecology Conservation and Biodiversity Federal University of Uberlândia Uberlândia MG Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity Federal University of Goiás Goiânia GO Brazil.

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Retraction notice to "Potential ecotoxicity of substrate-enriched zinc oxide nanoparticles to Physalaemus cuvieri tadpoles" [Sci. Total Environ. 873 (2023) 162382]

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The Science of the total environment 2025年 967卷 178754页

作者： Alex Rodrigues Gomes Abraão Tiago Batista Guimarães Letícia Paiva de Matos Abner Marcelino Silva Aline Sueli de Lima Rodrigues Raíssa de Oliveira Ferreira Abu Reza Md Towfiqul Islam Md Mostafizur Rahman Chinnasamy Ragavendran Chinnaperumal Kamaraj Fabiano Guimarães Silva Guilherme Malafaia Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment Goiano Federal Institute Urutaí GO Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Ecology Conservation and Biodiversity Federal University of Uberlândia Uberlândia MG Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Agronomy Goiano Federal Institute - Campus Rio Verde GO Brazil. Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment Goiano Federal Institute Urutaí GO Brazil. Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources Goiano Federal Institute Urutaí GO Brazil. Begum Rokeya University Department of Disaster Management Rangpur 5404 Bangladesh. Laboratory of Environmental Health and Ecotoxicology Department of Environmental Sciences Jahangirnagar University Dhaka 1342 Bangladesh. Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS) Chennai India. Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM) Directorate of Research and Virtual Education SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST) Kattankulathur 603203 Tamil Nadu India. Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources Goiano Federal Institute Urutaí GO Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity Federal University of Goiás Goiânia GO Brazil Brazilian Academy of Young Scientists (ABJC) Brazil.

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Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Cassia Auriculata: Targeting antibacterial, antioxidant activity, and evaluation of their possible effects on saltwater microcrustacean, Artemia Nauplii (non-target organism)

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The Science of the total environment 2023年 861卷 160575页

作者： Chinnaperumal Kamaraj Chinnasamy Ragavendran Kumar Manimaran Sabarathinam Sarvesh Abu Reza Md Towfiqul Islam Guilherme Malafaia Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM) Directorate of Research SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST) Kattankulathur 603203 Tamil Nadu India. Electronic address: kamarajc@srmist.edu.in. Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS) Chennai 600077 India. Department of Botany School of Life Sciences Periyar University Periyar Palkalai Nagar Salem 636011 Tamil Naddu India. Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM) Directorate of Research SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST) Kattankulathur 603203 Tamil Nadu India. Department of Disaster Management Begum Rokeya University Rangpur 5400 Bangladesh. Electronic address: towfiq_dm@brur.ac.bd. Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment Goiano Federal Institute Urutaí GO Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources Goiano Federal Institute Urutaí GO Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Ecology Conservation and Biodiversity Federal University of Uberlândia Uberlândia MG Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity Federal University of Goiás Goiânia GO Brazil. Electronic address: guilhermeifgoiano@***.

Due to their huge surface area to volume ratio, metallic nanoparticles are becoming increasingly important in numerous spheres of life. Here, initially, we aimed to evaluate the potential use of Cassia auriculata (CA) extract to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Then, we evaluated its antimicrobial potential and antioxidant capacity, as well as performed in silico analysis, and investigated the possible non-toxic effect of AgNPs on Artemia nauplii. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies were used to characterize the biosynthesized AgNPs. Our data indicate that Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were susceptible to the biosynthesized AgNPs, whose effect was concentration-response. With a ZOI of 10 mm, the AgNPs were most efficient against gram-positive B. cereus bacteria at the highest concentration (75 μg/mL). The biosynthesized AgNPs (at 25 to 125 μg/mL) showed good antioxidant activity in the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assays. Oleanolic acid from CA exhibited strong binding affinity and high binding energy to E. coli and B. cereus (-9.66 and - 9.74 kcal/mol) on in silico research. According to the comparative non-toxicity analysis, AgNPs, AgNO, and CA bark extract had the least toxic effects on A. nauplii, with respective mortality rates of 28.14, 32.26, and 38.42 %, respectively. In conclusion, the current work showed that AgNPs produced from CA bark could be a promising material for diverse applications.

关键词： AgNPs Antibacterial Antioxidant Cassia auriculata Green nanosynthesis In silico Non-toxic

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Exploring the impact of prior knowledge on learning effectiveness of competitive game-based learning: A case study on english reading courses 26

Exploring the impact of prior knowledge on learning effectiv...

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26th International Conference on Computers in Education, ICCE 2018

作者： Chen, Ru-Shan Peng, Jui-Chi Hwang, Gwo-Haur Chen, Beyin Lai, Yu-Ling Department of Applied English Chihlee University of Technology Taiwan Cardinal Tien Junior College of Healthcare and Management Taiwan Bachelor Program in Interdisciplinary Studies National Yunlin University of Science and Technology Taiwan Department of Information Networking and Administration Ling Tung University Taiwan Department of Information Management Ling Tung University Taiwan

ISBN: (纸本)9789869721424

This case study on English reading courses explores the impact of prior knowledge on learning effectiveness of competitive game-based learning. This study develops a competitive game-based learning system and conducts an eight-week teaching experiment. The result of the experiment finds significant progress both for learners with high prior knowledge and those with low prior knowledge. Furthermore, the learning effectiveness of low prior knowledge learners is significantly higher than that of learners with high prior knowledge. Also, in the post-test, the former reach the same level as the latter. © 2018 Asia-Pacific Society for Computers in Education..All Rights Reserved.

关键词： Learning systems

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Retraction notice to "Toxicity assessment of SARS-CoV-2-derived peptides in combination with a mix of pollutants on zebrafish adults: A perspective study of behavioral, biometric, mutagenic, and biochemical toxicity" [Sci. Total Environ. 858 Part 2 (2023) 159838]

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The Science of the total environment 2024年 957卷 177710页

作者： Ítalo Nascimento Freitas Amanda Vieira Dourado Amanda Pereira da Costa Araújo Sindoval Silva de Souza Thiarlen Marinho da Luz Abraão Tiago Batista Guimarães Alex Rodrigues Gomes Abu Reza Md Towfiqul Islam Md Mostafizur Rahman Andrés Hugo Arias Davoodbasha Mubarak Ali Chinnasamy Ragavendran Chinnaperumal Kamaraj Guilherme Malafaia Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment Goiano Federal Institute Urutaí GO Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Ecology Conservation and Biodiversity Federal University of Uberlândia Uberlândia MG Brazil. Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment Goiano Federal Institute Urutaí GO Brazil. Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Sciences Federal University of Goiás Goiânia GO Brazil. Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity Federal University of Goiás Goiânia GO Brazil. Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources Goiano Federal Institute Urutaí GO Brazil. Begum Rokeya University Department of Disaster Management Rangpur 5404 Bangladesh. Laboratory of Environmental Health and Ecotoxicology Department of Environmental Sciences Jahangirnagar University Dhaka 1342 Bangladesh. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO) Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET Florida 8000 Complejo CCT CONICET Bahía Blanca Edificio E1 B8000BFW Bahía Blanca Argentina. Petroleum and Chemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Universiti Teknologi Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410 Brunei Darussalam. Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS) Chennai India. Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM) Directorate of Research and Virtual Education SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST) Kattankulathur 603203 Tamil Nadu India. Post-Graduation Program in Ecology Conservation and Biodiversity Federal University of Uberlândia Uberlândia MG Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity Federal University of Goiás Goiânia GO Brazil

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Toxicity assessment of SARS-CoV-2-derived peptides in combination with a mix of pollutants on zebrafish adults: A perspective study of behavioral, biometric, mutagenic, and biochemical toxicity

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The Science of the total environment 2023年第PT 2期858卷 159838页

The dispersion of SARS-CoV-2 in aquatic environments via the discharge of domestic and hospital sewage has been confirmed in different locations. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the possible impacts of zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposure to SARS-CoV-2 peptide fragments (PSPD-2001, 2002, and 2003) alone and combined with a mix of emerging pollutants. Our data did not reveal the induction of behavioral, biometric, or mutagenic changes. But we noticed an organ-dependent biochemical response. While nitric oxide and malondialdehyde production in the brain, gills, and muscle did not differ between groups, superoxide dismutase activity was reduced in the "PSPD", "Mix", and "Mix+PSPD" groups. An increase in catalase activity and a reduction in DPPH radical scavenging activity were observed in the brains of animals exposed to the treatments. However, the "Mix+PSPD" group had a higher IBRv2 value, with NO levels (brain), the reduction of acetylcholinesterase activity (muscles), and the DPPH radical scavenging activity (brain and muscles), the most discriminant factors for this group. The principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis indicated a clear separation of the "Mix+PSPD" group from the others. Thus, we conclude that exposure to viral fragments, associated with the mix of pollutants, induced more significant toxicity in zebrafish adults than in others.

关键词： Biomarkers COVID-19 Danio rerio Freshwater ecosystems Non-target organisms Novel coronavirus

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Climate, food and humans predict communities of mammals in the United States

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Diversity and Distributions 2024年第9期30卷 e13900-e13900页

作者： Kays, Roland Snider, Matthew H. Hess, George Cove, Michael V. Jensen, Alex Shamon, Hila McShea, William J. Rooney, Brigit Allen, Maximilian L. Pekins, Charles E. Wilmers, Christopher C. Pendergast, Mary E. Green, Austin M. Suraci, Justin Leslie, Matthew S. Nasrallah, Sophie Farkas, Dan Jordan, Mark Grigione, Melissa LaScaleia, Michael C. Davis, Miranda L. Hansen, Chris Millspaugh, Josh Lewis, Jesse S. Havrda, Michael Long, Robert Remine, Kathryn R. Jaspers, Kodi J. Lafferty, Diana J. R. Hubbard, Tru Studds, Colin E. Barthelmess, Erika L. Andy, Katherine Romero, Andrea Hawkins, Melissa T. R. Lombardi, Jason V. Sergeyev, Maksim Fisher-Reid, M. Caitlin Rentz, Michael S. Nagy, Christopher Davenport, Jon M. Rega-Brodsky, Christine C. Appel, Cara L. Lesmeister, Damon B. Giery, Sean T. Whittier, Christopher A. Alston, Jesse M. Sutherland, Chris Rota, Christopher Murphy, Thomas Lee, Thomas E. Mortelliti, Alessio Bergman, Dylan L. Compton, Justin A. Gerber, Brian D. Burr, Jess Rezendes, Kylie DeGregorio, Brett A. Wehr, Nathaniel H. Benson, John F. Jachowski, David S. Gray, Morgan Beyer, Dean E. Belant, Jerrold L. Horan, Robert V. Lonsinger, Robert C. Kuhn, Kellie M. Hasstedt, Steven C. M. Zimova, Marketa Moore, Sophie M. Herrera, Daniel J. Fritts, Sarah Edelman, Andrew J. Flaherty, Elizabeth A. Petroelje, Tyler R. Neiswenter, Sean A. Risch, Derek R. Iannarilli, Fabiola van der Merwe, Marius Maher, Sean P. Farris, Zach J. Webb, Stephen L. Mason, David S. Lashley, Marcus A. Wilson, Andrew M. Vanek, John P. Wehr, Samuel R. Conner, L. Mike Beasley, James C. Bontrager, Helen L. Baruzzi, Carolina Ellis-Felege, Susan N. Proctor, Mike D. Schipper, Jan Weiss, Katherine C. B. Darracq, Andrea K. Barr, Evan G. Alexander, Peter D. Şekercioğlu, Çağan H. Bogan, Daniel A. Schalk, Christopher M. Fantle-Lepczyk, Jean E. Lepczyk, Christopher A. LaPoint, Scott Whipple, Laura S. Rowe, Helen Ivy Mullen, Kayleigh Bird, Tori Zorn, Adam Brandt, LaRoy Lathrop, Richard G. McCain, Craig Crupi, Anthony P. Clark, James Parsons, Arielle Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources North Carolina State University Raleigh NC United States North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences Raleigh NC United States Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation Clemson University Clemson SC United States Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute Front Royal VA United States Illinois Natural History Survey Prairie Research Institute University of Illinois Champaign IL United States Fort Hood Natural Resources Management Branch United States Army Garrison Fort Hood TX United States Environmental Studies Department Center for Integrated Spatial Research University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz CA United States Science Research Initiative University of Utah Salt Lake City UT United States Sageland Collaborative Salt Lake City UT United States Conservation Science Partners Inc. Truckee CA United States National Climate Adaptation Science Center United States Geological Survey Reston VA United States Biology Department Swarthmore College Swarthmore PA United States Entomology Department Cornell University Ithaca NY United States Information Technology Department Pace University Pleasantville NY United States Seattle University Department of Biology Seattle WA United States Department of Biology Pace University Pleasantville NY United States Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Storrs CT United States Wildlife Biology Program Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences University of Montana Missoula MT United States Department of Forest and Environmental Biology SUNY-ESF Syracuse NY United States Arizona State University College of Integrative Sciences and Arts Mesa AZ United States University of Washington School of Environmental and Forest Sciences Seattle WA United States Woodland Park Zoo Seattle WA United States Department of Biology Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Science Lab Northern Michigan University Marquette M

Aim: The assembly of species into communities and ecoregions is the result of interacting factors that affect plant and animal distribution and abundance at biogeographic scales. Here, we empirically derive ecoregions for mammals to test whether human disturbance has become more important than climate and habitat resources in structuring communities. Location: Conterminous United States. Time Period: 2010–2021. Major Taxa Studied: Twenty-five species of mammals. Methods: We analysed data from 25 mammal species recorded by camera traps at 6645 locations across the conterminous United States in a joint modelling framework to estimate relative abundance of each species. We then used a clustering analysis to describe 8 broad and 16 narrow mammal communities. Results: Climate was the most important predictor of mammal abundance overall, while human population density and agriculture were less important, with mixed effects across species. Seed production by forests also predicted mammal abundance, especially hard-mast tree species. The mammal community maps are similar to those of plants, with an east–west split driven by different dominant species of deer and squirrels. Communities vary along gradients of temperature in the east and precipitation in the west. Most fine-scale mammal community boundaries aligned with established plant ecoregions and were distinguished by the presence of regional specialists or shifts in relative abundance of widespread species. Maps of potential ecosystem services provided by these communities suggest high herbivory in the Rocky Mountains and eastern forests, high invertebrate predation in the subtropical south and greater predation pressure on large vertebrates in the west. Main Conclusions: Our results highlight the importance of climate to modern mammals and suggest that climate change will have strong impacts on these communities. Our new empirical approach to recognizing ecoregions has potential to be applied to expanded communities o

关键词： climate macroecology mammal communities masting species distribution models

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The 2022 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: health at the mercy of fossil fuels (vol 400, pg 1619, 2022)

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LANCET 2022年第10365期400卷 1766-1766页

作者： Romanello, M. Di Napoli, C. Drummond, P. Institute for Global Health University College London London UK School of Agriculture Policy and Development University of Reading Reading UK Institute for Sustainable Resources University College London London UK Department of Global Health Centre for Health and the Global Environment University of Washington Seattle WA USA UCL Energy Institute University College London London UK Department of Health Sciences University of York York UK Department of Meteorology University of Reading Reading UK Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction University College London London UK School of Earth and Environment University of Leeds Leeds UK Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London UK School of Population Health University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia Department of Earth System Science Tsinghua University Beijing China Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change Berlin Germany Department of Environment Climate Change and Health World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland Institute of Environmental Sciences University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit Department of Public Health & Primary Care University of Cambridge Cambridge UK School of Government University of Birmingham Birmingham UK Economic Analysis of Climate Impacts and Policy Division Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici Venice Italy Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering University College London London UK Natural Resources Institute University of Greenwich London UK Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Yale Center on Climate Change and Health Yale University New Haven CT USA Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Northeastern University Boston MA USA Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg VA USA Department of Geography University College London London UK NU

With advancements in the science of detection and attribution studies, the influence of climate change over many events has now been quantified. Because of the rapidly increasing temperatures, vulnerable populations (adults older than 65 years, and children younger than one year of age) were exposed to 3·7 billion more heatwave days in 2021 than annually in 1986–2005 (indicator 1.1.2), and heat-related deaths increased by 68% between 2000–04 and 2017–21 (indicator 1.1.5), a death toll that was significantly exacerbated by the confluence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the local cooling and overall health benefits of urban greenspaces, only 277 (27%) of 1038 global urban centres were at least moderately green in 2021 (indicator 2.2.3), and the number of households with air conditioning increased by 66% from 2000 to 2020, a maladaptive response that worsens the energy crisis and further increases urban heat, air pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. [...]millions of people do not have access to the energy needed to keep their homes at healthy temperatures, preserve food and medication, and meet the seventh Sustainable Development Goal (to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all). Aggravating this situation even further, governments continue to incentivise fossil fuel production and consumption: 69 (80%) of 86 countries reviewed had net-negative carbon prices (ie, provided a net subsidy to fossil fuels) for a net total of US$400 billion

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