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FULL-WAVE SOLUTION OF DIELECTRIC LOADED WAVE-GUIDES AND SHIELDED MICROSTRIPS UTILIZING FINITE-DIFFERENCE AND THE CONJUGATE-GRADIENT METHOD

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international JOURNAL OF MICROWAVE AND MILLIMETER-WAVE COMPUTER-AIDED ENGINEERING 1991年第4期1卷 346-357页

作者： NARAYANAN, V MANELA, M LADE, RK SARKAR, TK Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Syracuse University Syracuse New York 13244-1240 Viswanathan Narayanan was born in Bangalore India on December 14 1965. He received the BE degree in Electronics and Communications from B.M.S. College of Engineering Bangalore in 1988. He joined the Department of Electrical Engineering at Syracuse University for his graduate studies in 1989 where he is currently a research assistant. His research interests are in microwave measurements numerical electromagnetics and signal processing. Biographies and photos are not available for M. Manela and R. K. Lade. Tapan K. Sarkar (Sf69-M'76-SM'X1) was born in Calcutta. India on August 2 1948. He received the BTech degree from the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur India in 1969 the MScE degree from the University of New Brunswick Fredericton Canada in 1971. and the MS and PhD degrees from Syracuse University. Syracuse NY in 1975. From 1975-1976 he was with the TACO Division of the General Instruments Corporation. He was with the Rochester Institute of Technology (Rochester NY) from 1976-1985. He was a Research Fellow at the Gordon Mckay Laboratory Harvard University Cambridge MA from 1977 to 1978. He is now a Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Syracuse University. His current research interests deal with numerical solutions of operator equations arising in electromagnetics and signal processing with application to system design. He obtained one of the “ best solution” awards in May 1977 at the Rome Air Development Center (RADC) Spectral Estimation Workshop. He has authored or coauthored more than 154 journal articles and conference papers and has written chapters in eight books. Dr. Sarkar is a registered professional engineer in the state of New York. He received the Best Paper Award of the IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility in 1979. He was an Associate Editor for feature articles of the lEEE Antennas arid Propagation Sociefy Newsletter and was

Dynamic analysis of waveguide structures containing dielectric and metal strips is presented. The analysis utilizes a finite difference frequency domain procedure to reduce the problem to a symmetric matrix eigenvalue problem. Since the matrix is also sparse, the eigenvalue problem can be solved quickly and efficiently using the conjugate gradient method resulting in considerable savings in computer storage and time. Comparison is made with the analytical solution for the loaded dielectric waveguide case. For the microstrip case, we get both waveguide modes and quasi-TEM modes. The quasi-TEM modes in the limit of zero frequency are checked with the static analysis which also uses finite difference. Some of the quasi-TEM modes are spurious. This article describes their origin and discusses how to eliminate them. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the principles.

关键词： Waveguides

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Abstracts

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environmental Management 1978年第5期2卷 459-472页

作者： Wilson, M. P. Crockett, P. W. Davidson, M. Grether, D. Wilcox, K. Brown, L. R. Botts, R. P. Grooms, D. W. Roesijadi, G. Anderson, J. W. Giam, S. S. Nicol, J. A. C. Donohue, W. H. Wang, R. T. Winters, K. Haliburton, T. A. Durham, G. N. Brown, K. W. Peters, R. E. Delaney, T. B. Griffin, L. F. Calder, J. A. Harrison, E. A. Owens, E. H. Whitmore, F. C. Hundemann, A. S. Lager, J. A. Smith, W. G. Tchobanoglous, G. Cavagnaro, D. M. Brown, R. J. Kugler, B. A. Rentz, P. E. Pope, L. D. Anderson, G. S. Commins, D. E. Frazier, N. A. Maase, D. L. Clark, R. Baker, J. Bowlin, M. Hansberger, C. Hanson, P. Colwell, R. R. Sayler, G. S. Olivieri, V. P. Kruse, C. W. Kawata, K. Biggs, R. B. Carvey, K. Farrar, D. R. Glenn-Lewin, D. C. Sanborn, J. R. Francis, B. Magnus Metcalf, R. L. Vigon, B. W. Armstrong, D. E. Phillips, R. A. Lynch, C. S. Carlile, B. L. Stewart, J. M. Hamdy, M. K. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics Rhode Island Univ. Kingston National Technical Information Service Springfield Lawrence Berkeley Lab. Energy Research and Development Administration California Univ. Berkeley Mississippi State Univ USA Corvallis Environmental Research Lab. Oregon Texas A and M Univ. College Station National Science Foundation Washington D.C. Office for the International Decade of Ocean Exploration USA Marine Science Inst. Texas Univ. at Austin Port Arnasas 0ffice for the International Decade of Ocean Exploration USA Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Vicksburg Miss Florida State Univ. Tallahassee Dept. of Oceanography National Science Foundation Washington D.C. Coastal Studies Inst. Louisiana State Univ Baton Rouge USA Versar Inc. Springfield Office of Toxic Substances Environmental Protection Agency Washington D.C. Wetcalf and Eddy Inc. Palo Alto Hydro Research Science Santa Clara Municipal Environmental Research Lab. Cincinnati Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc. Canoga Park American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Washington D.C. Transportation Research Board Washington D.C. Battelle Columbus Labs. Industrial Environmental Research Lab. Cincinnati Resource Extraction and Handling Div. USA Boise Ctr. for Urban Research Idaho League of Cities-Conference of Mayors Inc. Washington D.C. Department of Housing & Urban Dev. Asst. Sec. for Policy Dev. & Research Washington D.C. Dept. of Biology Maryland Univ. College Park Environmental Research Lab. Gulf Breeze Johns Hopkins Univ. Baltimore School of Hygiene & Public Health Mun. Env. Res. Lab. Cincinnati Coll. of Marine Studies Delaware Univ. Newark Office of Sea Grant National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Rockville Energy and Mineral Resources Research Inst. Iowa State Univ. of Science and Technology Ames Illinois Natural History Survey Urbana Solid and Hazardous Waste Research Div. Municipal Environmental Research Lab. Cincinnati Wiscon

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environmental Management 1977年第4期1卷 354-369页

作者： A. S. Donigian N. H. Crawford E. J. Lehmann R. M. Darnell W. E. Pequegnat B. M. James F. J. Benson R. A. Defenbaugh W. U. Kuehnhold G. L. Ochs K. V. Coram M. F. Smith P. W. Crockett G. E. Habercom R. J. Brown J. M. Heikoff R. Bartha R. M. Atlas O. Fitzhugh Fairchild H. E. Garth R. C. Ragaini K. D. Pimentel G. H. Pfeiffer N. K. Whittlesey V. Klemas G. Davis S. Kaufman D. Bartlett R. H. Rogers N. Shah C. W. Chen M. Lorenzen D. J. Smith W. D. Philpot G. R. Davis R. H. Roger H. Wang R. Henry R. Rogers L. Reed W. Philpot F. E. McJunkin R. H. Plumb D. D. Woodbridge P. C. Cooper J. H. Strohl J. L. Hern I. K. Iskandar R. S. Sletten D. C. Leggett T. F. Jenkins J. L. vanGenderen B. F. Lock F. Parker D. Brower D. Frankenberg D. F. Polls W. R. Ott M. R. Overcash D. M. Covil J. W. G1ll1am P. W. Westerman F. J. Humenik L. H. Smith H. G. Larew S. J. Broderius L. L. Smith T. G. Shea J. D. Stockton U. A. Brungs G. F. Gifford J. C. Buckhouse F. E. Busby C. M. Weiss E. J. Kuenzier Hydrocomp Inc. Palo Alto Environmental Research Lab. Athens National Technical Information Service Springfield Tereco Corp. College Station Environmental Research Lab. Corvallis Inst. fuer Meereskunde Kiel Univ. West Germany Science Information Services Dept. Franklin Inst. Research Labs. Rockville Dept. of Public Administration. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration State of Univ. of New York at Albany Rockville Office of Sea Grant USA Department of the Navy Washington D.C. Criteria and Evaluation Div. Environmental Protection Agency Washington D. C. Lawrence Livermore Lab. Energy Research and Development Administration California Univ. Livermore Pullman. Coll. of Agriculture. Office of Water Research and Technology Washington State Univ. Washington D.C. Newark. Coll. of Marine Studies. National Science Foundation Delaware Univ. Washington D.C. Tetra Tech. Inc. Lafayette Great Lakes Environmental Research Lab. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Ann Arbor Dept. of Environmental Sciences and Engineering. Agency for International Development Washington D.C. Office of Science and Technology North Carolina Univ. at Chapel Hill USA Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Vicksburg Florida Inst. of Tech Melbourne Univ Center for Pollution Research USA West Virginia Univ. Morgantown Water Research Inst. Office of Water Research and Technology Washington D.C. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab Hanover Fairey Surveys Ltd. Maidenhead England NASA Earth Resources Survey Program Washington D.C. North Carolina State Univ. Raleigh National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Rockville Environments Protection Agency Washington D.C. Booz-Allen Applied Research Inc. Office of Research and Development Chicago North Carolina Resources Research Inst. Raleigh Office of Water Research and Technology School of Agricultural and Life Sciences Washington D.C. Gillette Research Inst. Inc. Rockville Federal Highway Administration Washington D.C. St

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environmental Management 1977年第1期1卷 67-96页

作者： Frankenfeld, John W. Schulz, Wolfgang McMurty, George J. Petersen, Gary W. May, G. A. Hering, F. S. Schwartz, J. I. Heywood, J. B. Chigier, N. A. Grohse, E. W. Walker, J. D. Colwell, R. R. Petrakis, L. Pergament, H. S. Thorpe, R. D. Schoepf, Richard W. Krzyczkowski, Roman Henneman, Suzanne S. Hudson, Charles L. Putnam, Evelyn S. Thiesen, Donna J. Parks, G. A. McCarty, Perry L. Leckie, J. O. Schrumpf, Barry J. Simonson, G. H. Paine, D. P. Lawrence, R. D. Pyott, W. T. Leh, M. Elders, W. Combs, J. Caplen, T. Harrison, F. L. Wong, K. M. Heft., R. E. Charnell, Robert L. Lehmann, Edward J. Mallon, Lawrence G. Hatfield, Cecile Adams, Gerald H. Johanning, James Talvitie, Antti Noll, Kenneth E. Miller, Terry Smiarowski, Joseph F. Willis, Cleve E. Foster, John H. Schlesinger, Benjamin Daetz, Douglas Lear, Donald U. Smith, Mona F. Hundemann, Audrey S. Crockett, Pernell W. Werner, Kirk G. Carroll, Thomas E. Maase, David L. Genco, Joseph E. Ifeadi, Christopher N. Lowman, F. G. Christensen, S. W. Van Winkle, W. Mattice, J. S. Harrison, Elizabeth A. Barker, James C. Chesness, Jerry L. Smith, Ralph E. Shaheeen, Donald G. Raney, R. Keith Borton, T. Wezernak, C. T. Raney, R. K. Sherwani, Jabbor K. Moreau, David H. Eisenberg, Norman A. Lynch, Cornelius J. Breeding, Roger J. Johnson, J. D. Foster, K. E. Mouat, D. A. Clark, R. Hyden, John William Owen, Wilfred Bayfield, Neil G. Barrow, Graham C. Stolz, Stephanie B. Wienckowski, Louis A. Brown, Betram S. Keyfitz, Nathan Wilson, W. L. Newman, Peter W. G. Bammi, Deepak Bammi, Dalip Goddard, James E. Chisholm, Tony Walsh, Cliff Brennan, Geoffrey Thompson, K. S. Richardson, R. Jensen, Clayton E. Brown, Dail W. Mirabito, John A. Cowing, Thomas G. Binghamton, Suny Siehl, George H. Albrecht, O. W. Alexander, Ariel Barde, Jean -Philippe Darby, William P. McMichael, Francis Clay Dunlap, Robert W. Muckleston, Keith W. Frankenhoff, Charles A. Giulini, Lorenzo T. Wyatt, T. Black, Peter E. Keating, William Thomas Leonard, M. E. Fisher, E. L. Brunelle, M. F. Dickinson, J. E. Pethig, Rudiger Clapham Exxon Research & Engineering Co. Linden Government Research Lab Coast Guard Washington D.C. Department of Transportation Washington D.C. Office For Remote Sensing of Earth Resources. NASA Earth Resources Survey Program Pennsylvania State University Washington D.C. Department of the Navy Washington D.C. Cambridge. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Massachusetts Inst. of Technology USA Huntsville. School of Graduate Studies and Research Alabama Univ. USA Dept. of Microbiology. Office of Naval Research Maryland Univ. Arlington Research and Development Co. Pittsburgh AeroChem Research Labs. Inc. Princeton Dept. of the Interior Office of Library Services. Bibliographic Series (Final) Washington D.C. Interplan Corp. Santa Barbara Urban Mass Transportation Adm. Washington D.C. Naval Underwater Systems Center Newport Calif. Mercury Project. National Science Found Stanford Univ Washington D.C. Div. of Advanced Environmental Research & Tech. USA Corvallis. NASA Earth Resources Survey Program Oregon State Univ. Washington D.C. Riverside. Inst. of Geophysics and Planetary Physics National Science Foundation California Univ. Washington D.C. Livermore Lawrence Livermore Lab. California Univ. USA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Labs. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Miami National Technical Information Service Springfield Miami Univ. Coral Gables School of Law National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Rockville National Academy of Sciences Office of Sea Grant Washington D. C. School of Law National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Sea Grant. Rockville Norman. Dept. of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science. Urban Mass Transportation Administration Oklahoma Univ. Washington D. C. Knoxville.Dept. of Civil Engineering. Federal Highway Administration Tennessee Univ. Washington D. C. Amherst.Water Resources Research Center. Office of Water Research and Technology Massachusetts Univ. Washington D. C. Calif. Dept. of Industria

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Reconstructing the environmental Context of Human Origins in Eastern Africa Through Scientific Drilling

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Earth and Planetary sciences 1000年第1期50卷 451-476页

作者： Andrew S. Cohen Christopher J. Campisano J. Ramón Arrowsmith Asfawossen Asrat Catherine C. Beck Anna K. Behrensmeyer Alan L. Deino Craig S. Feibel Verena Foerster John D. Kingston Henry F. Lamb Tim K. Lowenstein Rachel L. Lupien Veronica Muiruri Daniel O. Olago R. Bernhart Owen Richard Potts James M. Russell Frank Schaebitz Jeffery R. Stone Martin H. Trauth Chad L. Yost 1Department of Geosciences University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA email: cohen@email.arizona.edu 2Institute of Human Origins School of Human Evolution and Social Change Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA 3School of Earth and Space Exploration Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA 5School of Earth Science Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Ethiopia 4Department of Mining and Geological Engineering Botswana International University of Science and Technology Palapye Botswana 6Geosciences Department Hamilton College Clinton New York USA 7National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington DC USA 8Berkeley Geochronology Center Berkeley California USA 9Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Rutgers University Piscataway New Jersey USA 10Institute of Geography Education University of Cologne Cologne Germany 11Department of Anthropology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA 13Botany Department School of Natural Sciences Trinity College Dublin Ireland 12Department of Geography and Earth Science Aberystwyth University Aberystwyth United Kingdom 14Department of Geological Sciences and Environmental Studies Binghamton University Binghamton New York USA 15Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Columbia University Pallisades New York USA 16National Museums of Kenya Nairobi Kenya 17Department of Geology University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya 18Department of Geography Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong 19Human Origins Program National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington DC USA 20Department of Earth Environmental and Planetary Sciences Brown University Providence Rhode Island USA 21Department of Earth and Environmental Systems Indiana State University Terre Haute Indiana USA 22Department of Geosciences University of Potsdam Potsdam Germany

Paleoanthropologists have long speculated about the role of environmental change in shaping human evolution in Africa. In recent years, drill cores of late Neogene lacustrine sedimentary rocks have yielded valuable high-resolution records of climatic and ecosystem change. Eastern African Rift sediments (primarily lake beds) provide an extraordinary range of data in close proximity to important fossil hominin and archaeological sites, allowing critical study of hypotheses that connect environmental history and hominin evolution. We review recent drill-core studies spanning the Plio–Pleistocene boundary (an interval of hominin diversification, including the earliest members of our genus Homo and the oldest stone tools), and the Mid–Upper Pleistocene (spanning the origin of Homo sapiens in Africa and our early technological and dispersal history). Proposed drilling of Africa's oldest lakes promises to extend such records back to the late Miocene. ▪ High-resolution paleoenvironmental records are critical for understanding external drivers of human evolution. ▪ African lake basin drill cores play a critical role in enhancing hominin paleoenvironmental records given their continuity and proximity to key paleoanthropological sites. ▪ The oldest African lakes have the potential to reveal a comprehensive paleoenvironmental context for the entire late Neogene history of hominin evolution.

关键词： continental scientific drilling human evolution East African Rift paleoclimate

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Integrating Global Climate Change Mitigation Goals with Other Sustainability Objectives: A Synthesis

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Environment and Resources 1000年第1期40卷 363-394页

作者： Christoph von Stechow David McCollum Keywan Riahi Jan C. Minx Elmar Kriegler Detlef P. van Vuuren Jessica Jewell Carmenza Robledo-Abad Edgar Hertwich Massimo Tavoni Sevastianos Mirasgedis Oliver Lah Joyashree Roy Yacob Mulugetta Navroz K. Dubash Johannes Bollen Diana Ürge-Vorsatz Ottmar Edenhofer 3Department of Economics of Climate Change Technical University Berlin 10623 Berlin Germany 2Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change 10829 Berlin Germany 1Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research 14412 Potsdam Germany email: stechow@*** 4Energy Program International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis A-2361 Laxenburg Austria 5Institute of Thermal Engineering Graz University of Technology A-8010 Graz Austria 6Hertie School of Governance 10117 Berlin Germany 8Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development Environmental Sciences Utrecht University 3584 CS Utrecht the Netherlands 7Department of Climate Air and Energy PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency 3720 AH Bilthoven the Netherlands 9Department of Environmental Systems Science USYS TdLab ETH Zürich 8092 Zürich Switzerland 10Industrial Ecology Programme Department of Energy and Process Engineering Norwegian University of Science and Technology NO-7491 Trondheim Norway 12Department of Management and Economics Politecnico di Milano 20156 Milan Italy 11Climate Change and Sustainable Development Programme Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and Centro Euromediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici 20123 Milan Italy 13Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development National Observatory of Athens GR-15236 Penteli Greece 14Wuppertal Institute for Climate Environment and Energy 10178 Berlin Germany 15Department of Economics and Global Change Program Jadavpur University Kolkata 700032 India 16Department of Science Technology Engineering and Public Policy University College London London W1T 6EY United Kingdom 17Centre for Policy Research New Delhi 110021 India 18CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis 2585 JR The Hague the Netherlands 19Center for Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Policy Central European University 1051 Budapest Hungary

Achieving a truly sustainable energy transition requires progress across multiple dimensions beyond climate change mitigation goals. This article reviews and synthesizes results from disparate strands of literature on the coeffects of mitigation to inform climate policy choices at different governance levels. The literature documents many potential cobenefits of mitigation for nonclimate objectives, such as human health and energy security, but little is known about their overall welfare implications. Integrated model studies highlight that climate policies as part of well-designed policy packages reduce the overall cost of achieving multiple sustainability objectives. The incommensurability and uncertainties around the quantification of coeffects become, however, increasingly pervasive the more the perspective shifts from sectoral and local to economy wide and global, the more objectives are analyzed, and the more the results are expressed in economic rather than nonmonetary terms. Different strings of evidence highlight the role and importance of energy demand reductions for realizing synergies across multiple sustainability objectives.

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Industry Transformations for High Service Provisioning with Lower Energy and Material Demand: A Review of Models and Scenarios

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Environment and Resources 1000年第1期49卷 249-279页

作者： Dominik Wiedenhofer Jan Streeck Frauke Wiese Elena Verdolini Alessio Mastrucci Yiyi Ju Benigna Boza-Kiss Jihoon Min Jonathan Norman Hanspeter Wieland Nuno Bento María Fernanda Godoy León Leticia Magalar Andreas Mayer Simone Gingrich Ayami Hayashi Joni Jupesta Gamze Ünlü Leila Niamir Tao Cao Marianne Zanon-Zotin Barbara Plank Johan Vélez-Henao Eric Masanet Volker Krey Keigo Akimoto Arnulf Grubler Bas van Ruijven Stefan Pauliuk 1Institute of Social Ecology University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Austria email: Dominik.Wiedenhofer@boku.ac.at 2Department for Sustainable Energy Transition Europa-Universität Flensburg Flensburg Germany 3Law Department University of Brescia Brescia Italy 4Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC Foundation) Lecce Italy 5RFF-CMCC European Institute on Economics and the Environment Milan Italy 6International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg Austria 7Waseda Institute for Advanced Study Tokyo Japan 8Institute for Future Initiatives University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan 9School of Earth and Environment University of Leeds Leeds United Kingdom 10University Institute of Lisbon (ISCTE) Lisbon Portugal 11Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Ghent Belgium 12Centre for Energy and Environmental Economics (Cenergia) Energy Planning Program (PPE) COPPE Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil 13Department of Geography University of Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria 14Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth Kizugawa Japan 15Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability United Nations University Shibuya Japan 16Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development Utrecht University Utrecht Netherlands 17Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany 18Bren School of Environmental Science and Management University of California Santa Barbara California USA 19Department of Energy and Process Engineering Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway

Developing transformative pathways for industry's compliance with international climate targets requires model-based insights into how supply- and demand-side measures affect industry, material cycles, global supply chains, socioeconomic activities, and service provisioning that support societal well-being. We review the recent literature modeling the industrial system in low energy and material demand futures, which mitigates environmental impacts without relying on risky future negative emissions and technological fixes. We identify 77 innovative studies drawing on nine distinct industry modeling traditions. We critically assess system definitions and scopes, biophysical and thermodynamic consistency, granularity and heterogeneity, and operationalization of demand and service provisioning. We find that combined supply- and demand-side measures could reduce current economy-wide material use by 56%, energy use by 40% to 60%, and greenhouse gas emissions by 70% to net zero. We call for strengthened interdisciplinary collaborations between industry modeling traditions and demand-side research to produce more insightful scenarios, and we discuss challenges and recommendations for this emerging field.

关键词： climate change mitigation sustainable resource use integrated assessment modeling IAM ecological economics industrial ecology

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Energy Efficiency: What Has Research Delivered in the Last 40 Years?

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Environment and Resources 1000年第1期46卷 135-165页

作者： Harry D. Saunders Joyashree Roy Inês M.L. Azevedo Debalina Chakravarty Shyamasree Dasgupta Stephane de la Rue du Can Angela Druckman Roger Fouquet Michael Grubb Boqiang Lin Robert Lowe Reinhard Madlener Daire M. McCoy Luis Mundaca Tadj Oreszczyn Steven Sorrell David Stern Kanako Tanaka Taoyuan Wei 1Carnegie Institution for Science Global Ecology Group Stanford California 94305 USA email: hsaunders@*** 3Department of Economics Jadavpur University Kolkata 700032 India 2Sustainable Energy Transition Program Department of Energy Environment and Climate Change Asian Institute of Technology Klongluang Pathumthani 12120 Thailand 4Department of Energy Resources Engineering Stanford University Stanford California 94305 USA 5Department of Economics St. Xavier's University Kolkata 700160 India 6School of Humanities and Social Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Mandi Himachal Pradesh 175005 India 7Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California 94720 USA 8Centre for Environment and Sustainability University of Surrey Guildford Surrey GU2 5XH United Kingdom 9Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment London School of Economics and Political Science London WC2A 2AE United Kingdom 10UCL Institute for Sustainable Resources The Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment Bartlett School of Environment Energy & Resources University College London London NW1 2HE United Kingdom 11China Institute for Studies in Energy Policy Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China 12UCL Energy Institute University College London London WC1E 6BT United Kingdom 14Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) 7491 Trondheim Norway 13School of Business and Economics/E.ON Energy Research Center RWTH Aachen University Aachen 52074 Germany 15The Economic and Social Research Institute Dublin D02 K138 Ireland 16International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics Lund University Lund SE-221 00 Sweden 17Bartlett School of Environment Energy & Resources University College London London WC1H 0NN United Kingdom 18Science Policy Research Unit University of Sussex Brighton BN1 9RH United Kingdom 19Crawford School of Public Policy College of Asia & the Pacific Australian National Univ

This article presents a critical assessment of 40 years of research that may be brought under the umbrella of energy efficiency, spanning different aggregations and domains—from individual producing and consuming agents to economy-wide effects to the role of innovation to the influence of policy. After 40 years of research, energy efficiency initiatives are generally perceived as highly effective. Innovation has contributed to lowering energy technology costs and increasing energy productivity. Energy efficiency programs in many cases have reduced energy use per unit of economic output and have been associated with net improvements in welfare, emission reductions, or both. Rebound effects at the macro level still warrant careful policy attention, as they may be nontrivial. Complexity of energy efficiency dynamics calls for further methodological and empirical advances, multidisciplinary approaches, and granular data at the service level for research in this field to be of greatest societal benefit.

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Community Action for Conservation 1

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1000年

作者： Luciana Porter-Bolland Isabel Ruiz-Mallén Claudia Camacho-Benavides Susannah R. McCandless

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Modes and Mechanisms of Pacific Decadal-Scale Variability

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Marine science 1000年第1期15卷 249-275页

作者： E. Di Lorenzo T. Xu Y. Zhao M. Newman A. Capotondi S. Stevenson D.J. Amaya B.T. Anderson R. Ding J.C. Furtado Y. Joh G. Liguori J. Lou A.J. Miller G. Navarra N. Schneider D.J. Vimont S. Wu H. Zhang 1Department of Earth Environmental and Planetary Sciences Brown University Providence Rhode Island USA email: e.dilorenzo@brown.edu 2Physical Sciences Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Boulder Colorado USA 3Deep-Sea Multidisciplinary Research Center Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) Qingdao China 4Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado USA 5Bren School of Environmental Science and Management University of California Santa Barbara California USA 6Department of Earth and Environment Boston University Boston Massachusetts USA 7State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology Beijing Normal University Beijing China 8School of Meteorology University of Oklahoma Norman Oklahoma USA 9Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program Princeton University Princeton New Jersey USA 11School of Earth Atmosphere and Environment Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia 10Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Bologna Bologna Italy 12Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego La Jolla California USA 13Program in Ocean Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA 14International Pacific Research Center and Department of Oceanography University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa Honolulu Hawaii USA 15Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences University of Wisconsin–Madison Madison Wisconsin USA 16Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences School of Physics Peking University Beijing China 17Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences University of Houston Houston Texas USA

The modes of Pacific decadal-scale variability (PDV), traditionally defined as statistical patterns of variance, reflect to first order the ocean's integration (i.e., reddening) of atmospheric forcing that arises from both a shift and a change in strength of the climatological (time-mean) atmospheric circulation. While these patterns concisely describe PDV, they do not distinguish among the key dynamical processes driving the evolution of PDV anomalies, including atmospheric and ocean teleconnections and coupled feedbacks with similar spatial structures that operate on different timescales. In this review, we synthesize past analysis using an empirical dynamical model constructed from monthly ocean surface anomalies drawn from several reanalysis products, showing that the PDV modes of variance result from two fundamental low-frequency dynamical eigenmodes: the North Pacific–central Pacific (NP-CP) and Kuroshio–Oyashio Extension (KOE) modes. Both eigenmodes highlight how two-way tropical–extratropical teleconnection dynamics are the primary mechanisms energizing and synchronizing the basin-scale footprint of PDV. While the NP-CP mode captures interannual- to decadal-scale variability, the KOE mode is linked to the basin-scale expression of PDV on decadal to multidecadal timescales, including contributions from the South Pacific.

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