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Coupling Conservation and Livelihoods for Sustainable Management of Protected Areas in East Africa

Journal of Resources and Ecology 2018年第3期9卷 266-272页

作者： FU Chao BAI Yunli ZHANG Linxiu WANG Shuai YAN Xue International Ecosystem Management Partnership United Nations Environment Programme Beijing 100101 China Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology Wuhan Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan 430074 China

Strengthening research efforts to understand the combined impacts of conservation and livelihoods in protected areas（PAs） will increase the collective contribution that PAs can make towards meeting global goals for sustainable development in the next decade. As an example of such efforts, in 2014 the Chinese Academy of Sciences（CAS）, the Kenya Wildlife Service（KWS） and the United Nations Environment Programme（UN Environment） jointly initiated the ＂Sustainable Management of Protected Areas in East Africa＂ project. This paper provides a brief overview of the project＇s research background, goals and research tasks. The study is based on a look at the PA management system in East Africa and a review of the literature on the impact of PAs in the region. Results show that East African nations have expanded the coverage of PAs and established a complex set of PA management systems over the past century. The mandate for PAs in East African nations has changed recently from protecting biodiversity to alleviating poverty and supporting livelihoods. However, a combination of human activities and ecological processes inside and outside of PAs may not only impact biodiversity and ecosystem function over the long term, but also pose a threat to the capacity of PAs to maintain livelihoods and alleviate poverty in the local communities around them. The state of existing research in the field suggests there is an enormous need for additional research, the purpose of which is to help PA managers and policy-makers in East Africa understand how to achieve win-win outcomes for both ecosystems and human well-being. Against this background, the CAS-KWS-UN Environment joint research project aims to understand the dynamic interactions between ecosystems and human well-being around PAs in East Africa and identify good practices for PA management to reconcile conservation targets with the livelihood demands of local communities. It is intended that this research be shared with interested part

关键词： protected areas conservation livelihoods coupling East Africa

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Understanding Agriculture Production and Food Security in Ethiopia from the Perspective of China

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Journal of Resources and Ecology 2018年第3期9卷 237-249页

作者： LI Fadong LENG Peifang ZHANG Qiuying SONG Shuai QIAO Yunfeng GU Congke ZHANG Qian WU Liang Mulubrhan Balehegn Dagne Mojo ZHU Nong ZHAO Xin Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Chinese Academy of Seienceslnstitute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China International Ecosystem Management Partnership-United Nations Environment Programme （UNEP-IEMP） Beijing 100101 China Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012 China Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China Department of Animal Rangeland and Wildlife Sciences Mekelle University Mekelle 231 Ethiopia

Food security and sustainable agricultural development are the hot issues of scientific research, especially after the population affected by hunger surprisingly increased in 2016. Long-lasting and recurrent famines caused by natural disasters and wars have afflicted Ethiopia. Unlike Ethiopia, which is still struggling to achieve food self-sufficiency, China managed to quickly become food self-sufficient at a rapid speed, despite the fact that it also faced the same challenges of famine over the last century. In the backdrop of differing environmental and socio-political challenges the two countries face, comparing the similarities and differences between the two countries will yield important lessons and insights for Ethiopia to follow to achieve food self-sufficiency. Here, the progress towards food security in Ethiopia and China is presented to quantitatively compare the gap of agricultural production between both countries. We found that food production in Ethiopia is heavily constrained by drought, soil degradation, climate change, out-dated agricultural production technologies, and poverty. According to these challenges, we examined corresponding responses in China to propose solutions for achieving food self-sufficiency in Ethiopia, given the realities of its unique national situation.

关键词： food security agriculture production Ethiopia China self-sufficiency

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Response of soil CO_2 efflux to precipitation manipulation in a semiarid grassland

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2016年第7期28卷 207-214页

作者： Xiaorong Wei Yanjiang Zhang Jian Liu Hailong Gao Jun Fan Xiaoxu Jia Jimin Cheng Mingan Shao Xingchang Zhang State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming in the Loess Plateau Northwest A&F University College of Animal Science and Technology Northwest A&F University Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of Sciences

Soil CO_2efflux（SCE） is an important component of ecosystem CO_2 exchange and is largely temperature and moisture dependent, providing feedback between C cycling and the climate system. We used a precipitation manipulation experiment to examine the effects of precipitation treatment on SCE and its dependences on soil temperature and moisture in a semiarid grassland. Precipitation manipulation included ambient precipitation, decreased precipitation（- 43%）, or increased precipitation（＋ 17%）. The SCE was measured from July2013 to December 2014, and CO_2 emission during the experimental period was *** response curves of SCE to soil temperature and moisture were analyzed to determine whether the dependence of SCE on soil temperature or moisture varied with precipitation manipulation. The SCE significantly varied seasonally but was not affected by precipitation treatments regardless of season. Increasing precipitation resulted in an upward shift of SCE–temperature response curves and rightward shift of SCE–moisture response curves,while decreasing precipitation resulted in opposite shifts of such response curves. These shifts in the SCE response curves suggested that increasing precipitation strengthened the dependence of SCE on temperature or moisture, and decreasing precipitation weakened such dependences. Such shifts affected the predictions in soil CO_2 emissions for different precipitation treatments. When considering such shifts, decreasing or increasing precipitation resulted in 43 or 75% less change, respectively, in CO_2 emission compared with changes in emissions predicted without considering such shifts. Furthermore, the effects of shifts in SCE response curves on CO_2 emission prediction were greater during the growing than the non-growing season.

关键词： Soil CO2 efflux response curve Soil moisture Soil temperature Precipitation regimes Semiarid grassland Soil CO2 efflux

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Estimating evaporation over a large and shallow lake using stable isotopic method: A case study of Lake Taihu

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Hupo Kexue/Journal of Lake Sciences 2017年第4期29卷 1009-1017页

作者： Xiao, Wei Fu, Jingru Wang, Wei Wen, Xuefa Xu, Jingzheng Xiao, Qitao Hu, Cheng Liu, Shoudong Li, Xuhui Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Nanjing210044 China Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Nanjing210044 China Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100101 China

Accurate estimation on lake evaporation was vital to hydrology, meteorology and limnology. Based on the data of water budgets, meteorological and stable isotopic observation over Lake Taihu from 2013 to 2015, the evaporation of Lake Taihu was estimated using the isotopic mass balance model, the water mass balance method and the Priestley-Taylor model. The seasonal and inter-annual variabilities of lake evaporation were analyzed, and the performance of the water balance method and the stable isotopic water balance model were evaluated with the Priestley-Taylor model result as reference. The results indicated: Evaporation of Lake Taihu was higher from May to September and less in winter. Annual evaporation in 2013, 2014 and 2015 was 1069, 894 and 935 mm, and the inter-annual variation was controlled by weather condition. Lake evaporation during the period from December 2013 to November 2014 calculated using the Priestley-Taylor model was 885 mm, and the result of the isotopic mass balance model was similar with a value of 893 mm. Whereas it was overestimated significantly by the water balance method with a value of 1247 mm. © 2017 by Journal of Lake Sciences.

关键词： Evaporation

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Assessing spatio-temporal variations of precipitation-use efficiency over Tibetan grasslands using MODIS and in-situ observations

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2016年第4期10卷 784-793页

作者： Zhengjia LIU Mei HUANG Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China

Clarifying the spatial and temporal variations in precipitation-use efficiency （PUE） is helpful for advancing our knowledge of carbon and water cycles in Tibetan grassland ecosystems. Here we use an integrated remote sensing normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI） and in-situ above-ground net primary production （ANPP） measurements to establish an empirical exponen- tial model to estimate spatial ANPP across the entire Tibetan Plateau. The spatial and temporal variations in PUE （the ratio of ANPP to mean annual precipitation （MAP））, as well as the relationships between PUE and other controls, were then investigated during the 2001- 2012 study period. At a regional scale, PUE increased from west to east. PUE anomalies increased significantly （〉 0.1 g.m^-***^-1/10 yr） in the southern areas of the Tibetan Plateau yet decreased （〉 0.02 g. m^-2. mm 1/10 yr） in the northeastern areas. For alpine meadow, we obtained an obvious breaking point in trend of PUE against elevation gradients at 3600 m above the sea level, which showed a contrasting relationship. At the inter-annual scale, PUE anomalies were smaller in alpine steppe than in alpine meadow. The results show that PUE of Tibetan grasslands is generally high in dry years and low in wet years.

关键词： normalized difference vegetation index（NDVI） Tibetan Plateau inter-annual variations alpinegrasslands exponential model

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Effects of Temperature and Moisture on Soil Organic Matter Decomposition Along Elevation Gradients on the Changbai Mountains, Northeast China

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Pedosphere 2016年第3期26卷 399-407页

作者： WANG Dan HE Nianpeng WANG Qing LV Yuliang WANG Qiufeng XU Zhiwei ZHU Jianxing Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 (China) Agricultural University of Anhui Hefei 230036 (China) College of Geographical Science Southwest University Chongqing 400715 (China)

Decomposition of soil organic matter(SOM) is of importance for CO_2 exchange between soil and atmosphere and soil temperature and moisture are considered as two important factors controlling SOM decomposition. In this study, soil samples were collected at 5 elevations ranging from 753 to 2 357 m on the Changbai Mountains in Northeast China, and incubated under different temperatures(5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30?C) and soil moisture levels(30%, 60%, and 90% of saturated soil moisture) to investigate the effects of both on SOM decomposition and its temperature sensitivity at different elevations. The results showed that incubation temperature(F = 1 425.10, P < 0.001), soil moisture(F = 1 327.65, P < 0.001), and elevation(F = 1 937.54, P < 0.001) all had significant influences on the decomposition rate of SOM. The significant effect of the interaction of incubation temperature and soil moisture on the SOM decomposition rate was observed at all the 5 sampling elevations(P < 0.001). A two-factor model that used temperature and moisture as variables fitted the SOM decomposition rate well(P < 0.001) and could explain 80%–93% of the variation of SOM decomposition rate at the 5 elevations. Temperature sensitivity of SOM decomposition, expressed as the change of SOM decomposition rate in response to a 10?C increase in temperature(Q_(10)), was significantly different among the different elevations(P < 0.01), but no apparent trend with elevation was discernible. In addition, soil moisture and incubation temperature both had great impacts on the Q_(10) value(P < 0.01), which increased significantly with increasing soil moisture or incubation temperature. Furthermore, the SOM decomposition rate was significantly related to soil total Gram-positive bacteria(R^2= 0.33, P < 0.01) and total Gram-negative bacteria(R^2= 0.58, P < 0.001). These findings highlight the importance of soil moisture to SOM decomposition and its Q_(10) value,which needs to be emphasized under warming climate sce

关键词： Gram-negative bacteria Gram-positive bacteria saturated soil moisture soil respiration temperature sensitivity warming climate scenarios

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Promoting the Nexus Approach of Climate, ecosystems and Livelihoods in Africa through China-Africa Cooperation

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Journal of Resources and Ecology 2018年第3期9卷 232-236页

作者： WANG Guoqin FU Chao LIU Jian ZHANG Linxiu Ayub M.O. Oduor Dagne Mojo Mulubrhan Balehegn International Ecosystem Management Partnership United Nations Environment Programme Beijing 100101 China Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China United Nations Environment Programme P.O. Box 30552 Nairobi 00100 Kenya Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China Department of Applied and Technical Biology Technical University of Kenya P.O. Box 52428 Nairobi 00200 Kenya

Africa is facing both challenges and opportunities in pursuing sustainability. The nexus approach of Climate, ecosystems and Livelihoods（CEL） is a promising way to seize the ＂power of integration＂ for achieving sustainability of the African continent. Based on taking stock of the work of various organizations especially the United Nations Environment Programme International ecosystem Management Partnership（UNEP-IEMP） in the Africa, this article explores the demands and opportunities for delivering the CEL approach in Africa and provides perspectives on how to promote it in the framework of China-Africa cooperation in future. It concludes that Africa is one of the focal regions in the delivery of the CEL nexus approach; UNEP-IEMP has launched several major initiatives that lay the foundation for delivering the nexus approach of CEL in Africa; however, more ambitious cooperation should be taken through a broad China-Africa partnership, based on existing institutions, networks and ongoing programmes in both Africa and China, to support future China-Africa cooperation on the nexus approach of CEL.

关键词： Climate ecosystems and Livelihoods （CEL） nexus approach sustainable development China-Africa cooperation

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Application of Multi-Temporal MODIS NDVI Data to Assess Practiced Maize Calendars in Rwanda

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Journal of Resources and Ecology 2018年第3期9卷 273-280页

作者： MUGABOWINDEKWE Maurice MUYIZERE Aline LI Fadong QIAO Yunfeng RWANYIZIRI Gaspard Centre for Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing College of Science and Technology University of Rwanda 3900 Kigali Rwanda Department of Environmental Management Bright Green Nature Ltd 2916 Kigali Rwanda Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China Department of Geography and Urban Planning College of Science and Technology University of Rwanda 3900 Kigali Rwanda

Crop calendar is an important tool providing relevant information on crops cycles in a specific area for effective agricultural management. Crop calendars vary in different areas given dissimilarities in agro-ecosystems＇ characteristics. This research used multi-temporal MODIS NDVI stratification to assess differences in practiced maize crop calendars in various areas of Rwanda. Four（4） sample NDVI strata dominated by agriculture were purposively chosen, and 433 local farmers were randomly selected from the strata for interviews. The collected information helped to know about their maize planting as well as harvesting dates in order to generate maize calendars per NDVI strata. The generated crop calendars were later classified using k-means unsupervised classification, and produced 4 groupings of practiced maize calendars irrespective of NDVI strata. ANOVA results revealed significant differences between both the generated maize crop calendars by NDVI strata and the practiced crop calendars irrespective of NDVI strata, at p = 0.05. Moreover, chi-square tests and t-tests revealed not only a significant relationship between maize calendars and number of crop growing seasons, but also a significant relationship between maize calendars and NDVI strata, at p = 0.05. Finally, findings of this research contrasted the present conviction that there exist a single general maize calendar all over the country. Instead, the results were in accordance with the fact that Rwanda agro-ecosystems differ from East to West in terms of, mainly, altitude and rainfall patterns variations.

关键词： NDVI data stratification crop calendar maize growing season Rwanda

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Experimental warming drives a seasonal shift of ecosystem carbon exchange in Tibetan alpine meadow

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AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY 2017年 233卷 242-249页

作者： Zhu, Juntao Zhang, Yangjian Jiang, Lin Chinese Acad Sci Inst Geog Sci & Nat Resources Res Key Lab Ecosystem Network Observat & Modeling Lhasa Plateau Ecosyst Res Stn Beijing 100101 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Ctr Excellence Tibetan Plateau Earth Sci Beijing 100101 Peoples R China Univ Chinese Acad Sci Coll Resources & Environm Beijing 100190 Peoples R China Georgia Inst Technol Sch Biol Sci Atlanta GA 30332 USA

The effects of warming-shifted plant phenology on ecosystem carbon (C) cycling have received increasing attention in recent years. However, there is a lack of evidence and mechanistic understanding of how warming-shifted plant phenology influences ecosystem C cycling. In this study, we conducted a field experiment to investigate the effects of warming on phenology and ecosystem C exchange in a Tibetan alpine meadow during the 2014 and 2015 growing seasons. Our results indicated that warming led to later green-up in spring by aggravating water limitation but little change in autumn phenology, resulting in shortened growing season length. Interestingly, we found warming caused a seasonal shift of ecosystem C exchange. During the early summer monsoon, ecosystem C uptake was suppressed by warming due to the delay of phenological development. However, warming accelerated ecosystem C uptake and promoted ecosystem C uptake under ample water conditions during the late summer monsoon. As a result, although warming shortened the growing season length, it had no significant effects on gross primary production (GPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP). Our results will improve our understanding of the mechanisms of how warming-shifted plant phenology influences ecosystem C cycling in semiarid alpine ecosystems. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Experimental warming Phenological shifts Growing season length ecosystem carbon exchange Alpine grasslands

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Construction and progress of Chinese terrestrial ecosystem carbon, nitrogen and water fluxes coordinated observation

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2016年第7期26卷 803-826页

作者：于贵瑞任伟陈智张雷明王秋凤温学发何念鹏张黎方华军朱先进高扬孙晓敏 Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research CAS University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Eddy Covariance technique(EC) achieves the direct measurement on ecosystem carbon, nitrogen and water fluxes, and it provides scientific data for accurately assessing ecosystem functions in mitigating global climate change. This paper briefly reviewed the construction and development of Chinese terrestrial ecosystem flux observation and research network(China FLUX), and systematically introduced the design principle and technology of the terrestrial ecosystem carbon, nitrogen and water fluxes coordinated observation system of China FLUX. In addition, this paper summarized the main progress of China FLUX in the ecosystem carbon, nitrogen and water exchange and environmental controlling mechanisms, the spatial pattern of carbon, nitrogen and water fluxes and biogeographical mechanisms, and the regional terrestrial ecosystem carbon budget assessment. Finally, the prospects and emphases of the terrestrial ecosystem carbon, nitrogen and water fluxes coordinated observation of China FLUX are put forward to provide theoretical references for the development of flux observation and research in China.

关键词： eddy covariance technique carbon-water-nitrogen fluxes coupling cycle coordinated observation China FLUX

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