Background: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of ...
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of national health systems, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), as well as a robust global system for pandemic preparedness. We aimed to provide a comparative assessment of global health spending at the onset of the pandemic;characterise the amount of development assistance for pandemic preparedness and response disbursed in the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic;and examine expectations for future health spending and put into context the expected need for investment in pandemic preparedness. Methods: In this analysis of global health spending between 1990 and 2021, and prediction from 2021 to 2026, we estimated four sources of health spending: development assistance for health (DAH), government spending, out-of-pocket spending, and prepaid private spending across 204 countries and territories. We used the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)'s Creditor Reporting System (CRS) and the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED) to estimate spending. We estimated development assistance for general health, COVID-19 response, and pandemic preparedness and response using a keyword search. Health spending estimates were combined with estimates of resources needed for pandemic prevention and preparedness to analyse future health spending patterns, relative to need. Findings: In 2019, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, US$9·2 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·1–9·3) was spent on health worldwide. We found great disparities in the amount of resources devoted to health, with high-income countries spending $7·3 trillion (95% UI 7·2–7·4) in 2019;293·7 times the $24·8 billion (95% UI 24·3–25·3) spent by low-income countries in 2019. That same year, $43·1 billion in development assistance was provided
This paper, investigates the one of open problems of robust controller design for discrete fractional order system. For achieving the specified goal a disturbance observer is constructed based on full state informatio...
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This paper, investigates the one of open problems of robust controller design for discrete fractional order system. For achieving the specified goal a disturbance observer is constructed based on full state information. After that an extra compensator based on theory of disturbance observer is added to the classical state feedback. It is also shown that after applying the proposed controller closed loop system would become robust against disturbance as the estimation error gets reduced. Effectiveness of the proposed scheme is illustrated by the simulation results.
The Stewart platform manipulator is a 6 degrees of freedom parallel robot with a superior performance over serial robots. A variable gain super twisting algorithm ensuring global finite time convergence to the desired...
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The Stewart platform manipulator is a 6 degrees of freedom parallel robot with a superior performance over serial robots. A variable gain super twisting algorithm ensuring global finite time convergence to the desired sliding surface is proposed for the position stabilization of the Stewart platform. For a given position of the platform, the leg lengths are estimated using inverse kinematics and corresponding leg velocities are obtained using a super twisting observer. The desired position of the platform is achieved using the proposed controller even in the presence of matched disturbances. The effectiveness of the proposed controller has been proved with the simulation results.
In this paper a guidance law has been proposed to solve applications related to coverage of a pre-defined area using a mobile robot. In many situations, it may not be possible to measure all the information due to pra...
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In this paper a guidance law has been proposed to solve applications related to coverage of a pre-defined area using a mobile robot. In many situations, it may not be possible to measure all the information due to practical limitations or from computational point of view. So, we have used only range information to solve the above specified problem. The target point is considered to be stationary in this particular case. Now, for any initial condition for which the velocity vector of the robot is perpendicular to the line of sight with respect to the stationary target, the autonomous agent displays interesting behaviours which have been analysed theoretically. All the analytical results obtained here have been validated through MATLAB simulations also.
Background: Previous attempts to characterise the burden of chronic respiratory diseases have focused only on specific disease conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma. In this study,...
Background: Previous attempts to characterise the burden of chronic respiratory diseases have focused only on specific disease conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma. In this study, we aimed to characterise the burden of chronic respiratory diseases globally, providing a comprehensive and up-to-date analysis on geographical and time trends from 1990 to 2017. Methods: Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017, we estimated the prevalence, morbidity, and mortality attributable to chronic respiratory diseases through an analysis of deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and years of life lost (YLL) by GBD super-region, from 1990 to 2017, stratified by age and sex. Specific diseases analysed included asthma, COPD, interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis, pneumoconiosis, and other chronic respiratory diseases. We also assessed the contribution of risk factors (smoking, second-hand smoke, ambient particulate matter and ozone pollution, household air pollution from solid fuels, and occupational risks) to chronic respiratory disease-attributable DALYs. Findings: In 2017, 544·9 million people (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 506·9–584·8) worldwide had a chronic respiratory disease, representing an increase of 39·8% compared with 1990. Chronic respiratory disease prevalence showed wide variability across GBD super-regions, with the highest prevalence among both males and females in high-income regions, and the lowest prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia. The age-sex-specific prevalence of each chronic respiratory disease in 2017 was also highly variable geographically. Chronic respiratory diseases were the third leading cause of death in 2017 (7·0% [95% UI 6·8–7·2] of all deaths), behind cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms. Deaths due to chronic respiratory diseases numbered 3 914 196 (95% UI 3 790 578–4 044 819) in 2017, an increase of 18·0% since 1990, while
Background: Experimental and epidemiological studies indicate an association between exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution and increased risk of type 2 diabetes. In view of the high and increasing prevalen...
Background: Experimental and epidemiological studies indicate an association between exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution and increased risk of type 2 diabetes. In view of the high and increasing prevalence of diabetes, we aimed to quantify the burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to PM2·5 originating from ambient and household air pollution. Methods: We systematically compiled all relevant cohort and case-control studies assessing the effect of exposure to household and ambient fine particulate matter (PM2·5) air pollution on type 2 diabetes incidence and mortality. We derived an exposure–response curve from the extracted relative risk estimates using the MR-BRT (meta-regression—Bayesian, regularised, trimmed) tool. The estimated curve was linked to ambient and household PM2·5 exposures from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019, and estimates of the attributable burden (population attributable fractions and rates per 100 000 population of deaths and disability-adjusted life-years) for 204 countries from 1990 to 2019 were calculated. We also assessed the role of changes in exposure, population size, age, and type 2 diabetes incidence in the observed trend in PM2·5-attributable type 2 diabetes burden. All estimates are presented with 95% uncertainty intervals. Findings: In 2019, approximately a fifth of the global burden of type 2 diabetes was attributable to PM2·5 exposure, with an estimated 3·78 (95% uncertainty interval 2·68–4·83) deaths per 100 000 population and 167 (117–223) disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) per 100 000 population. Approximately 13·4% (9·49–17·5) of deaths and 13·6% (9·73–17·9) of DALYs due to type 2 diabetes were contributed by ambient PM2·5, and 6·50% (4·22–9·53) of deaths and 5·92% (3·81–8·64) of DALYs by household air pollution. High burdens, in terms of numbers as well as rates, were estimated in Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and South Am
The paper presents some new results on digital implementation of sliding mode control when designed from a continuous time system. When a continuous sliding mode control is digitally implemented, it cannot bring the s...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781479902255
The paper presents some new results on digital implementation of sliding mode control when designed from a continuous time system. When a continuous sliding mode control is digitally implemented, it cannot bring the sliding variable to the surface in finite time and stay there, but the sliding variable remains within an ultimate band around the surface. Analysis is done which relates such an ultimate band with the continuous controller parameters. If the controller parameters are chosen accordingly, one can be sure that the sliding motion will remain inside the specified ultimate band, and hence stability can be assured for such a digital implementation of the continuous sliding mode control.
Recent developments in the attitude control of a rigid body include the development of almost globally stabilizing coordinate-free control laws. However, all of these results focus on external actuation. In this paper...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781479901890
Recent developments in the attitude control of a rigid body include the development of almost globally stabilizing coordinate-free control laws. However, all of these results focus on external actuation. In this paper, we observe that the frequently used way of stabilization by error functions can also be given a Hamiltonian interpretation. We show that there exists a class of control laws which are applicable for both external and internal actuation. We also construct such control laws, motivated by the potential energy of a spinning top.
This paper proposes an arbitrary higher order sliding mode controller for uncertain minimum phase nonlinear systems. The stability proof of the suggested scheme is analyzed in terms of two Lyapunov functions. Using th...
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