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Inhibitory and facilitative effects of lexical neighbors in spoken word recognition: The role of language experience

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STUDIES IN SECOND language ACQUISITION 2024年第2期46卷 550-563页

作者： Botezatu, Mona Roxana Garcia, Dalia L. Univ Missouri Dept Speech Language & Hearing Sci Columbia MO 65211 USA San Diego State Univ & Univ Calif San Diego Joint Doctoral Program Language & Commun Disorders San Diego CA USA

The study evaluated whether the direction (inhibitory or facilitative) of the phonological neighborhood density effect in English spoken word recognition was modulated by the relative strength of competitor activation (neighborhood type) in two groups of English-dominant learners of Spanish who differed in language experience. Classroom learners and heritage learners of Spanish identified spoken English words from dense (e.g., BEAR) and sparse (e.g., BOAT) phonological neighborhoods presented in moderate noise. The phonological neighborhood was separately manipulated at word onset (cohort) and word offset (rhyme). Classroom learners were overall slower in recognizing spoken words from denser neighborhoods. Strongly active (onset) neighbors exerted inhibitory effects in both classroom and heritage learners. Critically, weakly active (offset) neighbors exerted inhibitory effects in classroom learners but facilitative effects in heritage learners. The results suggest that the activation of both within and cross-language neighbors should be considered in determining the direction of neighbor effects in bilingual lexical processing.

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The MINT Sprint 2.0: A picture naming test for detection of naming impairments in Alzheimer's disease and in preclinical AD

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ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA 2024年第1期20卷 112-123页

作者： Gollan, Tamar H. Garcia, Dalia L. Stasenko, Alena Murillo, Mayra Kim, Chi Galasko, Douglas Salmon, David P. Univ Calif San Diego Dept Psychiat La Jolla CA USA Univ Calif San Diego Joint Doctoral Program Language & Commun Disorders La Jolla CA USA Univ Calif San Diego San Diego & Shiley Marcos Alzheimers Dis Res Ctr Dept Neurosci La Jolla CA USA Univ Calif San Diego Dept Psychiat 9500 Gilman Dr La Jolla CA 92093 USA

INTRODUCTIONEvidence on the onset of naming deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is mixed. Some studies showed an early decline, but others did not. The present study introduces evidence from a novel naming test. METHODSCognitively normal (n = 138), mild cognitive impairment (MCI;n = 21), and Alzheimer's disease (AD;n = 31) groups completed an expanded Multilingual Naming Test with a time-pressured administration procedure (MINT Sprint 2.0). Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers classified participants as true controls (n = 61) or preclinical AD (n = 26). RESULTSTotal correct MINT Sprint 2.0 scores exhibited good sensitivity and specificity (>0.85) for discriminating true controls from cognitively impaired (MCI/AD) groups and showed significant differences between true controls and preclinical AD groups. Time measurement did not improve classification, but percent resolved scores exhibited promise as an independent AD marker. DISCUSSIONNaming deficits can be detected in the earliest stages of AD with tests and procedures designed for this purpose.

关键词： aging cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers multilingual naming test (MINT) preclinical Alzheimer's disease picture naming speeded naming

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Parental report of cognitive and social-emotionality traits in school-age children with autism and Williams syndrome

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2022年第3期68卷 309-316页

作者： Lai, Philip T. Ng, Rowena Bellugi, Ursula San Diego State Univ Joint Doctoral Program Language & Commun Disorder Sch Speech Language & Hearing Sci San Diego CA 92182 USA Univ Calif San Diego Joint Doctoral Program Language & Commun Disorder Ctr Res Language La Jolla CA 92093 USA Salk Inst Biol Sci Lab Cognit Neurosci La Jolla CA USA Univ Minnesota Twin Cities Inst Child Dev Minneapolis MN USA Univ Nebraska Kearney Dept Commun Disorders 1615 West 24th St Kearney NE 68849 USA

The majority of the research examining children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Williams Syndrome (WS) focus on the social domain while few have examined cognitive style and emotionality. Accordingly, this current study assessed the day-to-day cognitive and behavioral functioning of school-age children with ASD, WS, and neurotypical development (ND) through caregiver-report inventories to further delineate commonalities and disparities in cognitive and social-emotional traits. Two caregiver-report inventories, the Children's Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ) and the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) were employed to assess the day-to-day functioning of children ages 7-14 years. Participants included 64 caregivers of children, of these, 25 were caregivers of children with high functioning autism (HFA), 14 with WS, and 25 with ND. Multivariate analysis of covariance was computed to assess between-group differences for each subscale within a questionnaire. Covariates included age and full-scale IQ. For cognitive traits, group differences were observed across two categories while seven were present within the social-emotional categories. The majority of the group effects reflected differences in social-emotional traits between ND and both neurodevelopmental groups, while limited distinctions were found between the two clinical groups. This brief report provides additional evidence that HFA and WS may show similarities in cognitive traits but more divergent social-emotional tendencies, despite controlling for age and intellect. This study highlights the large social-emotional differences that supports prior phenotypic descriptions of both neurodevelopmental groups. Future research in these domains are needed to determine focused interventions to address social impairment.

关键词： autism spectrum disorder Williams syndrome parental report social-emotionality cognition questionnaires

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Measuring children's sustained selective attention and working memory: validity of new minimally linguistic tasks

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BEHAVIOR RESEARCH METHODS 2023年第2期56卷 709-722页

作者： Ebert, Kerry Danahy Pham, Giang T. T. Levi, Sophie Eisenreich, Benjamin Univ Minnesota Twin Cities Dept Speech Language Hearing Sci 115 Shevlin Hall164 Pillsbury Dr SE Minneapolis MN 55455 USA San Diego State Univ Sch Speech Language & Hearing Sci San Diego CA USA San Diego State Univ Joint Doctoral Program Language & Commun Disorders San Diego CA USA Univ Calif San Diego San Diego CA USA Univ Minnesota Twin Cities Ctr Appl & Translat Sensory Sci Minneapolis MN USA

This study introduces visual tasks using nonlinguistic stimuli that measure sustained selective attention (SSA) and working memory (WM), two constructs foundational to learning and associated with developmental disorders in children. Using an argument-based approach to validation, we examine whether each task (a) measures distinct constructs, (b) shows internal consistency, (c) captures a range of performance, and (d) relates to development as indexed by age. Participants included 71 children, ages 4-10, of whom 12 had parental concern for language/learning. The SSA task presented spatial locations within a long and uninteresting task, following the continuous performance task paradigm. The WM task presented paired location sequences of increasing length, incorporating key elements of the n-back and complex span paradigms. Controlling for age, tasks were found to be minimally associated with each other (r = .26), suggesting related but distinct constructs. Internal consistency was high, with split-half reliability of .94 (SSA) and .92 (WM);the stability of these estimates was supported by bootstrapping simulations. Task performance was evenly distributed, with minimal floor or ceiling effects within this age range. Performance was positively related to age (SSA r = .49;WM r = .53). Exploratory correlations with a measure of parental concern were significant for SSA but not WM. The results show that these new tasks can be used to measure children's SSA and WM in a visual domain with minimal linguistic influence. These tasks capture developmental changes in the early school years. Further investigation can examine their utility for classifying children with developmental disorders.

关键词： Cognition Development Assessment

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Assessing sensitivity to semantic and syntactic information in deaf readers: An ERP study

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Neuropsychologia 2025年 215卷 109171页

作者： Emmorey, Karen Akers, Emily M. Martinez, Priscilla M. Midgley, Katherine J. Holcomb, Phillip J. School of Speech Language and Hearing Sciences SDSU United States Joint Doctoral Program in Language and Communication Disorders SDSU and UCSD United States Department of Psychology SDSU United States

An ERP study by Mehravari et al. (2017) found deaf and hearing readers had similar N400 effects to semantic violations, but only hearing readers showed a P600 effect to verb agreement violations. To assess whether lack of sensitivity to agreement was due to early language deprivation, we presented the same stimuli (and a phrase structure violation condition) to deaf readers with early ASL exposure and a reading-matched hearing group. We also examined N400 “wrap up” effects for sentence final words. Both groups exhibited an N400 effect for semantic violations (larger negativities for errors), although the effect was unexpectedly weak for hearing readers. At the violation, only hearing readers exhibited a P600 for verb agreement violations (larger positivities for errors), indicating that the previous findings are not explained by language deprivation. Crucially, both groups exhibited an N400 effect on the sentence-final word for agreement violations – despite poor performance on the acceptability judgment task. Both deaf and hearing readers showed a robust P600 to phrase structure violations. We interpret this overall pattern as indicating that deaf readers engage in monitoring strategies whereby English phrase structure, but not verb morphology, is anticipated during reading, and that both groups exhibit neural sensitivity to grammatical errors during sentence final integration processes. The amplitude of the P600 for grammatical violations was correlated with reading skill only for hearing readers. We conclude that reading strategies for skilled deaf readers who are bilingual in ASL differ from hearing monolingual readers with similar reading skills. © 2025 The Authors

关键词： Deaf readers ERPs N400 P600 Phrase structure violations Semantic violations Verb agreement

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An ERP investigation of perceptual vs motoric iconicity in sign production

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NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA 2024年 203卷 108966页

作者： Mcgarry, Meghan E. Midgley, Katherine J. Holcomb, Phillip J. Emmorey, Karen San Diego State Univ Joint Doctoral Program Language & Commun Disorders San Diego CA USA Univ Calif San Diego San Diego CA USA San Diego State Univ Dept Psychol San Diego CA 92182 USA San Diego State Univ Sch Speech Language & Hearing Sci San Diego CA 92182 USA Lab Language & Cognit Neurosci 6495 Alvarado RdSuite 200 San Diego CA 92120 USA

The type of form-meaning mapping for iconic signs can vary. For perceptually-iconic signs there is a correspondence between visual features of a referent (e.g., the beak of a bird) and the form of the sign (e.g., extended thumb and index finger at the mouth for the American Sign language (ASL) sign BIRD). For motorically-iconic signs there is a correspondence between how an object is held/manipulated and the form of the sign (e.g., the ASL sign FLUTE depicts how a flute is played). Previous studies have found that iconic signs are retrieved faster in picture-naming tasks, but type of iconicity has not been manipulated. We conducted an ERP study in which deaf signers and a control group of English speakers named pictures that targeted perceptually-iconic, motorically-iconic, or non-iconic ASL signs. For signers (unlike the control group), naming latencies varied by iconicity type: perceptually-iconic < motorically-iconic < non-iconic signs. A reduction in the N400 amplitude was only found for the perceptually-iconic signs, compared to both non-iconic and motorically-iconic signs. No modulations of N400 amplitudes were observed for the control group. We suggest that this pattern of results arises because pictures eliciting perceptually-iconic signs can more effectively prime lexical access due to greater alignment between features of the picture and the semantic and phonological features of the sign. We speculate that naming latencies are facilitated for motorically-iconic signs due to later processes (e.g., faster phonological encoding via cascading activation from semantic features). Overall, the results indicate that type of iconicity plays role in sign production when elicited by picture-naming tasks.

关键词： ASL Sign production Iconicity Structured mapping ERPs N400

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How (and why) does iconicity effect lexical access: An electrophysiological study of American sign language

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NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA 2023年第0期183卷 000-000页

作者： McGarry, Meghan E. Midgley, Katherine J. Holcomb, Phillip J. Emmorey, Karen San Diego State Univ Joint Doctoral Program Language & Commun Disorders San Diego CA USA Univ Calif San Diego San Diego CA USA San Diego State Univ Dept Psychol San Diego CA USA San Diego State Univ Sch Speech Language & Hearing Sci San Diego CA USA Lab Language & Cognit Neurosci 6495 Alvarado RdSuite 200 San Diego CA 92120 USA

Prior research has found that iconicity facilitates sign production in picture-naming paradigms and has effects on ERP components. These findings may be explained by two separate hypotheses: (1) a task-specific hypothesis that suggests these effects occur because visual features of the iconic sign form can map onto the visual features of the pictures, and (2) a semantic feature hypothesis that suggests that the retrieval of iconic signs results in greater semantic activation due to the robust representation of sensory-motor semantic features compared to non-iconic signs. To test these two hypotheses, iconic and non-iconic American Sign language (ASL) signs were elicited from deaf native/early signers using a picture-naming task and an English-to-ASL translation task, while electro-physiological recordings were made. Behavioral facilitation (faster response times) and reduced negativities were observed for iconic signs (both prior to and within the N400 time window), but only in the picture-naming task. No ERP or behavioral differences were found between iconic and non-iconic signs in the translation task. This pattern of results supports the task-specific hypothesis and provides evidence that iconicity only facilitates sign production when the eliciting stimulus and the form of the sign can visually overlap (a picture-sign alignment effect).

关键词： Iconicity ERPs American Sign language N400 Picture-naming Translation

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Sensitivity to orthographic vs. phonological constraints on word recognition: An ERP study with deaf and hearing readers

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NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA 2022年第0期177卷 000-000页

作者： Lee, Brittany Martinez, Priscilla M. Midgley, Katherine J. Holcomb, Phillip J. Emmorey, Karen San Diego State Univ & Univ Calif San Diego Joint Doctoral Program Language & Commun Disorders San Diego CA USA San Diego State Univ Res Fdn San Diego CA USA San Diego State Univ San Diego CA USA Lab Language & Cognit Neurosci 6495 Alvarado RdSuite 200 San Diego CA 92120 USA

The role of phonology in word recognition has previously been investigated using a masked lexical decision task and transposed letter (TL) nonwords that were either pronounceable (barve) or unpronounceable (brvae). We used event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate these effects in skilled deaf readers, who may be more sen-sitive to orthotactic than phonotactic constraints, which are conflated in English. Twenty deaf and twenty hearing adults completed a masked lexical decision task while ERPs were recorded. The groups were matched in reading skill and IQ, but deaf readers had poorer phonological ability. Deaf readers were faster and more ac-curate at rejecting TL nonwords than hearing readers. Neither group exhibited an effect of nonword pro-nounceability in RTs or accuracy. For both groups, the N250 and N400 components were modulated by lexicality (more negative for nonwords). The N250 was not modulated by nonword pronounceability, but pronounceable nonwords elicited a larger amplitude N400 than unpronounceable nonwords. Because pronounceable nonwords are more word-like, they may incite activation that is unresolved when no lexical entry is found, leading to a larger N400 amplitude. Similar N400 pronounceability effects for deaf and hearing readers, despite differences in phonological sensitivity, suggest these TL effects arise from sensitivity to lexical-level orthotactic constraints. Deaf readers may have an advantage in processing TL nonwords because of enhanced early visual attention and/ or tight orthographic-to-semantic connections, bypassing the phonologically mediated route to word recognition.

关键词： ERPs Deaf readers Phonology Orthography Word processing

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Developmental differences in EEG oscillations supporting the identification of novel word meaning from context

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DEVELOPMENTAL COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE 2022年 58卷 101185页

作者： Momsen, Jacob Schneider, Julie M. Abel, Alyson D. San Diego State Univ Joint Doctoral Program Language & Commun Disorders San Diego CA USA Univ Calif San Diego San Diego CA USA Louisiana State Univ Baton Rouge LA USA Univ Delaware Newark DE USA San Diego State Univ San Diego CA USA San Diego State Univ 5500 Campanile Dr San Diego CA 92182 USA

Implicit learning about new words by picking up on associative information in the contexts they appear in is an important aspect of vocabulary growth. The current study investigated the neural correlates that underlie how school-aged children and adolescents identify the meaning of novel words embedded within sentence contexts. Importantly, we examine how differences in the brain response to novel words and their context differ as a function of 1) explicit learning success, i.e., whether novel word meanings can be correctly estimated in isolation after a learning opportunity, and 2) individual differences in offline language aptitude as well as age across our cohort (N = 82;8-16 years). Using a regression-based analysis, we identified the unique influence of these in-dividuals difference metrics by using both measures within the same series of models. The most notable finding from our analysis was a frequency-specific dissociation between the way age and language abilities held re-lationships with task-relevant oscillatory activity during the novel word meaning task: language abilities asso-ciated with task-relevant changes in beta band activity during sentence processing, while age associated with task-relevant changes in theta band activity during pseudoword processing. These effects reflect the how the neural correlates of mapping semantic meaning from sentence contexts-an important skill for word learning-is uniquely influenced by the maturity of language abilities as well as age

关键词： EEG Time frequency analysis Word learning language Processing Semantic processing

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Assessing a continuum of lexical-semantic knowledge in the second year of life: A multimodal approach

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JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2017年 158卷 95-111页

作者： Hendrickson, Kristi Poulin-Dubois, Diane Zesiger, Pascal Friend, Margaret San Diego State Univ Joint Doctoral Program Language & Commun Disorder San Diego CA 92120 USA Univ Calif San Diego San Diego CA 92120 USA Concordia Univ Dept Psychol Montreal PQ H3G 1M8 Canada Univ Geneva Fac Psychol & Educ Sci CH-1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland San Diego State Univ Dept Psychol San Diego CA 92182 USA Univ Iowa Dept Commun Sci & Disorders Iowa City IA 52242 USA

Behavioral dissociations in young children's visual and haptic responses have been taken as evidence that word knowledge is not all-or-none but instead exists on a continuum from absence of knowledge, to partial knowledge, to robust knowledge. This longitudinal study tested a group of 16- to 18-month-olds, 6 months after their initial visit, to replicate results of partial understanding as shown by visual-haptic dissociations and to determine whether partial knowledge of word-referent relations can be leveraged for future word recognition. Results show that, like 16-month-olds, 22-month-olds demonstrate behavioral dissociations exhibited by rapid visual reaction times to a named referent but incorrect haptic responses. Furthermore, results suggest that partial word knowledge at one time predicts the degree to which that word will be understood in the future. Published by Elsevier Inc.

关键词： Words Partial knowledge Behavioral dissociations Incremental learning Lexical processing

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