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Synthesis of Gadolinium-Doped Molybdenum Diselenide Nanospheres for Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Determination of Essential Amino Acid in Human Serum and Milk Samples

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Journal of the Electrochemical Society 2023年第5期170卷 057501-057501页

作者： Jeromiyas, Nithiya Govindasamy, Mani Alothman, Asma A. Ouladsmane, Mohamed Huang, Chi-Hsien National Kaohsiung University of science and Technology Kaohsiung City81157 Taiwan Department of Chemistry Korea University Seongbuk-gu Seoul Korea Republic of Faculty International PhD Program in Innovative Technology of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Devices Ming Chi University of Technology New Taipei City243303 Taiwan Department of Research and Innovation Saveetha School of Engineering SIMATS Thandalam Chennai602105 India Chemistry Department College of Science King Saud University Riyadh11451 Saudi Arabia Department of Materials Engineering Ming Chi University of Technology New Taipei City243303 Taiwan Biochemical Technology R&D Center Ming Chi University of Technology New Taipei City243303 Taiwan

The electrocatalytic activity and electronic conductivity of 2D transition metal chalcogenides are usually enhanced by as follows the ideal strategy such as doping or substitution heterogeneous atoms. Here, a rare Earth metal ion of gadolinium (Gd3+) was doped with MoSe2 and synthesized through the hydrothermal method. The morphology and nanostructure of Gd3+ with MoSe2 spheres were analyzed under X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron, High-resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis, Field emission scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. Furthermore, the Gd3+ doped MoSe2 sphere modified glassy carbon electrode (Gd@MoSe2/GCE) was used for the sensing of tryptophan. The Gd@MoSe2 modified GCE shows remarkable sensing performance of tryptophan resulting in a linear range (20 nM-220 μM) with a low detection limit (6.7 nM). Under the optimal condition, the developed electrochemical sensor was successfully used to determine tryptophan (TRP) in blood serum and milk samples. The electrochemical biosensing results suggest that the doping of the Gd3+ doped MoSe2 sensor is a promising electrocatalyst in biological and food samples. © 2023 The Electrochemical Society ("ECS"). Published on behalf of ECS by IOP Publishing Limited.

关键词： Amino acids

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Graphene Nanoribbons/Manganese Oxide Nanocomposite Modified Electrode for Detection of Antimicrobial Drug Nitrofurantoin

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Journal of Nanomaterials 2023年第1期2023卷

作者： Nagarajan, Ramila D. Magesh, Vasanth Sundramoorthy, Ashok K. Murugan, Preethika Atchudan, Raji Ganapathy, Dhanraj Arya, Sandeep Mahmoud Karami, Abdulnasser Govindasamy, Mani Department of Chemistry V.V.Vanniaperumal College for Women Tamil Nadu Virudhunagar626001 India Centre for Nano-Biosensors Department of Prosthodontics Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences Poonamallee High Road Velappanchavadi Tamil Nadu Chennai600077 India Augsburg University Am Technologiezentrum 8 Augsburg86159 Germany School of Chemical Engineering Yeungnam University Gyeongsan38541 Korea Republic of Department of Physics University of Jammu Jammu and Kashmir Jammu180006 India Department of Chemistry College of Science King Saud University Riyadh11451 Saudi Arabia International PhD Program in Innovative Technology of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Devices Ming Chi University of Technology New Taipei City243303 Taiwan

The design and development of a new kind of cost-effective electrode material with excellent selectivity and stability are still a great challenge in the field of electrochemical sensors. Recently, researchers have paid more attention to the electrochemical reduction of nitro compounds due to their hazardous nature. Nitro compounds play a vital role in various industrial applications. However, the direct discharge of nitro compounds to the environment as industrial wastewater is harmful. In this study, a nanocomposite made of 1D graphene nanoribbons decorated with manganese dioxide (GNR-MnO2) was prepared to fabricate an electrochemical transducer for the determination of nitrofurantoin (NFT) in biofluids. First, 1D GNR was prepared by unzipping of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Second, the GNR was decorated with MnO2 by the hydrothermal reduction method. As-prepared GNR-MnO2 nanocomposite was comprehensively characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy with EDX, XRD, UV-visible, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. Moreover, GNR-MnO2-coated glassy carbon electrode (GCE) exhibited good electrocatalytic activity toward NFT. The electroreduction of NFT was found at -0.40 V which was 50 mV lower than bare GCE. GNR-MnO2 nanocomposite modified GCE showed a well-defined linear reduction peak current for NFT from 10 nM to 1,000 μM. The selectivity of the sensor was also analyzed in the presence of other nitro compounds which confirmed that NFT can be selectively detected at -0.4 V. The GNR-MnO2 modified electrode was also able to separate reduction peaks of other nitro compounds. In addition, the detection of NFT was carried out in human urine samples with a good recovery of 99.60%-98.60%. © 2023 Ramila D. Nagarajan et al.

关键词： Scanning electron microscopy

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Research highlights

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Lab on a Chip 2013年第4期13卷 599-601页

作者： Francesco Piraino João Ribas Mehmet R. Dokmeci Ali Khademhosseini Bioengineering Department Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy Center for Biomedical Engineering Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA Biocant-Center of Innovation and Biotechnology 3060-197 Cantanhede Portugal PhD Program in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine CNC-Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology 3004-517 Coimbra Portugal Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering Harvard University Boston Massachusetts 02115 USA World Premier International – Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR) Tohoku University Sendai 980-8577 Japan

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Emergence of Non-photoresponsive Catalytic Techniques for Environmental Remediation and Energy Generation

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Chemistry - An Asian Journal 2023年第9期18卷 e202300090页

作者： Kumar Sharma, Manish Khan, Imran Kaswan, Kuldeep Roy Barman, Snigdha Saha, Subhajit Hsieh, Wu-Chiao Chueh, Yu-Lun Wang, Yu-Lin Lee, Sangmin Choi, Dukhyun Lin, Zong-Hong Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu30013 Taiwan Institute of NanoEngineering and Microsystems National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu30013 Taiwan International Intercollegiate PhD Program National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu30013 Taiwan Department of Renewable Energy Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology West Bengal741249 India Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine Chang Gung University Taoyuan333 Taiwan Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu30013 Taiwan School of Mechanical Engineering Chung-Ang University Seoul06974 Korea Republic of Department of Mechanical Engineering Sungkyunkwan University Suwon16419 Korea Republic of Department of Biomedical Engineering National Taiwan University Taipei10617 Taiwan

Catalysis plays a crucial role in all the major applications and challenges in the environment, including energy generation and environmental remediation. Although photocatalysts and electrocatalysts are useful in addressing energy and environmental issues, they have some major drawbacks, such as low efficiency and easy charge recombination which limits their applications. Hence, it is imperative to design and explore new catalytic techniques that include non-photoresponsive catalysts. In this review, the detailed possibilities, characteristics and prospects of non-photoresponsive catalysts, such as piezocatalysts, thermocatalysts, pyrocatalysts, and tribocatalysts along with hybrid catalysts are described. The overall mechanism of each catalytic technique and its applications in different fields such as energy generation, environmental remediation, and carbon dioxide reduction are discussed. © 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.

关键词： Electrocatalysts

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Efficient colorimetric point-of-care detection and imaging of multiple biomolecules utilizing photonic liquid crystal composite on gold nanoisland thin films for label-free sensing

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AIP Advances 2024年第7期14卷

作者： Luh, Hui-Tzung Hsu, Chuan-Chih Chene, Fu-Lun Chang, Huan-Chi Hsieh, Sung-Tsang Lai, Dar-Ming Hsiao, Yu-Cheng Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine National Taiwan University College of Medicine Division of Neurosurgery Department of Surgery National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch Division of Cardiovascular Surgery Department of Surgery School of Medicine College of Medicine Taipei Medical University Division of Cardiovascular Surgery Department of Surgery Taipei Medical University Hospital Division of Infectious Diseases Department of Internal Medicine Wan Fang Hospital Taipei Medical University Department of Internal Medicine School of Medicine College of Medicine Taipei Medical University uMeal Co. Ltd. Department of Neurology National Taiwan University Hospital National Taiwan University College of Medicine Division of Neurosurgery Department of Surgery National Taiwan University Hospital Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics College of Biomedical Engineering International PhD Program for Biomedical Engineering Taipei Medical University Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center Wan Fang Hospital Taipei Medical University

Accurate and timely identification of infections is crucial for effective treatment and controlling disease spread. While single biomarkers have traditionally served diagnostic purposes, their sensitivity and specificity limitations call for a more comprehensive approach. Simultaneous detection of multiple biomolecules shows promise in improving accuracy, expediting analysis, and enhancing pathology screening. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop a noninvasive biosensor capable of quantifying various infection-associated biomarkers concurrently, such as albumin proteins and bacterial molecules. In this endeavor, a novel biosensor has been developed, leveraging a color-indicating optical platform that utilizes gold nanoisland films (AuNIFs) enveloped by cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs). The integration of CLCs and AuNIFs capitalizes on their sensitive interfacial interactions, highlighting the potential for robust biosensing. Changes in biomolecule concentrations induce discernible alterations in the CLCs-AuNIFs interface alignment, profoundly impacting the hybrid plasmonic-photonic behavior of AuNIFs. The resulting CLCs-AuNIFs biosensor demonstrates exceptional sensitivity and precision in detecting E. coli concentrations and albumin levels. Notably, the biosensor achieves a label-free limit of detection, with an impressive sensitivity of 1 × 10⁶ CFU/ml for E. coli and 10 ng/ml for bovine serum albumin (BSA). This innovative biosensor offers rapid detection, visual clarity, label-free operation, and the ability to detect multiple concentrations of both microbial agents and albumin. Changes in biomolecule concentrations induce noticeable shifts in interface alignment, thereby modulating the hybrid plasmonic-photonic dynamics of AuNIFs. The potential applications of this advancement span biomedical, microbial, and industrial sectors. This unified biosensor has the potential to revolutionize infection-related diagnostics and containment measures,

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Assessment of circulating extracellular vesicles from calorie-restricted mice and humans in ischaemic injury models

Journal of Extracellular Biology

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Journal of Extracellular Biology 2023年第5期2卷 e86页

作者： Jaimes, Manuel S. V. Liao, Chia-Te Chen, Max M. Czosseck, Andreas Lee, Tsung-Lin Chou, Yu-Hsiang Chen, Yung-Ming Lin, Shuei-Liong Lai, James J. Lundy, David J. Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials & Tissue Engineering Taipei Medical University Taipei Taiwan Division of Nephrology Department of Internal Medicine Shuang Ho Hospital Taipei Medical University New Taipei Taiwan Division of Nephrology Department of Internal Medicine School of Medicine College of Medicine Taipei Medical University Taipei Taiwan TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney (TMU-RCUK) Taipei Medical University Taipei Taiwan Division of Nephrology Department of Internal Medicine National Taiwan University Hospital College of Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan Graduate Institute of Physiology College of Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan Department of Bioengineering University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei Taiwan International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering Taipei Medical University Taipei Taiwan Center for Cell Therapy Taipei Medical University Hospital Taipei Taiwan

Calorie restriction (CR) and fasting affect lifespan, disease susceptibility and response to acute injury across multiple animal models, including ischaemic injuries such as myocardial infarction or kidney hypoxia. The cargo and function of circulating extracellular vesicles (EV) respond to changes in host physiology, including exercise, injury, and other interventions. Thus, we hypothesised that EVs induced following CR may reflect some of the beneficial properties of CR itself. In a pilot study, EVs were isolated from mice following 21 days of 30 % CR, and from eight human donors after 72 h water-only fasting. EV size, concentration and morphology were profiled by NTA, western blot and cryoEM, and their function was assessed using multiple assays related to ischaemic diseases. We found that EVs from post-fasting samples better protected cardiac cells from hypoxia/reperfusion (H/R) injury compared to pre-fasting EVs. However, there was no difference when used to treat H/R-injured kidney epithelial cells. Post-fasting derived EVs slowed the rate of fibroblast migration and slightly reduced macrophage inflammatory gene expression compared to pre-fasting derived EVs. Lastly, we compared miRNA cargos of pre- and post-fasting human serum EVs and found significant changes in a small number of miRNAs. We conclude that fasting appears to influence EV cargo and function, with varied effects worthy of further exploration. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Extracellular Biology published by Wiley Periodicals, LLC on behalf of the international Society for Extracellular Vesicles.

关键词： calorie restriction cardiomyocyte diet extracellular vesicle fasting hypoxia ketone macrophage microRNA serum

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Microfluidic nanodevices for drug sensing and screening applications

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Biosensors and Bioelectronics 2023年 219卷 114783页

作者： Pal, Arnab Kaswan, Kuldeep Barman, Snigdha Roy Lin, Yu-Zih Chung, Jun-Hsuan Sharma, Manish Kumar Liu, Kuei-Lin Chen, Bo-Huan Wu, Chih-Cheng Lee, Sangmin Choi, Dongwhi Lin, Zong-Hong Institute of Biomedical Engineering National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu30013 Taiwan International Intercollegiate PhD Program National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu30013 Taiwan Department of Power Mechanical Engineering National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu30013 Taiwan Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu30013 Taiwan Department of Chemistry National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu30013 Taiwan Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu30013 Taiwan Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center Taoyuan333 Taiwan Center of Quality Management National Taiwan University Hospital Hsinchu Branch Hsinchu30059 Taiwan College of Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei10051 Taiwan Institute of Cellular and System Medicine National Health Research Institute Zhunan 35053 Taiwan School of Mechanical Engineering Chung-Ang University Seoul06974 Korea Republic of Kyung Hee University Gyeonggi 17104 Korea Republic of

The outbreak of pandemics (e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 in 2019), influenza A viruses (H1N1 in 2009), etc.), and worldwide spike in the aging population have created unprecedented urgency for developing new drugs to improve disease treatment. As a result, extensive efforts have been made to design novel techniques for efficient drug monitoring and screening, which form the backbone of drug development. Compared to traditional techniques, microfluidics-based platforms have emerged as promising alternatives for high-throughput drug screening due to their inherent miniaturization characteristics, low sample consumption, integration, and compatibility with diverse analytical strategies. Moreover, the microfluidic-based models utilizing human cells to produce in-vitro biomimetics of the human body pave new ways to predict more accurate drug effects in humans. This review provides a comprehensive summary of different microfluidics-based drug sensing and screening strategies and briefly discusses their advantages. Most importantly, an in-depth outlook of the commonly used detection techniques integrated with microfluidic chips for highly sensitive drug screening is provided. Then, the influence of critical parameters such as sensing materials and microfluidic platform geometries on screening performance is summarized. This review also outlines the recent applications of microfluidic approaches for screening therapeutic and illicit drugs. Moreover, the current challenges and the future perspective of this research field is elaborately highlighted, which we believe will contribute immensely towards significant achievements in all aspects of drug development. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Microfluidics

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Dual-Targeting EGCG/NO-Supplying protein assembled nanoparticles with Multi-Synergistic effects against atherosclerosis

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Chemical engineering Journal 2024年 493卷

作者： Lin, Chi Cheng, Tsai-Mu Liu, Yun-Chun Hsu, Fang-Yu Shih, Chun-Ming Tsai, Min-Lang Shih, Chun-Che Mi, Fwu-Long Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences College of Medicine Taipei Medical University Taipei11031 Taiwan The PhD Program for Translational Medicine College of Medical Science and Technology Taipei Medical University Taipei11031 Taiwan Taipei Heart Institute Taipei Medical University Taipei11031 Taiwan Department of Food Science National Taiwan Ocean University Keelung20224 Taiwan Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology School of Medicine College of Medicine Taipei Medical University Taipei11031 Taiwan Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center Taipei Medical University Hospital Taipei11031 Taiwan Division of Cardiovascular Surgery Department of Surgery Wan Fang Hospital Taipei Medical University Taipei11031 Taiwan Institute of Clinical Medicine School of Medicine National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University Taipei Taiwan Department of Surgery School of Medicine College of Medicine Taipei Medical University Taipei11031 Taiwan Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering Taipei Medical University Taipei11031 Taiwan International Ph.D. Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine College of Medicine Taipei Medical University Taipei Taiwan

Limited therapeutic options are available to effectively preventing atherosclerosis. Inflammatory endothelial cells, foamy macrophages, and high protease levels contribute to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Studies have shown that catechins effectively scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibit monocyte adhesion and reduce cholesterol levels, while nitric oxide (NO) enhances endothelial function. However, due to the poor stability and bioavailability of catechins and the toxicity from the burst release of current synthetic small molecules NO donor, effective delivery of these bioactive compounds to treat atherosclerosis is still a challenge. Herein, a catechin/protein-based NO donor co-delivery nanosystem was designed for combinatorial anti-atherosclerotic therapy. We engineered a (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)/NO-releasing protein co-assembled nanocomplex based on specific catechin-protein interactions. Furthermore, the nanocomplex was surface modified with fucoidan (Fu), a sulfated polysaccharide with anti-inflammatory activity. This nanocomplex exhibits sensitivity to ROS, pH, and enzymes. The Fu-functionalized nanoparticles specifically accumulates in atherosclerotic plaques mediated by P-selectin on inflamed endothelial cells and scavenger receptor A (SR-A) on foamy macrophages. Under environmental stimuli that simulate the condition of plaque, the nanoparticles are readily activated to release EGCG and NO in response to excess ROS and high protease levels, exerting the multi-synergistic anti-atherosclerosic effects on reducing monocyte adhesion, promoting NO production to proliferate endothelial cells, lowering ROS levels, and decreasing the foam cell formation in vitro, and reducing lipid accumulation, plaque size, and inflammatory cytokines release in high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis model in ApoE−/− mice. The integration of plaques targeting ability and multiple therapeutic functions can provide an advanced therapeutic strategy for athero

关键词： Nitric oxide

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Correction: Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 11 promotes autophagy by de-ubiquitinating and stabilizing Beclin-1

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Genome Instability & Disease 2023年第5期4卷 303-303页

作者： Li, Zheng Rao, Shaohong Song, Chunwei Zhu, Min Zhao, Hongchang Yuan, Shuping Peng, Bin Xu, Xingzhi Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention and Carson International Cancer Center Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering Shenzhen University School of Medicine Shenzhen China Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound School of Biomedical Engineering Shenzhen University Medical School Shenzhen China College of Life Sciences Capital Normal University Beijing China Institute of Translational Medicine College of Medicine Qingdao University Qingdao China Shenzhen University-Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena Joint PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences Shenzhen University School of Medicine Shenzhen China

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Changing life expectancy in European countries 1990–2021: a subanalysis of causes and risk factors from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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The Lancet Public Health 2025年第3期10卷 e172-e188页

作者： Steel, Nicholas Bauer-Staeb, Clarissa Maria Mercedes Ford, John A. Abbafati, Cristiana Abdalla, Mohammed Altigani Abdelkader, Atef Abdi, Parsa Zuñiga, Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Abiodun, Olugbenga Olusola Abolhassani, Hassan Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Abukhadijah, Hana J. Abu-Zaid, Ahmed Addo, Isaac Yeboah Addolorato, Giovanni Adekanmbi, Victor Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther Agardh, Emilie E. Agyemang-Duah, Williams Ahmad, Danish Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Syed Anees Akinosoglou, Karolina Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed Al Awaidy, Salah Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz Al Zaabi, Omar Ali Mohammed Aldridge, Robert W. Algammal, Abdelazeem M. Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed Ali, Abid Ali, Mohammed Usman Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Waad Alicandro, Gianfranco Alif, Sheikh Mohammad Al-Jumaily, Adel Allebeck, Peter Alrawashdeh, Ahmad Al-Rifai, Rami H. Alsabri, Mohammed A. Alshahrani, Najim Z. Aluh, Deborah Oyine Al-Wardat, Mohammad Al-Zyoud, Walid A. Amiri, Sohrab Anderlini, Deanna Andrei, Catalina Liliana Anil, Abhishek Anvari, Saeid Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw Aquilano, Michele Arabloo, Jalal Arafat, Mosab Areda, Demelash Aremu, Abdulfatai Armani, Keivan Armocida, Benedetta Ärnlöv, Johan Asaduzzaman, Muhammad Astell-Burt, Thomas Aujayeb, Avinash Ausloos, Marcel Azadnajafabad, Sina Aziz, Shahkaar Azzam, Ahmed Y. Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah Badache, Andreea Corina Badiye, Ashish D. Bahramian, Saeed Baig, Atif Amin Baker, Jennifer L. Bansal, Hansi Bärnighausen, Till Winfried Barone, Mark Thomaz Ugliara Barrow, Amadou Barteit, Sandra Bashir, Shahid Bashiru, Hameed Akande Basso, João Diogo Bastan, Mohammad-Mahdi Basu, Sanjay Batra, Kavita Bauckneht, Matteo Baune, Bernhard T. Beghi, Massimiliano Beiranvand, Maryam Béjot, Yannick Bell, Michelle L. Bello, Olorunjuwon Omolaja Belo, Luis Beloukas, Apostolos Beneke, Alice A. Bettencourt, Paulo J.G. Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhala, Neeraj Bhaskar, Sonu Bisulli, Francesca Bjørge, Tone Bodunrin, Aadam Olalekan Carvajal, Alejandro Botero Bouaoud, Souad Brayne, Carol Brenner, H Department of Primary Care and Public Health University of East Anglia Norwich United Kingdom Office for Health Improvement and Disparities Department of Health and Social Care London United Kingdom Department of Legal and Economic Studies La Sapienza University Rome Italy Rome Italy Hull York Medical School University of Hull Hull United Kingdom Department of Mathematics and Sciences Ajman University Ajman United Arab Emirates Department of Medicine Memorial University St. John's NL Canada Postgraduate Department University of Sierra Sur Miahuatlan de Porfirio Diaz Mexico Yhteiskuntadatatieteen keskus (Centre for Social Data Science) Helsinki Finland Department of Internal Medicine Federal Medical Centre Abuja Nigeria Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Karolinska Institutet (Karolinska Institute) Stockholm Sweden Department of Clinical Sciences University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy University of Jordan Amman Jordan Medical Research Center Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine Alfaisal University Riyadh Saudi Arabia College of Graduate Health Sciences University of Tennessee Memphis TN United States School of Medicine Sydney NSW Australia Centre for Social Research in Health University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia Internal Medicine and Alcohol Related Disease Unit Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Rome Italy Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences Università Cattolica di Roma (Catholic University of Rome) Rome Italy Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston TX United States Department of Biochemistry Osun State University Osogbo Nigeria Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics University of Medical Sciences Ondo Ondo Nigeria Department of Veteri

Background: Decades of steady improvements in life expectancy in Europe slowed down from around 2011, well before the COVID-19 pandemic, for reasons which remain disputed. We aimed to assess how changes in risk factors and cause-specific death rates in different European countries related to changes in life expectancy in those countries before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We used data and methods from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 to compare changes in life expectancy at birth, causes of death, and population exposure to risk factors in 16 European Economic Area countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden) and the four UK nations (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales) for three time periods: 1990–2011, 2011–19, and 2019–21. Changes in life expectancy and causes of death were estimated with an established life expectancy cause-specific decomposition method, and compared with summary exposure values of risk factors for the major causes of death influencing life expectancy. Findings: All countries showed mean annual improvements in life expectancy in both 1990–2011 (overall mean 0·23 years [95% uncertainty interval [UI] 0·23 to 0·24]) and 2011–19 (overall mean 0·15 years [0·13 to 0·16]). The rate of improvement was lower in 2011–19 than in 1990–2011 in all countries except for Norway, where the mean annual increase in life expectancy rose from 0·21 years (95% UI 0·20 to 0·22) in 1990–2011 to 0·23 years (0·21 to 0·26) in 2011–19 (difference of 0·03 years). In other countries, the difference in mean annual improvement between these periods ranged from –0·01 years in Iceland (0·19 years [95% UI 0·16 to 0·21] vs 0·18 years [0·09 to 0·26]), to –0·18 years in England (0·25 years [0·24 to 0·25] vs 0·07 years [0·06 to 0·08]). In 2019–21, there was an overall decrease in mean annual life expectancy a

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