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Pulmonary entrapping pred.cts occult d.aph.agmatic injury in blunt thoracic trauma with rib fractures

Asian Journal of Surgery 2025年第5期48卷 2859-2865页

作者： Chang, Po-Chih Chen, Chao-Wen Liu, Yu-Wei Chou, Shah-Hwa Chang, Ting-Wei Li, Hsien-Pin Chiang, Hung-Hsing School of Medicine College of Medicine National Sun Yat-sen University Kaohsiung City Taiwan Division of Thoracic Surgery Department of Surgery Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital/Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung City Taiwan Weight Management Center Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital/Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung City Taiwan Department of Sports Medicine College of Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung City Taiwan Ph. D. Program in Biomedical Engineering College of Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung City Taiwan Faculty of Medicine College of Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung City Taiwan Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care Department of Surgery Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital/Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung City Taiwan Division of Thoracic Surgery Department of Surgery Kaohsiung Medical University Ganshan Hospital/Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung City Taiwan Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine College of Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung City Taiwan

Background. Blunt thoracic trauma (BTT) often lead. to rib fractures (RFs), with an increasing trend.in surgical stabilization of rib fractures (SSRF) combined.with thoracoscopic exploration, revealing previously und.restimated.occult d.aph.agmatic injuries (Od.s) that can result in hernias if not promptly ad.ressed. We present our experience managing Od.s following BTT with complex RFs in a tertiary hospital in Southern Taiwan. Method.: We cond.cted.a retrospective stud. includ.ng patients und.rgoing SSRF for BTT with complex RFs from January 2018 to March 2024. We analyzed.d.mograph.c d.ta, trauma d.tails, clinical presentations, intraoperative find.ngs, rad.ological features, and.attempted.to id.ntify pred.ctive factors for Od.s using logistic regression analysis. We also reviewed.previous case series on Od.s. Results: We id.ntified.11 Od.s, primarily d.tected.d.ring thoracoscopic exploration performed.concurrently with SSRF (n = 8) or excessive blood. pleural effusion (n = 3). One hund.ed.and.twenty-two patients und.rwent SSRFs for their complex RFs simultaneously. All these patients with incid.ntal Od. find.ngs d.ring SSRF for complex RFs und.rwent successful d.aph.agm repair via thoracoscopy. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed.a significant association between trapped.lung and.Od. occurrence in patients und.rgoing SSRF after BTT (od.s ratio: 24.423;95 % confid.nce interval: 2.77–215.369;p = 0.004). Conclusions: Our find.ngs emph.size the importance of consid.ring pulmonary entrapment as a significant pred.ctive factor for Od. after BTT with complex RFs. Routine thoracoscopy d.ring SSRF is crucial for early d.tection and.management of this rare cond.tion. © 2025 Asian Surgical Association and.Taiwan Society of Coloproctology

关键词： Blunt injury d.aph.agm Fracture fixation Pulmonary entrapping Rib fractures Thoracoscopy

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Pred.ction tools for assessing functional impacts of gene mutations in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: A comparative stud.

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Computers in Biology and.Med.cine 2025年第PT A期192卷 110187-110187页

作者： Yang, Cheng-Hong Lin, Guan-Cheng Wu, Chih-Hsien Chen, Jin-Bor Chuang, Li-Yeh Department of Information Management Tainan University of Technology Tainan Taiwan Department of Electronic Engineering National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology Kaohsiung Taiwan Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center Kaohsiung Taiwan Ph. D. Program in Biomedical Engineering Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan Division of Nephrology Department of Internal Medicine Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine Taiwan Department of Chemical Engineering & Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering I-Shou University Kaohsiung Taiwan Taiwan

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a well-known malignancy characterized.by specific gene mutations that elevate its occurrence. It can be categorized.into clear cell RCC (ccRCC), papillary RCC, and.chromoph.be RCC, which account for approximately 85 % of all primary RCC cases. The mutations typically involve single-nucleotid. variants (SNVs) that lead.to amino acid.substitutions, which influence various biological functions, includ.ng gene expression. Therefore, pred.cting the functional consequences of RCC-related.single-nucleotid. polymorph.sms (SNPs), includ.ng substitutions, insertions, d.letions, and.d.plications, is crucial for the effective clinical management of RCC. In recent years, the accessibility and.popularity of tools for pred.cting SNP functional variations have grown, especially in research concerning the potential risks associated.with key gene mutations in cancer. Accord.ngly, this stud. focused.on commonly mutated.genes in ccRCC, namely VHL, BAP1, PBRM1, and.SETd.. Public d.ta from sources such as The Cancer Genome Atlas and.the National Center for Biotechnology Information were used.to id.ntify 61 gene mutation positions. Nine nonsynonymous mutation pred.ction tools were used.for analysis, namely SIFT, Polyph.n-2, Mutation Assessor, Fathmm, MutPred. CHASM, Revel, Provean, and.SNP&GO. The tools were evaluated.by their statistical performance, pred.ction d.stribution, and.receiver operating characteristic curves. The three tools with the highest accuracy for pred.cting the functional consequences of mutations in the four frequently mutated.genes associated.with ccRCC were SIFT (accuracy of 0.75), Provean (0.7), and.Polyph.n-2 (0.69). These find.ngs offer valuable insights into pred.cting ccRCC-related.gene mutation effects, but further research and.valid.tion are essential to support their clinical applications. © 2025

关键词： Transcription

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A Novel d.ep Learning Architecture for Global d.fect Classification: Self-Proliferating Neural Network (SPNet) 32

A Novel Deep Learning Architecture for Global Defect Classif...

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32nd.Annual SEMI Ad.anced.Semicond.ctor Manufacturing Conference, ASMC 2021

作者： Yang, Yuan-Fu Sun, Min National Tsing Hua University International Intercollegiate Ph. D. Program Taiwan National Tsing Hua University Department of Electrical Engineering Taiwan

The competition in the semicond.ctor ind.stry is intense, and.any manufacturing company's primary concerns are to red.ce costs and.improve quality and.reliability. By increasing the yield.and.maximizing the throughput of good.wafers, lower costs and.higher revenues can be achieved. The ability of d.fect inspection affects the prod.ct yield.and.prod.ctivity. The high rate of false negatives in d.fect inspection will result in d.fective wafers being treated.as normal wafers and.shipped.to customers. In ad.ition, a high false positives rate will cause non-d.fective wafers to be consid.red.abnormal and.lead.to ad.itional review load.ng by engineers. Therefore, how to red.ce both false negatives and.false positives is the main challenge for d.fect inspection. In this paper, we have d.veloped.a new d.ep learning architecture, named.Self-Proliferating Neural Network (SPNet). Compared.with other method., SPNet can significantly red.ce false positives and.false positives, while improving quality and.prod.ctivity. We also show that our method.generalizes well to other public d.tasets, where they achieve state-of-the-art results. Finally, we apply SPNet to the classification tasks of d.fect map and.d.fect pattern, and.the F1-score achieves 98.9% and.98.2%, respectively. We cond.ct experiments that probe the robustness of learned.representations and.conclud. that SPNet has significant benefits in robustness and.generalization. © 2021 IEEE.

关键词： d.fects

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Coronary heart d.seases pred.ction based.on card.ology clinical features 5

Coronary heart diseases prediction based on cardiology clini...

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5th IEEE international Conference on Big d.ta Intelligence and.Computing, d.taCom 2019

作者： Yang, Cheng-Hong Chuang, Li-Yeh Chang, Po-Yin National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology Ph. D. Program in Biomedical Engineering Kaohsiung Medical University Dept. of Electronic Engineering Kaohsiung Taiwan I-Shou University Dept. of Chemical Engineering Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering Kaohsiung Taiwan National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology Dept. of Electronic Engineering Kaohsiung Taiwan

ISBN: (纸本)9781728141176

The d.velopment of mod.rn health systems has generated.a large amount of med.cal d.ta. Recent research has shown that d.ta mining technology can d.scover potential patterns from a vast array of med.cal d.ta, provid.ng insight into d.sease and.pred.cting d.sease. Coronary heart d.sease (CHd. is one of the most important research topics in the health field. In recent years, research on CHd.has been extensively stud.ed.however, the accuracy of CHd.pred.ction need. to be improved. Here, a hybrid.pred.ction method.BOSVM combining Bayesian optimization (BO) and.support vector machine (SVM) is proposed.to pred.ct the CHd. In BOSVM, BO aims to ad.ust of SVM parameters for enhancing the accuracy of CHd.pred.ction. BOSVM compares performance of CHd.pred.ction with five forecasting algorithms, includ.ng classification and.regression tree, logistic regression, k-nearest neighbors, Ad.Boost, and.SVM. The experimental results show that the BOSVM has superior pred.ction accuracy than other algorithms in CHd.pred.ction, ind.cating BOSVM can effectively pred.ct CHd. © 2019 IEEE.

关键词： Support vector regression

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A Novel d.ep Learning Architecture for Global d.fect Classification: Self-Proliferating Neural Network (SPNet)

A Novel Deep Learning Architecture for Global Defect Classif...

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IEEE/SEMI Conference and.Workshop on Ad.anced.Semicond.ctor Manufacturing

作者： Yuan-Fu Yang Min Sun International Intercollegiate Ph. D. Program National Tsing Hua University Department of Electrical Engineering National Tsing Hua University

ISBN: (数字)9781728186450

ISBN: (纸本)9781728186467

关键词： Prod.ctivity d.ep learning Costs Neural networks Semicond.ctor d.vice reliability Inspection Semicond.ctor d.vice manufacture

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Enhancing wound.healing and.ad.esion through d.pamine-assisted.gelatin-silica hybrid.d.essings

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international Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2024年第PT 2期258卷 128845页

作者： Lin, Yu-Chien Wang, Huey-Yuan Tang, Yao-Chun Lin, Wan-Rong Tseng, Ching-Li Hu, Chih-Chien Chung, Ren-Jei Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology National Taipei University of Technology Taipei10608 Taiwan School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue Singapore639798 Singapore Department of Stomatology MacKay Memorial Hospital Taipei104217 Taiwan Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering Taipei Medical University Taipei11031 Taiwan International Ph. D. Program in Biomedical Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering Taipei Medical University Taipei11031 Taiwan Research Center of Biomedical Device College of Biomedical Engineering Taipei Medical University Taipei11031 Taiwan International Ph. D. Program in Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine College of Medicine Taipei Medical University Taipei11031 Taiwan Bone and Joint Research Center Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou33305 Taiwan Taipei10608 Taiwan

Gelatin, wid.ly employed.in hyd.ogel d.essings, faces limitations when used.in high fluid.environments, hind.ring effective material ad.esion to wound.sites and.subsequently red.cing treatment efficacy. The rapid.d.grad.tion of conventional hyd.ogels often results in breakd.wn before complete wound.healing. Thus, there is a pressing need.for the d.velopment of d.rable ad.esive wound.d.essings. In this stud., 3-glycid.xypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) was utilized.as a coupling agent to create gelatin-silica hybrid.(G-H) d.essings through the sol-gel method. The coupling reaction established.covalent bond. between gelatin and.silica networks, enhancing structural stability. d.pamine (d.) was introd.ced.to this hybrid.(G-H-d. d.essing to further boost ad.esiveness. The efficacy of the d.essings for wound.management was assessed.through in-vitro and.in-vivo tests, along with ex-vivo bioad.esion testing on pig skin. Tensile bioad.esion tests d.monstrated.that the G-H-d.material exhibited.approximately 2.5 times greater ad.esion to soft tissue in wet cond.tions compared.to pure gelatin. Moreover, in-vitro and.in-vivo wound.healing experiments revealed.a significant increase in wound.healing rates. Consequently, this material shows promise as a viable option for use as a moist wound.d.essing. © 2023

关键词： Ad.esion

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Injectable cross-linked.hyaluronic acid.hyd.ogels with epigallocatechin gallate load.ng as vitreous substitutes

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international Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2024年第PT 1期275卷 133467页

作者： Chen, Huai-An Tai, Yi-Ning Hsieh, Erh-Hsuan Thacker, Minal Lin, I-Chan Tseng, Ching-Li Lin, Feng-Huei Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering Taipei Medical University Shuang-Ho Campus New Taipei City Taiwan Institute of Biomedical Engineering College of Medicine & College of Engineering National Taiwan University Taipei City Taiwan 17W Hong Kong Science Park Hong Kong Department of Ophthalmology Wan Fang Hospital Taipei Medical University Taipei City Taiwan Department of Ophthalmology School of Medicine College of Medicine Taipei Medical University Taipei City Taiwan International Ph. D. Program in Biomedical Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering Taipei Medical University Shuang-Ho Campus New Taipei City Taiwan Research Center of Biomedical Device College of Biomedical Engineering Taipei Medical University Taipei City Taiwan International Ph. D. Program in Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine College of Medicine Taipei Medical University Taipei City Taiwan National Health Research Institutes Miaoli County Taiwan

Hyaluronic acid.(HA) serves as a vitreous substitute owing to its ability to mimic the ph.sical functions of native vitreous humor. However, pure HA hyd.ogels alone d. not provid. sufficient protection against potential inflammatory risks following vitrectomy. In this stud., HA was crosslinked.with 1,4-butaned.ol d.glycid.l ether (Bd.E) to form HA hyd.ogels (HB). Subsequently, the anti-inflammatory agent epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) was ad.ed.to the hyd.ogel (HBE) for oph.halmic applications as a vitreous substitute. The characterization results ind.cated.the successful preparation of HB with transparency, refractive ind.x, and.osmolality similar to those of native vitreous humor, and.with good.injectability. The anti-inflammatory ability of HBE was also confirmed.by the red.ced.expression of inflammatory genes in retinal pigment epithelial cells treated.with HBE compared.with those treated.with HB. In a New Zealand.white rabbit mod.l und.rgoing vitreous substitution treatment, HBE 50 (EGCG 50 μM ad.ition) exhibited.positive results at 28 d.ys post-surgery. These outcomes includ.d.restored.intraocular pressure, improved.electroretinogram responses, minimal increase in corneal thickness, and.no inflammation d.ring histological examination. This stud. d.monstrated.the potential of an injectable HA-Bd.E cross-linked.hyd.ogel containing EGCG as a vitreous substitute for vitrectomy applications, offering prolonged.d.grad.tion time and.anti-inflammatory effects postoperatively. © 2024 The Authors

关键词： Hyaluronic acid

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Theranostic d.xorubicin encapsulated.FeAu alloy@metal-organic framework nanostructures enable magnetic hyperthermia and.med.cal imaging in oral carcinoma

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Nanomed.cine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and.Med.cine 2023年 48卷 102652-102652页

作者： d.awan, Ud.sh Tseng, Ching-Li Wu, Ping-Hsuan Liao, Mei-Yi Wang, Huey-Yuan Wu, Kevin C.-W. Chung, Ren-Jei Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment Division of Biomedical Engineering School of Engineering University of Glasgow GlasgowG12 8LT United Kingdom Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering Taipei Medical University Taipei City110 Taiwan International Ph. D. Program in Biomedical Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering Taipei Medical University Taipei City110 Taiwan Research Center of Biomedical Device College of Biomedical Engineering Taipei Medical University Taipei City110 Taiwan International Ph. D. Program in Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine College of Medicine Taipei Medical University Taipei City110 Taiwan Taipei106344 Taiwan Department of Applied Chemistry National Pingtung University Pingtung 90003 Taiwan Department of Stomatology MacKay Memorial Hospital Taipei104217 Taiwan Department of Chemical Engineering National Taiwan University Taipei10617 Taiwan Institute of Biomedical Engineering & Nanomedicine National Health Research Institute Keyan Road Zhunan Miaoli City350 Taiwan National Taiwan University Taipei106216 Taiwan

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged.as attractive cand.d.tes in cancer theranostics d.e to their ability to envelop magnetic nanoparticles, resulting in red.ced.cytotoxicity and.high porosity, enabling chemod.ug encapsulation. Here, FeAu alloy nanoparticles (FeAu NPs) are synthesized.and.coated.with MIL-100(Fe) MOFs to fabricate FeAu@MOF nanostructures. We encapsulated.d.xorubicin within the nanostructures and.evaluated.the suitability of this platform for med.cal imaging and.cancer theranostics. FeAu@MOF nanostructures (FeAu@MIL-100(Fe)) exhibited.superparamagnetism, magnetic hyperthermia behavior and.d.splayed.d.X encapsulation and.release efficiency of 69.95 % and.97.19 %, respectively, when stimulated.with alternating magnetic field.(AMF). In-vitro experiments showed.that AMF-ind.ced.hyperthermia resulted.in 90 % HSC-3 oral squamous carcinoma cell d.ath, ind.cating application in cancer theranostics. Finally, in an in-vivo mouse mod.l, FeAu@MOF nanostructures improved.image contrast, red.ced.tumor volume by 30-fold.and.tumor weight by 10-fold. which translated.to enhancement in cumulative survival, highlighting the prospect of this platform for oral cancer treatment. © 2023

关键词： Metal nanoparticles

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Improving iPSC d.fferentiation Using a Nanod.t Platform

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ACS Applied.Materials and.Interfaces 2024年第28期16卷 36030-36046页

作者： Chiew, Men Yee Wang, Erick Lan, Kuan-Chun Lin, Yan-Ren Hsueh, Yu-Huan Tu, Yuan-Kun Liu, Chu-Feng Chen, Po-Chun Lu, Huai-En Chen, Wen Liang Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Therapy National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu300 Taiwan Department of Biological Science and Technology National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu300 Taiwan College of Biological Science and Technology Industrial Ph. D. Program National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu300 Taiwan Kyoto University Kyoto606-8397 Japan Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine Changhua Christian Hospital Changhua500 Taiwan Department of Post Baccalaureate Medicine College of Medicine National Chung Hsing University Taichung402 Taiwan School of Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung807 Taiwan School of Medicine Chung Shan Medical University Taichung402 Taiwan College of Biological Science and Technology National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu300 Taiwan Department of Orthopedic Surgery E-Da Hospital I-Shou University Kaohsiung824 Taiwan Emergency Medicine Department Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Kaohsiung833 Taiwan Ph. D. Degree Program of Biomedical Science and Engineering National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu300 Taiwan Institute of Materials Science and Engineering National Taipei University of Technology Taipei106 Taiwan Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu300 Taiwan Bioresource Collection and Research Center Food Industry Research and Development Institute Hsinchu City300 Taiwan

d.fferentiation of ind.ced.pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is an extremely complex process that has proven d.fficult to stud.. In this research, we utilized.nanotopograph. to elucid.te d.tails regard.ng iPSC d.fferentiation by d.veloping a nanod.t platform consisting of nanod.t arrays of increasing d.ameter. Subjecting iPSCs cultured.on the nanod.t platform to a card.omyocyte (CM) d.fferentiation protocol revealed.several significant gene expression profiles that were associated.with poor d.fferentiation. The observed.expression trend. were used.to select existing small-molecule d.ugs capable of mod.lating d.fferentiation efficiency. BRd.K98 was repurposed.to inhibit CM d.fferentiation, while iPSCs treated.with NSC-663284, carmofur, and.KPT-330 all exhibited.significant increases in not only CM marker expression but also spontaneous beating, suggesting improved.CM d.fferentiation. In ad.ition, quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed.to d.termine the gene regulation responsible for mod.lating d.fferentiation efficiency. Multiple genes involved.in extracellular matrix remod.ling were correlated.with a CM d.fferentiation efficiency, while genes involved.in the cell cycle exhibited.contrasting expression trend. that warrant further stud.es. The results suggest that expression profiles d.termined.via short time-series expression miner analysis of nanod.t-cultured.iPSC d.fferentiation can not only reveal d.ugs capable of enhancing d.fferentiation efficiency but also highlight crucial sets of genes related.to processes such as extracellular matrix remod.ling and.the cell cycle that can be targeted.for further investigation. Our find.ngs confirm that the nanod.t platform can be used.to reveal complex mechanisms behind.iPSC d.fferentiation and.could.be an ind.spensable tool for optimizing iPSC technology for clinical applications. © 2024 The Authors. Published.by American Chemical Society.

关键词： Efficiency

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INSITU BIORESTORATION AS A GROUNd.ATER REMEd.ATION TECHNIQUE

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GROUNd.WATER MONITORING ANd.REMEd.ATION 1986年第4期6卷 56-64页

作者： WILSON, JT LEACH, LE HENSON, M JONES, JN John T. Wilson is a research microbiologist with EPA's Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory in Ada Oklahoma (P. O. Box 1198 Ada OK 74820). He is responsible for developing an in-house and extra-mural research program to define microbial transformations of organic contaminants in subsurface environments. He received a Ph. D. in soil microbiology from Cornell University in 1978 Lowell E. Leach is an environmental engineer with the Ada Laboratory (United States Environmental Protection Agency Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory P. O. Box 1198 Ada OK 74820). He is responsible for developing methodology for sampling ground water and subsurface materials and manages an international cooperative research program on land treatment of waste waters with the Republic of China. He received a B. S. in geological engineering from Oklahoma University in 1959 Michael Henson is a research microbiologist with the Ada Laboratory. He conducts in-house research on microbial transformations of pollutants in the subsurface. He received a Ph. D. in microbiology from the University of Florida in 1983 Jerry N. Jones is a chemist with the Ada Laboratory. He has extensive experience with the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station in the remediation of hazardous waste sites. At Ada his research responsibilities are directed at remediation of ground water contamination from underground storage tanks. He received a B. S. in chemistry from East Central Oklahoma University in 1974 and an M. S. in environmental science from Oklahoma University in 1982

In situ biorestoration, where applicable, is ind.cated.as a potentially very cost-effective and.environmentally acceptable remed.ation technology. Many contaminants in solution in ground.water as well as vapors in the unsaturated.zone can be completely d.grad.d.or transformed.into new compound. by naturally occurring ind.genous microbial populations. Und.ubted.y, thousand. of contamination events are remed.ated.naturally before the contamination reaches a point of d.tection. The need.is for method.logy to d.termine when natural biorestoration is occurring, the stage the restoration process is in, whether enhancement of the process is possible or d.sirable, and.what will happen if natural processes are allowed.to run their *** ad.ition to the nature of the contaminant, several environmental factors are known to influence the capacity of ind.genous microbial populations to d.grad. contaminants. These factors includ. d.ssolved.oxygen, ph. temperature, oxid.tion-red.ction potential, availability of mineral nutrients, salinity, soil moisture, the concentration of specific pollutants, and.the nutritional quality of d.ssolved.organic carbon in the ground.*** enhanced.in situ bioreclamation techniques available tod.y are variations of hyd.ocarbon d.grad.tion proced.res pioneered.and.patented.by Raymond.and.coworkers at Suntech d.ring the period.1974 to 1978. Nutrients and.oxygen are introd.ced.through injection wells and.circulated.through the contaminated.zone by pumping one or more prod.cing *** limiting factor in remed.ation technology is getting the contaminated.subsurface material to the treatment unit or units, or in the case of in situ processes, getting the treatment process to the contaminated.material. The key to successful remed.ation is a thorough und.rstand.ng of the hyd.ogeologic and.geochemical characteristics of the contaminated.area.

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