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Detecting droplets and bubbles in oil-gas-water three-phase medium via ultrasonic A-scan signal-assisted B-mode imaging method

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MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2025年第4期36卷 045301-045301页

作者： Tian, Sheng Tan, Chao Zhang, Zhixing Dong, Feng Tianjin Univ Sch Elect & Informat Engn Tianjin Key Lab Proc Measurement & Control Tianjin Peoples R China

Accurately detecting the parameters of bubbles and droplets in an oil-gas-water three-phase medium is essential to critical decision-making in industrial production. An ultrasonic A-scan signal-assisted B-mode imaging (AS-assisted-BI) method that combines a B-mode imaging (BI) method and an A-scan signal (AS) method is developed to simultaneously visualize the oil-gas-water three-phase medium, distinguish the gas bubbles and oil droplets, and measure their size and location parameters. The applicability of the plane wave imaging (PWI) method for visualizing the oil-gas-water three-phase medium with less computational cost was confirmed. Then, the influence of the bubble and droplet characteristics, such as the acoustic impedance difference, size, and location, upon the ultrasonic propagation mechanism were studied to understand the B-mode image and A-scan signal as the design basis for the BI and AS method. The BI method locates the least key points from the B-mode image based on the PWI method compared with the conventional industrial ultrasonic B-mode imaging method. The AS method automatically locates the key points from the A-scan signal rather than manually marking them as in previous studies. Two options for the AS-assisted-BI method, suitable for different detection requirements and applications, have been designed. The numerical simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method has excellent precision, robustness, and efficiency for detecting the acoustic impedance difference between the bubbles and droplets, the longitudinal location of the bubble front surface, and the droplet's size and center location.

关键词： ultrasonic imaging multiphase medium measurement B-mode imaging bubble droplet

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Modeling and Measurement of 3-D Velocity for Rising Bubbles Utilizing Single-View Laser Scanning

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT 2025年 74卷

作者： Li, Songlin Xue, Ting Tianjin Univ Sch Elect & Informat Engn Tianjin Key Lab Proc Measurement & Control Tianjin 300072 Peoples R China

Gas-liquid two-phase flow, widely present in the energy, chemical, and oil and gas industries, has extremely intricate 3-D kinematic processes, with flow parameter measurement being quite challenging. Bubble velocity, one of the most crucial flow parameters, has a considerable impact on industrial production and process safety. In this article, a novel and effective method for 3-D velocity measurement of bubbles is developed utilizing single-view noninvasive laser scanning. The principle is elaborated, and the specific mathematic models are established. According to the proposed method, the 3-D velocities of bubbles in a tank are acquired, and the magnitudes and distributions of the velocity components in each direction are explored and analyzed. The relationship between bubble velocity and bubble size is also investigated. Based on the magnitudes and directions of the resultant velocities, a 3-D visualization of bubbles is implemented, and finally, the 3-D trajectories are traced, which helps in bubble monitoring.

关键词： Three-dimensional displays Velocity measurement Measurement by laser beam Optical variables measurement Laser modes Cameras Gas lasers High-speed optical techniques Trajectory Orifices 3-D velocity measurement bubble motion trajectory single-view laser scanning visualization

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Flow Rate Measurement of Oil-Gas-Water Three-Phase Slug Flow Using Pulse Wave Ultrasonic Doppler Technique

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT 2025年 74卷

作者： Shi, Xuewei Dong, Yijiang Tan, Chao Dong, Feng Tianjin Univ Sch Elect & Informat Engn Tianjin Key Lab Proc Measurement & Control Tianjin 300072 Peoples R China

Oil-gas-water three-phase slug flow characterization and flow rate metering is an important issue highly related to the production safety and efficiency in petroleum industries. In this article, to accurately measure the overall volume flow rate of horizontal oil-gas-water three-phase slug flow, a novel theoretical model was established and solved based on the flowing information acquired by a nonintrusive pulse wave ultrasonic Doppler (PWUD) system. First, the frequency and amplitude of the echoes received by the PWUD sensor during the flow process were, respectively, used to construct the time varying velocity profile and echo profile. Inspired by the significant differences in the echo profile appearances at different flow stages, the gas slug zone and liquid slug zone were distinguished by labeling the echo intensity time series within the lower part of the pipe with "0" and "1." Based on the slug unit division result, the liquid film thickness, the gas fraction in the gas slug zone, and the velocities of liquid film and liquid slug were further calculated. The evolution trends of these flow parameters under different flow conditions were then analyzed. Finally, using the above-acquired flow parameters, a closure model based on two sets of mass balance equations of different phases over a slug unit was established under reasonable assumptions for the overall volume flow rate estimation. The effectiveness of the model was verified through dynamic experiments. Compared with reference values, the mean absolute percentage error of the estimated overall volume flow rate is 2.71%.

关键词： Echo profile oil-gas-water three-phase slug flow overall volume flow rate pulse wave ultrasonic Doppler (PWUD) technique velocity profile

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Wideband Ultrasound Tomography System for Real-Time Monitoring of Multiphase Flow

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT 2025年 74卷

作者： Tan, Chao Li, Qingze Bao, Yong Dong, Feng Tianjin Univ Sch Elect & Informat Engn Tianjin Key Lab Proc Measurement & Control Tianjin 300072 Peoples R China

Due to the advantages of radiation free, low equipment cost, and high sensitivity to the gas-liquid interface, ultrasonic tomography (UT) has been considered an effective sensing technique for multiphase flow monitoring in industrial processes. In this article, an advanced wideband UT (WBUT) system based on an industrial compact peripheral component interconnect (CPCI) bus is designed for real-time monitoring of the multiphase flow in the industrial process. The novel features of the WBUT system include: 1) high-intensity wideband ultrasonic excitation and data acquisition;2) real-time onboard signal processing and ultrasonic parameter extraction;3) high-speed ultrasonic data processing, storage, and communication;4) improved image quality with higher spatial resolution and noise robustness using the wideband tomographic reconstruction;and 5) particle size awareness using the ultrasonic spectrum measurements. The performance of the proposed WBUT system was validated by experimental studies. The results demonstrated that the WBUT system fully leverages multifrequency data to distinguish 3-4 randomly distributed small inclusions with a spatial resolution of 5 mm, maintains high reconstruction quality under low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) or missing data conditions, and differentiate in particle size between two liquid-solid samples of identical concentration. These attributes are invaluable for monitoring the industrial process multiphase flow in a comprehensive way.

关键词： Acoustics Tomography Image reconstruction Ultrasonic variables measurement Wideband Ultrasonic imaging Attenuation Ultrasonic transducers Ultrasonic transducer arrays Arrays Hardware system design multiphase flow imaging ultrasonic tomography (UT) wideband ultrasound

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Four-Port Probe Calibration Using 64-Term Error Model for On-Wafer S-Parameter Measurement of Microwave Circuits Up to 110 GHz

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS I-REGULAR PAPERS 2025年

作者： Zhou, Jiefeng Zhang, Ling Chen, Ziyang Li, Da Fan, Jun Li, Er-Ping Zhejiang Univ Coll Informat Sci & Elect Engn Zhejiang Key Lab Intelligent Electromagnet Control Hangzhou 310027 Peoples R China

This article presents a novel four-port probe calibration method for on-wafer S-parameter measurement of microwave circuits and, for the first time, realizes measurement verification up to 110 GHz. The method regards the 64 error terms in the four-port probe calibration as an error matrix, which can be solved by a homogeneous equation system using a generalized scatter matrix theory. The calibration algorithm can consider the crosstalk between the probes and improve the calibration accuracy at high frequencies. This method only requires six calibration standards to complete the four-port probe calibration. Only one coupled differential line with a symmetric structure is needed as the Thru, which replaces the traditional U-shape and asymmetric Thru and effectively reduces the number of calibration standards used in the four-port probe calibration. In addition, the method combined with an optimization method accurately and efficiently calculates the parasitic parameters of the calibration standards at high frequencies. The proposed method is validated by three different devices under test (DUTs) up to 110 GHz. Their S-parameters obtained by the proposed method, including all the pure-mode and mode-conversion terms, have high accuracy in magnitude and phase, proving the correctness and convenience of this method.

关键词： Calibration Probes Scattering parameters Crosstalk Microwave measurement Standards Mathematical models Accuracy Microwave theory and techniques Microwave circuits Calibration standards four-port probe calibration microwave circuits on-wafer S-parameter measurement 64-term error model

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Size, Distribution, and Acoustic Impedance Quantization of Bubbles and Droplets Using Ultrasonic Complex Sound Pressure

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IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2024年第4期24卷 4628-4641页

作者： Tian, Sheng Tan, Chao Zhang, Zhixing Bao, Yong Dong, Feng Tianjin Univ Sch Elect & Informat Engn Tianjin Key Lab Proc Measurement & Control Tianjin 300072 Peoples R China

Oil-gas-water three-phase medium is frequently encountered in various industrial processes. A comprehensive understanding of the discrete phase is of great importance for the industrial process safety assurance and economic benefits of production. Concerns about the discrete phase in the three-phase medium not only refer to the spatial resolution but also acoustically distinguish the gas bubble and oil droplet. We present a novel ultrasonic measurement technique for the three-phase medium using the ultrasonic phased array (UPA) sensor and complex sound pressure measurement to accomplish this goal. The proposed method can accurately provide size and location measurements to spatially resolve the bubble and droplet, and accurately provide acoustic impedance measurements to distinguish the bubble and droplet in oil-gas-water threephase medium. In brief, we develop a forward scattering complex sound pressure peak (FSCSPP) method to quantitatively characterize the size and distribution of the bubble and droplet, a sound transmission degree (STD) method to calculate these discrete phases' acoustic impedance values, and a sound transmission threshold (STT) parameter to distinguish the bubble and droplet. The simulation and experimental results show that the above method is highly accurate and sensitive in spatially resolving and acoustically distinguishing the bubble and droplet in the oil-gas-water three-phase medium.

关键词： Bubble droplet oil-gas-water three-phase medium ultrasonic noninvasive measurement

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Measurement of 3-D Characteristics of Falling Liquid Film Based on SLIF

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT 2024年 73卷 1页

作者： Liu, Jinshun Xue, Ting Tianjin Univ Coll Elect & Informat Engn Tianjin Key Lab Proc Measurement & Control Tianjin 300072 Peoples R China

Falling liquid film is widely practiced in industrial applications, and its flow characteristics can be investigated more deeply by 3-D measurement. However, few research can perform high-accuracy 3-D measurements due to the lack of access to interface velocity. Based on the scanning laser-induced fluorescence (SLIF) and similar image retrieval methods, an advanced velocity measurement method named transcendence encounter is introduced. Combined with the contour interpolation algorithm based on inverse distance transformation, dynamic image interpolation is proposed to accomplish slice image interpolation with different interpolation numbers. Moreover, the marching cubes method is utilized for the 3-D liquid film reconstruction. Coupled with the slice volume summation based on integration principle and the velocity difference between the scanning laser and the falling liquid film, an advanced flow rate measurement method is proposed, which is verified with the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 2.89%. Subsequently, the morphological characteristics and radial distribution of falling liquid film under the different flow conditions are analyzed, and the essence of flow regime transition is revealed quantitatively. The results show that the generation of 3-D waves and the increase of their size and frequency promote the transition from turbulent flow regime to fluctuating turbulent flow regime. In addition, the instantaneous flow rate is investigated, and the positive correlation to interface velocity is determined by investigating the joint distributions of these two parameters. Finally, according to the average liquid film thickness measured by the 3-D measurement method with high accuracy, the existing prediction models are evaluated and a new prediction model is established. The validation results are within +/- 6% and the MAPE is 2.10%, which demonstrates the better performance of the new prediction model. These 3-D measurement methods and research findings

关键词： Liquids Velocity measurement Interpolation Measurement by laser beam Magnetic liquids Image reconstruction Accuracy Annular flow dynamic image interpolation flow rate measurement liquid film scanning laser-induced fluorescence (SLIF)

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Measurement of Circumferential Liquid Film in Horizontal Annular Flow Based on PLIF and K-Means Clustering

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IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2024年第8期24卷 13010-13018页

作者： Xue, Ting Wu, Yan Zhang, Tao Liu, Jinshun Tianjin Univ Coll Elect & Informat Engn Tianjin Key Lab Proc Measurement & Control Tianjin 300072 Peoples R China

The formation of the liquid film at the top of the pipe in horizontal gas-liquid annular flow is critical for safety and efficiency in industrial production. Therefore, investigating and predicting the circumferential distribution of the liquid film is of great importance. In this article, the advanced planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) technique with high spatial-temporal resolution is employed to investigate the liquid film. First, based on the ${K}$ -means clustering algorithm and the distance metric in red-green-blue (RGB) color spaces, a novel image segmentation method is developed to extract the liquid film thickness with higher accuracy. The proposed method enables precise observations of the circumferential liquid film distribution, thereby contributing to a comprehensive investigation into the impact of the superficial gas and liquid velocities on the thickness and asymmetry of the liquid film. Moreover, the influences of gas-liquid velocities and circumferential angles on wave amplitudes are studied, which reveals that larger waves are limited to reaching the sidewalls of the pipe. Finally, based on the modified Froude number and the circumferential angle, a prediction model for the circumferential liquid film thickness in horizontal annular flow is developed.

关键词： Asymmetric distribution circumferential liquid film horizontal annular flow K-means clustering planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF)

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Exploring electrical Impedance Tomography for Early Depth Detection of Pressure Ulcers

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT 2024年 73卷 1页

作者： Song, Tianxiao Xu, Yanbin Hu, Qingwei Chen, Sitong Dong, Feng Tianjin Univ Sch Elect & Informat Engn Tianjin Key Lab Proc Measurement & Control Tianjin 300072 Peoples R China

Pressure ulcers are a particularly high incidence of chronic trauma. When a superficial wound is visible, the underlying wound is often serious, so early detection of pressure ulcers is critical. Currently, there is still no technique or real-time monitoring system that can visualize progressive tissue damage of pressure ulcers. electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a functional imaging technique that can aid in the diagnose of tissue health by visualizing the distribution of bioelectrical impedance parameters. Based on the differences between the electrical properties of pressure ulcers and normal tissue, a noninvasive pressure ulcer depth detection method based on EIT is proposed. Given surface voltage data measured on an open rectangular electrode array, the conductivity distribution under the skin surface was reconstructed to obtain pressure ulcer depth information which is expected to visualize progressive tissue damage. Based on EIT combined with flexible sensor arrays, finite-element simulation models and tissue-mimicking agar phantom models were established to verify the effectiveness of the EIT-based depth detection method of pressure ulcers. The effects of time-difference imaging and frequency-difference imaging on the depth detection of pressure ulcer were compared. Both simulation and physical phantom experiments demonstrated the feasibility of EIT for detection of early pressure ulcer depth.

关键词： Depth detection electrical impedance tomography (EIT) pressure ulcers rectangular electrode array

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A novel laser interferometric method for thin film thickness measurement in gas-liquid intermittent flow

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MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2024年第10期35卷 105027-105027页

作者： Wu, Yan Xue, Ting Tianjin Univ Coll Elect & Informat Engn Tianjin Key Lab Proc Measurement & Control Tianjin 300072 Peoples R China

In horizontal intermittent flow, the long bubbles move toward the center of the pipe due to inertia, forming the thin liquid film above the long bubbles. Accurate measurement of the liquid film thickness is crucial for heat and mass transfer. In this paper, laser interferometric technology is innovatively introduced to measure the film thickness of the intermittent flow, and the thin liquid film is detected with a resolution of 100 nm. Considering the curvature of the circular pipe wall, which leads to divergent reflected light, the effect of the pipe wall on the interference pattern is explored by the ray tracing technique. A two-dimensional interpolation phase retrieval algorithm based on light intensity is proposed to reconstruct the thickness of the liquid film, and the average error is less than 1.86%. Benefiting from the exceptionally high resolution, research is conducted on the thin liquid film at the top of the horizontal intermittent flow, revealing its dependence on the sub-regimes and gas-liquid velocities.

关键词： intermittent flow laser interferometry phase retrieval liquid film thickness

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