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International power system Conference (PSC)

作者： Mahdi Eshaghi-Maskouni Ali Abedini-Livari Mehdi Vakilian Center of Excellence in Power System Management and Control Sharif University of Technology Tehran Iran

ISBN: (数字)9781728152738

ISBN: (纸本)9781728152745

Electricity distribution companies always strive to operate the power network efficiently and reliably so that their network be able to satisfy the growing needs for electricity. To achieve these goals in a power network, a comprehensive asset management plan with a sound policy for inspection, periodic maintenance, replacement, and disposal of depreciated equipment is required. In this paper, authors concentrate on line composite insulators asset management. These types of insulators have desirable characteristics such as: hydrophobicity, lower price, and lower weight if compared with the ceramic insulators which make them more attractive than other types of insulators. The output of “insulation condition assessment” of these insulators is employed to develop an asset management plan; which involves: inspection plan, condition monitoring, determination of the aging stage, early failure predictions, washing schedules, and repair strategies. Various condition monitoring methods are used in this work, such as: measuring the contact angle of water droplets on the insulator's surface, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and leakage current analysis to determine the degradation process and the aging rate of composite insulator. Finally, the asset management algorithm of these insulators is presented on the basis of insulation condition assessment, and then it is applied to the condition assessment of three samples of the composite insulators to improve the reliability and life of the insulator system.

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Automatic Superimposed Droop Frequency control Scheme for DC Microgrids

Automatic Superimposed Droop Frequency Control Scheme for DC...

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International Conference on Optimization of Electrical and Electronic Equipment, OPTIM

作者： Mohammad Jafari Matehkolaei Hossein Mokhtari Majid Poshtan The Center of Excellence in Power System Management & Control Sharif University of technology Tehran Iran California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo USA

ISBN: (数字)9781538676875

ISBN: (纸本)9781538676882

This paper proposes a control strategy to improve the superimposed droop frequency control scheme in DC microgrids. Conventional droop-based schemes for DC microgrids control suffer from issues such as inaccurate power sharing among the sources, voltage control with insufficient quality, and adverse effect of the line resistance on the droop characteristic. To overcome these challenges, the superimposed droop frequency method has been introduced. However, the stable operation in terms of the load variations and improper voltage quality are still the challenges with this prior-art method due to the injected AC voltages. In this paper, a method is proposed to solve the stability problem and alleviate the overall voltage quality in the superimposed droop frequency scheme. The performance of the proposed method is verified by different simulation studies in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.

关键词： Microgrids Voltage control Reactive power Stability analysis Mathematical model power system stability Frequency control

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Linear Voltage Based State Estimator for Active Distribution system Including Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) 23

Linear Voltage Based State Estimator for Active Distribution...

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23rd Electrical power Distribution Conference, EPDC 2018

作者： Gholami, Mohammad Tehrani Fard, Ali Abbaspour Moeini-Aghtaie, Moein Center of Excellence in Power System Management and Control Sharif University of Technology Tehran Iran Department of Energy Engineering Sharif University of Technology Tehran Iran

ISBN: (纸本)9781538669068

In recent years, vision of distribution networks has been changed from passive to highly complex active network. This change results in some challenges in monitoring, control and protection systems that are based on situation awareness of the network conditions. To address these challenges, distribution state estimation (DSE) is a key element. State estimation in traditional distribution systems are largely based on substation measurements and pseudo-measurements (historical data). However, in active distribution network data from phasor measurement units (PMUs) can be used in a cost-effective manner for accurate system state estimation with significant reporting rate. In this paper, traditional linear voltage based SE algorithm (in rectangular form) has been extended in term of inclusion of PMUs for providing accurate estimation in the active distribution network. To evaluate the performance of the proposed voltage based DSE in the active distribution network, the generic 77 -bus UK distribution network has been simulated in Open DSS software, and its power flow results feed to MATLAB software environment. © 2018 IEEE.

关键词： Phasor measurement units

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Assessment of Frequency Stability Enhancement in Dominated Wind power Plants Grid

Assessment of Frequency Stability Enhancement in Dominated W...

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IEEE International Conference on power and Energy systems (ICPES)

作者： Alireza Ashouri Zadeh Aras Sheikhi Ali-Mohammad Ranjbar Center of Excellence in Power System Management & Control Sharif University of Technology Tehran Iran Sharif Energy Research Institute Sharif University of Technology Tehran Iran Department of Electrical Engineering Sharif University of Technology Tehran Iran

ISBN: (数字)9781728126586

ISBN: (纸本)9781728126593

With the fast proliferation of intermittent renewable energy sources and fluctuations in load demand, power systems need to withstand an increasing number of disturbances that may affect the system frequency. In this paper, the highest acceptable penetration level of wind generation is formulated and calculated with and without considering operating reserve constraints as a function of equivalent governor response and system inertia. Afterward, the feasibility of wind turbine participation in the power system frequency regulation task is investigated and the minimum required wind turbine frequency response is calculated as a function of penetration level. This study uses a discretized model of dynamic system frequency response to estimate the minimum frequency after contingencies. To investigate the proposed methods, some sensitivity analyses are carried out on IEEE 39-bus test system. Simulations results illustrate a more secure and reliable operation of the power system when the wind turbines participate in the frequency regulation task.

关键词： wind turbine primary response power system frequency stability maximum wind generation penetration. power systems frequency response Wind Energy Conversion systems system frequency minimum frequency Renewable energy renewable energy sources Wind power plants Frequency control Frequency stability Wind energy generation Function

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Review of transmission planning and scaling of renewable energy in energy communities

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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2025年 222卷

作者： Kivanc Basaran Máté János Lőrincz Mohammad Hosein Alaei Renata Rodrigues Lautert Pierluigi Siano Mohsen Kia Göksu Görel Manisa Celal Bayar University Department of Electrical Engineering Manisa Turkey University of Reading School of the Built Environment UK Power System Studies Department Behrad Consulting Engineers Isfahan Iran Otto von Guericke University Institute of Electric Power Systems Magdeburg Germany Federal University of Santa Maria Center for Excellence in Energy and Power Systems Santa Maria Brazil University of Salerno Department of Management & Innovation Systems Via Giovanni Paolo II 132 Fisciano SA 84084 Italy Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science University of Johannesburg Johannesburg 2006 South Africa School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering University College Dublin Dublin Ireland

This study explores renewable energy scaling in energy communities and transmission expansion planning (TEP). The increasing share of renewables creates challenges in transmitting wind and solar power from remote areas to cities. These challenges necessitate the modernization of conventional transmission systems. Energy communities, which focus on decentralized production and consumption, have the potential to mitigate these challenges by optimizing local energy flows. The primary objective of this study is to identify optimal strategies for the integration of renewable energy in energy communities and to assess the expansion of transmission infrastructure required to support this integration. A systematic literature review was conducted, encompassing articles published between 2009 and 2024 in this study. The review was based on searches across leading academic databases, including SCOPUS, ELSEVIER Science Direct, SpringerLink, and Google Scholar. A total of 1509 studies were initially identified, of which 266 articles were selected for detailed analysis. The findings indicate that energy communities play a pivotal role in facilitating the integration of renewable energy and enhancing grid resilience. However, the results also highlight that the efficiency of this integration can be significantly improved through advanced planning methodologies and supportive regulatory frameworks. While energy communities reduce the need for long-distance transmission through local generation, the expansion of transmission infrastructure remains essential during periods of high demand or low local generation. These results provide valuable insights into the development of future energy infrastructure policies and underscore the need for a more flexible and decentralized approach to transmission network expansion.

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Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific burden of diarrhoeal diseases, their risk factors, and aetiologies, 1990-2021, for 204 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2025年第5期25卷 519-536页

作者： Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe Vongpradith, Avina Dominguez, Regina-Mae Villanueva Ma, Jianing Albertson, Samuel B. Novotney, Amanda Khalil, Ibrahim A. Troeger, Christopher E. Doxey, Matthew C. Ledesma, Jorge R. Sirota, Sarah Brooke Bender, Rose Grace Swetschinski, Lucien R. Cunningham, Matthew Spearman, Sandra Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abd Al Magied, Abdallah H. A. Abd ElHafeez, Samar Abdoun, Meriem Abera, Bayeh Abidi, Hassan Aboagye, Richard Gyan Abtew, Yonas Derso Abualruz, Hasan Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Abukhadijah, Hana J. Aburuz, Salahdein Addo, Isaac Yeboah Adekanmbi, Victor Adetunji, Charles Oluwaseun Oluwaseun Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther Adhikary, Ripon Kumar Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adra, Saryia Adzigbli, Leticia Akua Afolabi, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afzal, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Agampodi, Suneth Buddhika Agide, Feleke Doyore Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku Ahmad, Aqeel Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmed, Ali Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Saeed Akinosoglou, Karolina Akter, Ema Al Awaidy, Salah Alajlani, Muaaz M. Alam, Khurshid Albakri, Almaza Albashtawy, Mohammed Aldhaleei, Wafa A. Algammal, Abdelazeem M. Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed Ali, Abid Syed Shujait Ali Ali, Waad Alif, Sheikh Mohammad Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Al-Marwani, Sabah Almazan, Joseph Uy Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M. Almustanyir, Sami Alqahatni, Saleh A. Alrawashdeh, Ahmad Al-Rifai, Rami H. Alsabri, Mohammed A. Altaf, Awais Altirkawi, Khalid A. Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J. Alyahya, Mohammad Sharif Ibrahim Al-Zyoud, Walid A. Amugsi, Dickson A. Andrei, Catalina Liliana Antoni, Sebastien Anuoluwa, Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa, Iyadunni Adesola Anwari, Saleha Anwar Palwasha Apostol, Geminn Louis Carace Arabloo, Jalal Arafat, Mosab Aravkin, Aleksandr Y. Areda, Demelash Aregawi, Brhane Berhe Aremu, Abdulfatai Arndt, Michael Benjamin Asgedom, Akeza Awealom Ashraf, Tahira Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Atreya, Alok Ayele, Firayad Azadi, Davood Azhar, Gulrez Shah Aziz, Shahkaar Azzam, Ahmed Y. Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah Taghanaki, Pegah Bahrami Bahramian, Saeed Balakrishna Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle 98195 WA United States Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Center for Biostatistics Ohio State University Columbus OH United States Department of Global Health University of Washington Seattle WA United States Urban Indian Health Institute Seattle Indian Health Board Seattle WA United States School of Medicine Yale University New Haven CT United States Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement Aleta Wondo General Hospital Aleta Wondo Ethiopia College of Pharmacy Ajman University Ajman United Arab Emirates Department of Epidemiology Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt Department of Medicine University of Sétif Algeria Sétif Algeria Department of Health Sétif Algeria Department of Medical Microbiology Bahir Dar University Bahir Dar Ethiopia Department of Biology Ghent University Ghent Belgium Laboratory Technology Sciences Department Yasuj University of Medical Sciences Yasuj Iran Department of Family and Community Health University of Health and Allied Sciences Ho Ghana Department of Biomedical Science Arba Minch University Arba Minch Ethiopia Department of Nursing Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan Amman Jordan Amman Jordan Department of Clinical Sciences Sharjah United Arab Emirates Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy University of Jordan Amman Jordan Medical Research Center-Academic Health System Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar College of Pharmacy University of Jordan Amman Jordan Department of Therapeutics United Arab Emirates University Al Ain United Arab Emirates School of Medicine University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia Centre for Social Research in Health University of New South Wales Syd

Background Diarrhoeal diseases claim more than 1 million lives annually and are a leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years. Comprehensive global estimates of the diarrhoeal disease burden for specific age groups of children younger than 5 years are scarce, and the burden in children older than 5 years and in adults is also understudied. We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 to assess the burden of, and trends in, diarrhoeal diseases overall and attributable to 13 pathogens, as well as the contributions of associated risk factors, in children and adults in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. Methods We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy to analyse vital registration data, verbal autopsy data, mortality surveillance data, and minimally invasive tissue sampling data. We used DisMod-MR (version 2.1), a Bayesian meta-regression tool, to analyse incidence and prevalence data identified via systematic reviews, population-based surveys, and claims and inpatient data. We calculated diarrhoeal disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs) for each location, year, and age-sex group. For aetiology estimation, we used a counterfactual approach to quantify population-attributable fractions (PAFs). Additionally, we estimated the diarrhoeal disease burden attributable to the independent effects of risk factors using the comparative risk assessment framework. Findings In 2021, diarrhoeal diseases caused an estimated 1.17 million (95% uncertainty interval 0.793-1.62) deaths globally, representing a 60.3% (50.6-69.0) decrease since 1990 (2.93 million [2.31-3.73] deaths). The most pronounced decline was in children younger than 5 years, with a 79.2% (72.4-84.6) decrease in diarrhoeal deaths. Global YLLs also decreased substantially, from 186 million (147-221) in 1990 to 51.4 million (39.9-65.9) in 2021. In 2021, an esti

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Characterization of Proportional-Integral-Resonant Compensator for DC Link Voltage control

Characterization of Proportional-Integral-Resonant Compensat...

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IEEE Workshop on control and Modeling for power Electronics

作者： Seyed Fariborz Zarei Pooya Davari Mohammad Amin Ghasemi Hossein Mokhtari Saeed Peyghami Frede Blaabjerg The Center of Excellence in Power System Management & Control Department of Electrical Engineering Sharif University of Technolog Department of Energy Technology Aalborg University Department of Electrical Enginreeing BuAliSina University The Center of Excellence in Power System Management & Control Department of Electrical Enginreeing Sharif University of Technology

ISBN: (纸本)9781538655429

Voltage unbalance and short circuits in distribution networks adversely affect the performance of grid-tied voltage source inverters (VSIs). Consequently, the dc-link voltage ripple may significantly increase leading to operation of VSI in an unsatisfactory manner. Conventionally in order to maintain the negative sequence current under unbalanced conditions, low-pass/trap filter in the current control loop are required which significantly reduce the controller bandwidth. In order to minimize the dc-link voltage ripple without impairing the controller bandwidth, this paper investigates the design and performance of Proportional-Integral-Resonant (PIR) controller in improving the performance of the VSI under unbalanced condition. The proposed design methodology is validated through simulations and experimental results.

关键词： DC link voltage control Grid-tied VSI Unbalanced AC grid Unbalanced voltage sag

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Global investments in pandemic preparedness and COVID-19: development assistance and domestic spending on health between 1990 and 2026

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The Lancet Global Health 2023年第3期11卷 e385-e413页

作者： Micah, Angela E. Bhangdia, Kayleigh Cogswell, Ian E. Lasher, Dylan Lidral-Porter, Brendan Maddison, Emilie R. Nguyen, Trang Nhu Ngoc Patel, Nishali Pedroza, Paola Solorio, Juan Stutzman, Hayley Tsakalos, Golsum Wang, Yifeng Warriner, Wesley Zhao, Yingxi Zlavog, Bianca S. Abbafati, Cristiana Abbas, Jaffar Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abdelmasseh, Michael Abdulah, Deldar Morad Abedi, Aidin Abegaz, Kedir Hussein Abhilash, E.S. Aboagye, Richard Gyan Abolhassani, Hassan Abrigo, Michael R.M. Abubaker Ali, Hiwa Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Adem, Mohammed Hussien Afzal, Muhammad Sohail Ahmadi, Ali Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed Rashid, Tarik Aji, Budi Akbarialiabad, Hossein Akelew, Yibeltal Al Hamad, Hanadi Alam, Khurshid Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour Alanzi, Turki M. Al-Hanawi, Mohammed Khaled Alhassan, Robert Kaba Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Almustanyir, Sami Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M. Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J. Amare, Azmeraw T. Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena Amini-Rarani, Mostafa Amu, Hubert Ancuceanu, Robert Andrei, Tudorel Anwar, Sumadi Lukman Appiah, Francis Aqeel, Muhammad Arabloo, Jalal Arab-Zozani, Morteza Aravkin, Aleksandr Y. Aremu, Olatunde Aruleba, Raphael Taiwo Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Avila-Burgos, Leticia Ayanore, Martin Amogre Azari, Samad Baig, Atif Amin Bantie, Abere Tilahun Barrow, Amadou Baskaran, Pritish Basu, Sanjay Batiha, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Baune, Bernhard T. Berezvai, Zombor Bhardwaj, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhaskar, Sonu Boachie, Micheal Kofi Bodolica, Virginia Botelho, João Silva Botelho Braithwaite, Dejana Breitborde, Nicholas J.K. Busse, Reinhard Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero Catalá-López, Ferrán Chansa, Collins Charan, Jaykaran Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chen, Simiao Chukwu, Isaac Sunday Dadras, Omid Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dargahi, Abdollah Debela, Sisay Abebe Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar Desye, Belay Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda Diao, Nancy Doan, Linh Phuong Dodangeh, Milad dos Santos, Wendel Mombaque Doshmangir, Leila Dube, John Eini, Ebrahim El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa El Tantawi, Maha Enyew, Daniel Berhanie Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Applied Mathematics University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Department of Juridical and Economic Studies La Sapienza University Rome Italy Antai College of Economics Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China Non-communicable Diseases Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Multiple Sclerosis Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Children’s Medical Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Tehran Heart Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Faculty of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran National Institute for Health Research Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Pharmacology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Cardiology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Digestive Diseases Research Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Neurology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Social Determinants of Health Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Epidemiology Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Health Economics and Statistics Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Neurosurgery Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Ophthalmic R

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of national health systems, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), as well as a robust global system for pandemic preparedness. We aimed to provide a comparative assessment of global health spending at the onset of the pandemic;characterise the amount of development assistance for pandemic preparedness and response disbursed in the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic;and examine expectations for future health spending and put into context the expected need for investment in pandemic preparedness. Methods: In this analysis of global health spending between 1990 and 2021, and prediction from 2021 to 2026, we estimated four sources of health spending: development assistance for health (DAH), government spending, out-of-pocket spending, and prepaid private spending across 204 countries and territories. We used the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)'s Creditor Reporting system (CRS) and the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED) to estimate spending. We estimated development assistance for general health, COVID-19 response, and pandemic preparedness and response using a keyword search. Health spending estimates were combined with estimates of resources needed for pandemic prevention and preparedness to analyse future health spending patterns, relative to need. Findings: In 2019, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, US$9·2 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·1–9·3) was spent on health worldwide. We found great disparities in the amount of resources devoted to health, with high-income countries spending $7·3 trillion (95% UI 7·2–7·4) in 2019;293·7 times the $24·8 billion (95% UI 24·3–25·3) spent by low-income countries in 2019. That same year, $43·1 billion in development assistance was provided

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Linear Voltage Based State Estimator for Active Distribution system Including Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)

Linear Voltage Based State Estimator for Active Distribution...

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Electrical power Distribution Conference

作者： Mohammad Gholami Ali Abbaspour Tehrani Fard Moein Moeini-Aghtaie Center of Excellence in Power System Management and Control Department of Energy Engineering Sharif University of Technology Tehran Iran

ISBN: (纸本)9781538669075

In recent years, vision of distribution networks has been changed from passive to highly complex active network. This change results in some challenges in monitoring, control and protection systems that are based on situation awareness of the network conditions. To address these challenges, distribution state estimation (DSE) is a key element. State estimation in traditional distribution systems are largely based on substation measurements and pseudo-measurements (historical data). However, in active distribution network data from phasor measurement units (PMUs) can be used in a cost-effective manner for accurate system state estimation with significant reporting rate. In this paper, traditional linear voltage based SE algorithm (in rectangular form) has been extended in term of inclusion of PMUs for providing accurate estimation in the active distribution network. To evaluate the performance of the proposed voltage based DSE in the active distribution network, the generic 77-bus UK distribution network has been simulated in Open DSS software, and its power flow results feed to MATLAB software environment.

关键词： Distribution system state estimation phasor measurement units (PMUs) active distribution network Linear voltage based estate estimator

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Feasibility of Amorphous Symmetric Core Transformer under Distribution Network Planning

Feasibility of Amorphous Symmetric Core Transformer under Di...

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Electrical power Distribution Conference

作者： Mehran Hajiaghapour-Moghimi Ahmad Moradnouri Mehdi Vakilian Electrical Engineering Department Center of Excellence in Power System Management and Control Sharif University of Technology Tehran Iran 11365-11155

ISBN: (纸本)9781538669075

Employing efficient distribution transformers under distribution network planning, significant amounts of energy and expenses can be saved. In this paper the multiple design algorithm has been used for design of high efficiency 3D-wound core transformers. Amorphous and silicon steel used as ferromagnetic core materials in the design process of this work. Then an optimal transformer sizing (OTS) algorithm is implemented into optimal selection of transformer, through two case studies. A sample distribution transformer of AB' energy efficiency class with a conventional type of core is designed and compared with the amorphous and silicon steel 3D-wound core transformers, respectively. The corresponding results showed that amorphous 3D-wound core transformers are the best choice under a long-term planning process, even in iran where the electricity price rate is very low, i.e. with an average rate of 2.0 cents/kW.

关键词： 3D Wound Core Transformer Amorphous Transformer Transformer Total Owning Cost Optimal Transformer Sizing Algorithm

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