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A Comparison of Regulatory Implications of Traditional and Exact Two-Stage Dose-Response Models

Risk Analysis 2006年第1期19卷

作者： Weihsueh A. Chiu David M. Hassenzahl Daniel M. Kammen Department of Physics Princeton University Princeton New Jersey 08544 current address U.S. General Accounting Office National Security and International Affairs Division 441 G Street NW Washington. D.C. 20548. Science Technology and Environmental Policy (STEP) Program Woodrow Wilson School Princeton University Princeton New Jersey 08544. Science Technology and Environmental Policy (STEP) Program Woodrow Wilson School Princeton University Princeton New Jersey 08544 and Energy and Resources Group 310 Barrows Hall University of California Berkeley CA 94720-3050.

We compare the regulatory implications of applying the traditional (linearized) and exact two-stage dose-response models to animal carcinogenic data. We analyze dose-response data from six studies, representing five different substances, and we determine the “goodness- of-fit” of each model as well as the 95% confidence lower limit ofthe dose corresponding to a target excess risk of 10 -5 (the target risk doseTRD). For the two concave datasets, we find that the exact model gives a substantially better fit to the data than the traditional model, and that the exact model gives aTRD that is an order of magnitude lower than that given by the traditional model. In the other cases, the exact model gives a fit equivalent to or better than the traditional model. We also show that although the exact two-stage model may exhibit dose-response concavity at moderate dose levels, it is always linear or sublinear, and never supralinear, in the low-dose limit. Because regulatory concern is almost always confined to the low-dose region extrapolation, supralinear behavior seems not to be of regulatory concern in the exact two-stage model. Finally, we find that when performing this low-dose extrapolation in cases of dose-response concavity, extrapolating the model fit leads to a more conservative TRD than taking a linear extrapolation from 10% excess risk. We conclude with a set of recommendations.

关键词： Cancer dose-response modeling multistage model two-stage model hazard functions carcinogenesis Benzene Dieldrin Ethylene Thiourea Trichloroethylene and Vinyl Chloride

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Trends in the geographic distribution of human embryonic stem-cell research

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Politics and the Life sciences 2004年第2期23卷 40-45页

作者： Levine, Aaron Program in Science Technology and Environmental Policy Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 United States Program in Science Technology and Environmental Policy Princeton University Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs United States

Human embryonic stem-cell (hESC) research offers substantial potential benefits but has generated politically influential controversies and, in the United States, funding restrictions. Some observers fear the United States has been falling behind nations more permissive in this field, but policy debate has remained largely anecdotal. This study reports citation data indicating that the share of hESC research publications credited to the United States in the six years following the introduction of key technologies was significantly less than in five less contentious biomedical-research areas. The United States share of hESC publications fell sharply in 2003 and remained near this reduced level in 2004. Putative explanations are reviewed and several implications discussed.

关键词： Biomedical and Behavioral Research Empirical Approach Genetics and Reproduction

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A proposal for an integrated utilities Engineering-Management M.S. program

A proposal for an integrated utilities Engineering-Managemen...

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2004 37th Annual Frontiers of Power Conference

作者： Barnes, Frank S. Fuchs, Ewald F. Tietjen, Jill S. Silverstein, Joann Ko, Hon-Yim Lookabaugh, Tom Brown, Timothy X. Sicker, Douglas C. University of Colorado AAAS IEEE International Engineering Consortium National Academy of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering LLC McNeil Technologies Board for Girl Scouts Mile Hi Council Georgia Transmission Corporation of Tucker GA ABET Inc. National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying SWE IEEE Power Engineering Society Department of Civil Environmental and Architectural Engineering UCB National Water Research Institute Women in Engineering Program Center of the American West College of Engineering Department of Civil Environmental and Archetectural Engineering University of Colorado Jet Propulsion Laboratory Computer Science Department Interdisciplinary Telecommunications Program University of Colorado Boulder University of Colorado Boulder Electrical Engineering and Interdisciplinary Telecommunications University of Colorado Boulder Department of Computer Science University of Colorado Boulder ITP Laboratory ACM Internet Society Faculty of the Progress and Freedom Foundation Institute for Regulatory Law and Economics Aspen Institute Communications and Society Program CU Computer and Communications Security Center Center for Science and Technology Policy Research Research and Engineering Center for Unmanned Vehicles Electrical and Computer Engineering Civil Environmental and Architectural Engineering

Electric, water, gas and transportation utilities face severe challenges associated with security, quality, availability, reliability and profitability issues. They must solve interrelated system problems with respect to generation of electricity, transportation of fuel, and potable as well as waste water. In the future, engineers and managers of utilities must be well versed in the different disciplines of engineering including electrical civil, mechanical and information technology. The University of Colorado at Boulder addresses this educational opportunity by proposing a novel Integrated Utilities Management program for M.S. candidates who have a solid B.S. background or equivalent in a related discipline. The M.S. program will consist of four interdisciplinary paths dealing with business management and legal topics as they relate to federal and state regulatory issues, as well as agency and people-related leadership issues. The electric utilities option of this program will be centered on three core courses related to electric power generation/transmission and distribution, security and availability, quality and reliability, economics and environmental policy, and utility finance;two elective courses from a group of courses that address nuclear power, waste water, solid waste, telecommunications, renewable energies, data communication, fuels and case studies;and one capstone course consisting of either operations research or the investigation and resolution of a pending utility project such as the right-of-way of transmission lines, specification of new power plants, retrofitting of power plants or their impact on the environment. It is expected that candidates for this MS program will come from universities, from utilities, and from private and public agencies. The MS program can be completed by full- or part time students within one or two years of intensive study, respectively. Courses will be taught both on campus and nationwide via the Center for Advanced

关键词： Public utilities

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Committee on environmental Quality

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Journal of AOAC international 2001年第1期84卷 298-299页

作者： Kalra, Yash P Harlin, Karen S Hopkins, Josie Telliard, William A Kearns, John F Messing, Alan W Zarrabi, Keveh Canadian Forest Service Northern Forestry Center5320 122nd St Edmonton AB T6H-3S5 Canada Illinois State Water Survey National Atmospheric Deposition Program 2204 Griffith Dr Champaign IL 61820 5150 Echols Ave Alexandria VA 22311 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Science and Technology MC4303 Office of Water 401 M St NW Washington DC 20460 Dames & Moore Inc. Ste 320 849 International Linthicum MD 21090 Applied Marine Research Laboratory 1034 West 45th St Norfolk VA 23529-0456 Community College of Southern Nevada 6375 West Charleston Blvd Las Vegas NV 89102

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Future USN aircraft carrier analysis of alternatives

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 2000年第3期112卷 15-25页

作者： Raber, JD Perin, DA Mr. James D. Raber:received a master of science degree in naval architecture and marine engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1967. Since 1967 he has worked for the Navy Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) and predecessor organizations in the area of early stage design of naval ships. Among the major USN programs he has supported are the FFG 7 and DDG 51. In the late ‘70s he was the NAVSEA representative to the CNO DDX Study Group which established the general requirements for the DDG 51 class. He has been active in international technical exchange programs for which he was awarded membership in the National Order of Merit by the Republic of France in 1992. Since early 1996 he has been the NAVSEA Ship Concept Team Leader for what is now the CVNX Program. Dr. David A. Perin:received a PhD in mathematics from the University of Michigan in 1971. He joined the Center for Naval Analyses in 1973 where he has led a wide variety of studies on naval warfare. From 1985 to 1987 he served as the CNA representative on the staff of Commander Striking Fleet Atlantic for which he was awarded a Defense Distinguished Service Medal. During the 1990s he has led formal analysis of alternatives for the LPD-17 F/A-18E/F and CVX. Currently he is the Director of the JCC(X) Analysis of Alternatives.

In March 1996, the Department of Defense established a new program, then known as CVX, to develop a new class of aircraft carrier that would eventually replace the Nimitz class. The first step in the concept develop was exploring a wide range of alternative design concepts in a formal study known as an Analysis of Alternatives (AOA), which assessed their cost and operational effectiveness. About 70 total ship studies were developed to explore the range of design features, including airwing size and type, propulsion type, ship mobility performance, and a variety of survivability features. The AOA also assessed the performance of and total ownership cost of a large number of potential subsystem technologies. This paper summarizes the total ship studies developed for the AOA describes the ship system performance and total ownership cost of these alternatives, and discusses the rationale for determining some of the primary system requirements. Thus, the paper will provide insight into the Navy's intentions for system requirements and features to be incorporated into the U.S. Navy's future aircraft carriers.

关键词： design features Aircraft survivability ANGLE OF ATTACK United States Department of Defense system requirements Alternatives analysis AIRCRAFT CARRIER Ships Total Costs

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Abstracts of presentations on plant protection issues at The Xth international Congress of Virology - August 11-16, 1996 - Binyanei haOoma, Jerusalem, Israel - Part 3 (final part)

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PHYTOPARASITICA 1998年第1期26卷 67-90页

作者： [Anonymous] Dept. of Virus Research John Innes Centre Colney UK Dept. of Field and Vegetable Crops The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Agricultural Food and Environmental Quality Sciences Rehovot Israel Station de Recherches Grandes Cultures INRA Colmar France Inst. de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS Strasbourg France DLO Research Institute for Plant Protection Wageningen The Netherlands Dept. of Biological Science University of Lagos Lagos Nigeria Dept. of Virology Agricultural University Wageningen The Netherlands Dept. de Biología de Plantas Centra de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC Madrid Spain Dept. of Plant Protection National Agriculture Research Center Tsukuba lbaraki Tohoku National Agricultural Experiment Station Morioka Iwate Kyushu National Agricultural Experiment Station Kumamoto Japan Dept. of Virology ARO The Volcani Center BetDagan Israel Institut Jacques Monod CNRS Université Paris VII Paris France Dept. of Virology ARO The Volcani Center Bet Dagan Israel Scripps Institute San Diego USA Dept. of Plant Pathology University of Kentucky Lexington USA Inst. of Molecular Plant Sciences Gorlaeus Laboratories Leiden University RA Leiden The Netherlands Inst. de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas Valencia Spain Scottish Crop Research Inst. Invergowrie Dundee UK Depts. of Plant Pathology Univ. of Georgia Coastal Plain Exp. Station Tifton Depts. Entomology Univ. of Georgia Coastal Plain Exp. Station Ttfton Dept. of Plant Pathology Oklahoma State University Stillwater USA Depts. of Coop. Ext. Service Univ. of Georgia Coastal Plain Exp. Station Ttfton Plant Science Dept. Univ. of British Columbia Vancouver Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Pacific Agric. Res. Centre Vancouver Canada Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkultur (DSMZ) Abt. Pflanzenviren and Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft Inst. für Biochemie und Pflanzenvirologie Braunschweig Germany Inst. of Molecular Biology and Biotec

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Correction

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Phytoparasitica 1998年第2期26卷 182-182页

作者： Liu, Sijun Bedford, Ian D. Markham, Peter G. Ghanim, Morad Zeidan, Muhamad Czosnek, Henryk Bruyère, A. Herrbach, E. Brault, V. Ziegler-Graff, V. Guilley, H. van den Heuvel, J. F. J. M. Taiwo, M. A. Dijkstra, J. Martinez, B. López-Moya, J. J. Llave, C. Díaz-Ruíz, J. R. López-Abella, D. Mikoshiba, Y. Honda, K. Kanematsu, S. Fujisawa, I. Salomon, Raffi Bernardi, Francoise Raccah, B. Singer, S. Gal-On, A. Huet, H. Pirone, T. P. Visser, Peter B. Bol, John F. Hernández, Carmen Brown, Derek J. F. Pappu, H. R. Culbreath, A. K. Todd, J. W. McPherson, R. M. Sherwood, J. L. Bertrand, P. F. Robbins, M. A. Reade, R. D. Rochon, D. M. Schönfelder, M. Körbler, M. Barg, E. Lesemann, D. -E. Vetten, H. J. Manqussopoulos, I. N. Tsagris, M. Maiss, E. Marczewski, W. Syller, J. Romero, Javier Molina-Garcia, Antonio Babin, Mar Bujarski, Jozef J. Pogany, Judy Zhang, L. Palukaitis, P. Kaplan, I. B. Qu, Feng Morris, T. Jack Steinkellner, H. Puehringer, H. Machado, A. M. Laimer da Câmara Hammond, J. Brandt, S. Katinger, H. Himmler, G. Carrier, K. Hans, F. Wang, A. Sanfacon, H. Palkovics, László Balázs, Ervin Petrzik, K. Mráz, I. Fránová-Honetšlegrová, J. Kusiak, C. Berthome, R. Dinant, S. Astier, S. Albouy, J. Renou, J. P. Bó, E. Dal Torre, M. E. Sánchez de la Djelouah, K. García, M. L. Grau, O. Benvenisti, Luna Gelman, Boris Hai, Dalia Yadin, Hagai Stram, Yehuda Becker, Yechiel Čeřovská, N. Filigarová, M. Dědič, P. Nemchinov, L. Hadidi, A. Choi, Y. G. Randles, J. W. Samson, A. C. R. Wilford, J. N. Chapman, S. Santa Cruz, S. Wilson, T. M. A. Wilkinson, Nicola Wilson, Louise Marlow, Susan King, Linda Possee, Robert Zhu, Fanxiu Qi, Yipeng Huang, Yongxiu Hu, Jianhong Oker-Blom, Christian Keinänen, Kari Chauhan, B. K. Possee, R. D. French, T. J. Finkelstein, Y. Levi, B. Z. Faktor, O. Toister-Achituv, Mira Wang, Fushan Lu, Liquan Du, Quansheng Watson, S. K. Kalmakoff, J. Broer, R. Liu, Y. Zuidema, D. Strien, E. A. van Vlak, J. M. Heldens, J. G. M. Chejanovsky, N. Gershburg, E. Faruchi, S. Kamensky, B. Nahum, O. Stockholm, D. Rivkin, H. Gurevitz, Dept. of Virus Research John Innes Centre Colney UK Dept. of Field and Vegetable Crops The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Agricultural Food and Environmental Quality Sciences Rehovot Israel Station de Recherches Grandes Cultures INRA Colmar France Inst. de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS Strasbourg France DLO Research Institute for Plant Protection Wageningen The Netherlands Dept. of Biological Science University of Lagos Lagos Nigeria Dept. of Virology Agricultural University Wageningen The Netherlands Dept. de Biología de Plantas Centra de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC Madrid Spain Dept. of Plant Protection National Agriculture Research Center Tsukuba lbaraki Tohoku National Agricultural Experiment Station Morioka Iwate Kyushu National Agricultural Experiment Station Kumamoto Japan Dept. of Virology ARO The Volcani Center BetDagan Israel Institut Jacques Monod CNRS Université Paris VII Paris France Dept. of Virology ARO The Volcani Center Bet Dagan Israel Scripps Institute San Diego USA Dept. of Plant Pathology University of Kentucky Lexington USA Inst. of Molecular Plant Sciences Gorlaeus Laboratories Leiden University RA Leiden The Netherlands Inst. de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas Valencia Spain Scottish Crop Research Inst. Invergowrie Dundee UK Depts. of Plant Pathology Univ. of Georgia Coastal Plain Exp. Station Tifton Depts. Entomology Univ. of Georgia Coastal Plain Exp. Station Ttfton Dept. of Plant Pathology Oklahoma State University Stillwater USA Depts. of Coop. Ext. Service Univ. of Georgia Coastal Plain Exp. Station Ttfton Plant Science Dept. Univ. of British Columbia Vancouver Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Pacific Agric. Res. Centre Vancouver Canada Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkultur (DSMZ) Abt. Pflanzenviren and Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft Inst. für Biochemie und Pflanzenvirologie Braunschweig Germany Inst. of Molecular Biology and Biotec

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Influence of human engineering on manning levels and human performance on ships

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第5期109卷 67-76页

作者： Anderson, DE Oberman, FR Malone, TB Baker, CC David E. Anderson:has a bachelor of science degree in environmental engineering from Florida Technological University and a master's degree in environmental engineering from the University of Central Florida. He is a graduate of the Naval Sea Systems Command's Engineer-In-Training (EIT) Program. Mr. Anderson was instrumental in introducing the collective protection system (CPS) in the U.S. Navy developing the initial forward-fit package for the USS Gunston Hall and the engineering change proposal (ECP) for the USS Wasp. In 1990 he joined the Human Systems Integration (HSI) Division (SEA 55W5) where he was task leader for auxiliary ships. He is currently the HSI manager for the future technology variant of the SeaLift ship and the future carrier. Association of Scientists and Engineers 33rdAnnual Technical Symposium 26 April 1996. Fred R. Oberman:has B.A. and M.A. degrees from the University of Chicago and Loyola University (experimental psychology) and an M.S. degree in industrial engineering and operations research from Virginia Polytechnic Institute (VPI). He has more than 30 years experience in HSI management planning research analysis design and testing in government and private sector positions. He is currently responsible for NavSea HSI generic research and tool development efforts. He is responsible for Human Engineering Specifications and Standards (Commercial Hypertext) and is the NavSea 03D7 representative on HSI in Performance Specifications and for integration of HSI within Integrated Logistic Support (ILS). He has served as DoD HSI SubTAG chair and member of the Simulation and Modeling Test and Evaluation Display and Control Systems Human Computer Interaction Specifications and Standards and Systems Design Sub Tags as a member of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) Systems Safety Panel and a member of NATO RSG 14 on man-machine analysis. Thomas B. Malone: CHFEP received a Ph.D. in experimental psychology from Fordham University in 1964. He is president of Carlow

The objectives of Human Engineering (HE) are generally viewed as increasing human performance, reducing human error, enhancing personnel and equipment safety, and reducing training and related personnel costs. There are other benefits that are thoroughly consistent with the direction of the Navy of the future, chief among these is reduction of required numbers of personnel to operate and maintain Navy ships. The Naval Research Advisory Committee (NRAC) report on Man-Machine technology in the Navy estimated that one of the benefits from increased application of man-machine technology to Navy ship design is personnel reduction as well as improving system availability, effectiveness, and safety The objective of this paper is to discuss aspects of the human engineering design of ships and systems that affect manning requirements, and impact human-performance and safety The paper will also discuss how the application of human engineering leads to improved performance, and crew safety, and reduced workload, all of which influence manning levels. Finally, the paper presents a discussion of tools and case studies of good human engineering design practices which reduce manning.

关键词： Human engineering

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CHEMICAL MASS-BALANCE APPROACH TO FIELD-EVALUATION OF BIOREMEDIATION

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environmental PROGRESS 1995年第1期14卷 F2-F3页

作者： SIMS, RC SIMS, JL Utah State University Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Utah Water Research Laboratory Logan UT 84322 Professor and Head of the Division of Environmental Engineering at Utah State University. He holds degrees in biology (B.S.) environmental chemistry and biology (M.S.) environmental engineering (M.S.) and biological and agricultural engineering (Ph.D). He has worked as Director of the International Program in Industrial Development Chapel Hill NC as Supervisor of the Environmental Control Laboratory for Mobay Chemical Corporation Charleston SC and as environmental engineer with Research Triangle Institute NC. Dr. Sims currently is involved in teaching research and technology transfer in the area of contaminated soil characterization and remediation. Research Assistant Professor in the Division of Environmental Engineering at Utah State University. She holds degrees in biology (B.S.) environmental chemistry and biology (M.S.) and soil science (M.S.). She has held positions as an Associate in a private consulting firm in Raleigh NC and as Chairperson of the on-site wastewater disposal committee of the State of Utah. Judith Sims is currently involved in teaching research and technology transfer in the area of contaminated soil characterization and remediation.

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Interactive video. Innovative episodes for enhancing education

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Computer Applications in Engineering Education 1992年第1期1卷 97-97页

作者： Bailey, H.J. Thornton, N.E. Institute for Interactive Technologies Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania Bloomsburg Pennsylvania 17815 Dr. Harold J. Bailey:currently is Director of the Institute for Interactive Technologies at Bloomsburg University Bloomsburg Pennsylvania. He also serves as Coordinator of the University's Master's program in Instructional Technology. His educational background includes a PhD in Curriculum and Instruction from Penn State University an M Ed. in Mathematics Education from the same institution and a BS in Mathematics from Albright College. He is the author of several books on microcomputer applications and has received the Distinguished Teaching Award at the university. During the past seven years Dr. Bailey has been actively involved with the design development production and evaluation of interactive videodisc projects. He has managed many interactive video projects and conducts interactive video workshops for interested professionals. As a frequent speaker at national and international conferences Dr. Bailey possesses broad practical experience in the teaching and development of interactive video instructional systems. Dr. Nancy E. Thornton:is Assistant Director for Research and Development of the Institute for Interactive Technologies at Bloomsburg University Bloomsburg Pennsylvania. Her educational background includes a PhD in Educational Psychology from Arizona State University an MS in Speech and Hearing from Washington University and a BA in Psychology and Speech from the College of St. Catherine. She teaches introductory and advanced instructional design and authoring systems in the Master of Science program in Instructional Technology. Her specialty areas include instructional design learning theory and classroom applications of interactive technologies.

This article provides information about the actual and potential uses of interactive video in instruction in an effort to motivate educators to consider using this technology to improve teaching. The authors (1) describe the continuing evolution of computer-based educational tools; (2) examine instances when an interactive videodisc provides viable instructional solutions to otherwise very difficult or impossible tasks; (3) discuss several models for delivering instruction to accommodate different learning styles and teaching methods; and (4) provide a framework for designing lessons systematically based on proven methods.

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