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Revegetation re-carbonizes soil: Patterns, mechanisms, and challenges

Fundamental Research 2024年

作者： Zhang, Qingyin Hu, Yaxian Shao, Mingan Jia, Xiaoxu Wei, Xiaorong State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau Northwest A & F University Yangling 712100 China College of Soil and Water Conservation Science and Engineering Northwest A & F University Yangling 712100 China Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China

Revegetation has been widely implemented throughout the world for controlling soil loss, conserving biodiversity, increasing ecosystem productivity, mitigating climate change, and contributing to soil carbon (C) sequestration. However, systematic knowledge is still lacking regarding the variations, mechanisms, and challenges in soil C sequestration after revegetation despite its crucial role in resolving the ongoing C sink/source debate and achieving the C neutrality targets. In this review, we summarize the spatiotemporal patterns and drivers of soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration in restored ecosystems based on existing studies at multiple spatial and temporal scales and the mechanisms associated with C stabilization in soils after revegetation, and suggest future research into soil C in restored ecosystems. Revegetation, i.e. grassland restoration or afforestation/reforestations, significantly increases the SOC sequestration by 21.4% with rapid SOC accumulation in the initial few years (generally within 30 years), followed by a relatively stable stage. We also clarified the three key mechanisms (including physical protection within soil aggregates, chemical protection by interacting with organo-mineral associations, and inherent biological recalcitrance protection) associated with SOC stabilization in soils after revegetation. Revegetation re-carbonizes soil by increasing new inputs of C and decreasing the ratio of soil C outputs to new inputs of C (i.e., increasing the decomposition of SOC and reducing erosional SOC loss), both of which promote SOC sequestration. Based on the key issues identified in this review, future research should focus on the fate of C sequestrated in soils after revegetation, and feedback to environmental changes and human activities in order to achieve C neutrality by around 2050. © 2024

关键词： Carbon cycling Carbon sequestration mechanism Carbon spatiotemporal variations Future trends Revegetation

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Influences on Phosphorus Availability in Temperate and Subtropical Forest Soils

SSRN

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SSRN 2022年

作者： Liu, Shuang Zhang, Xinyu Dungait, Jennifer A.J. Wang, Jing Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100101 China College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100190 China Geography College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Rennes Drive ExeterEX4 4RJ United Kingdom

Phosphorus (P), an essential element for life and ecosystem function, is a limiting element for plants and microorganisms in forest soil profiles. P availability is affected by three main mechanisms, namely the dissolution of H + , mineralization of enzymes, and assimilation by phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs). The effects of these three mechanisms on P availability vary across different forest biomes because of variability in the soil properties, microbial communities, and interactions in the soil. In this study, we investigated how the physical, chemical, and biological properties of temperate and subtropical forest soils affected the P availability. Using a structural equation model, we found that enzyme mineralization (1.38) had most effect on the available P in these forest soils, followed by PSMs assimilation (0.76), and H + dissolution (0.42). The available P content was higher in the temperate forest soil than in the subtropical forest soil, and the available P decreased with depth in the soil profiles, and was highest in the topsoils and lowest in the subsoils. The enzyme mineralization (acid phosphomonoesterase-V max ) gave good predictions of the available P in the P-poor subtropical forest soil, in line with the economic principles of enzymes. The available P and N contents were positively correlated in the subtropical forest soil, representing a trade-off between the N and P availabilities. The DNA content was the strongest predictor of the available P in the P-rich temperate forest, indicating that PSMs could acquire large quantities of P selectively and store it for potential microbial P sources. Our meta-analysis showed that there was a positive linear relationship between the MBP and available P contents in forest soils worldwide. We also found that the pH had a positive effect on the alkaline phosphomonoesterase-V max and indirectly affected the P availability, which indicates that the enzyme mineralization and the P availability would

关键词： Phosphorus

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Internet of Things to network smart devices for ecosystem monitoring

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Science Bulletin 2019年第17期64卷 1234-1245页

作者： Xin Li Ning Zhao Rui Jin Shaomin Liu Xiaomin Sun Xuefa Wen Dongxiu Wu Yan Zhou Jianwen Guo Shiping Chen Ziwei Xu Mingguo Ma Tianming Wang Yonghua Qu Xinwei Wang Fangming Wu Yuke Zhou Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science Faculty of Geographical Science Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth Chinese Academy o f Sciences Beijing 100101 China Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences Chinese Academy o f Sciences Beijing 100101 China Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Gansu Province Heihe Remote Sensing Experimental Research Station Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology Faculty o f Geographical Science Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100093 China Optoelectronics System Laboratory Institute of Semiconductors Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100083 China Research Base of Karst Eco-environments at Nanchuan in Chongqing Ministry of Nature Resources School of Geographical Sciences Southwest University Chongqing 400715 China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Engineering Monitoring and Research Center for Amur Tigers and Amur Leopards National Forestry and Grassland Administration & College of Life Sciences Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China

Smart, real-time, low-cost, and distributed ecosystem monitoring is essential for understanding and managing rapidly changing ecosystems. However, new techniques in the big data era have rarely been introduced into operational ecosystem monitoring, particularly for fragile ecosystems in remote *** introduce the Internet of Things(IoT) techniques to establish a prototype ecosystem monitoring system by developing innovative smart devices and using IoT technologies for ecosystem monitoring in isolated environments. The developed smart devices include four categories: large-scale and nonintrusive instruments to measure evapotranspiration and soil moisture, in situ observing systems for CO2 and d13 C associated with soil respiration, portable and distributed devices for monitoring vegetation variables, and Bi-CMOS cameras and pressure trigger sensors for terrestrial vertebrate monitoring. These new devices outperform conventional devices and are connected to each other via wireless communication networks. The breakthroughs in the ecosystem monitoring IoT include new data loggers and longdistance wireless sensor network technology that supports the rapid transmission of data from devices to wireless networks. The applicability of this ecosystem monitoring IoT is verified in three fragile ecosystems, including a karst rocky desertification area, the National Park for Amur Tigers, and the oasis-desert ecotone in China. By integrating these devices and technologies with an ecosystem monitoring information system, a seamless data acquisition, transmission, processing, and application IoT is created. The establishment of this ecosystem monitoring IoT will serve as a new paradigm for ecosystem monitoring and therefore provide a platform for ecosystem management and decision making in the era of big data.

关键词： ecosystem monitoring Fragile ecosystem Internet of Things Wireless sensor network Smart device

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Multifunctionality and Thresholds of Alpine Grassland on the Tibetan Plateau

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Journal of Resources and Ecology 2020年第3期11卷 263-271页

作者： SONG Minghua LI Meng HUO Jiajuan WU Liang ZHANG Xianzhou Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of ScienceBeijing 100101China Department of Ecology School of Ecology and EnvironmentInner Mongolia UniversityHohhot 010021China Center for World Geography and Resources Research Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China

ecosystems can simultaneously provide multiple functions and services. Knowledge on the combinations of such multi-dimensional functions is critical for accurately assessing the carrying capacity and implementing sustainable management. However, accurately quantify the multifunctionality of ecosystems remains challenging due to the dependence and close association among individual functions. Here, we quantified spatial patterns in the multifunctionality of alpine grassland on the Tibetan Plateau by integrating four important individual functions based on data collected from a field survey and remote sensing NDVI. After mapping the spatial pattern of multifunctionality, we extracted multifunctionality values across four types of grassland along the northern Tibet Plateau transect. Effects of climate and grazing intensity on the multifunctionality were differentiated. Our results showed that the highest values of multifunctionality occurred in the alpine meadow. Low values of multifunctionality were comparable in different types of grassland. Annual precipitation explained the large variation of multifunctionality across the different types of grassland in the transect, which showed a significantly positive effect on the multifunctionality. Grazing intensity further explained the rest of the variation in the multifunctionality(residuals), which showed a shift from neutral or positive to negative effects on multifunctionality across the different types of grassland. The consistently rapid declines of belowground biomass, SOC, and species richness resulted in the collapse of the multifunctionality as bare ground cover amounted to 75%, which corresponded to a multifunctionality value of 0.233. Our results are the first to show the spatial pattern of grassland multifunctionality. The rapid decline of the multifunctionality suggests that a collapse in the multifunctionality can occur after the vegetation cover decreases to 25%, which is also accompanied by rapid losses of

关键词： individual functions multifunctionality grazing intensity alpine grassland vegetation cover

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Hydrogeomorphic ecosystem Responses to Natural and Anthropogenic Changes in the Loess Plateau of China

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Earth and Planetary Sciences 1000年第1期45卷 223-243页

作者： Bojie Fu Shuai Wang Yu Liu Jianbo Liu Wei Liang Chiyuan Miao 1State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China email: bfu@*** 2State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology Faculty of Geographical Science Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China 3Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China 4University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

China's Loess Plateau is both the largest and deepest loess deposit in the world, and it has long been one of the most severely eroded areas on Earth. Since the 1970s, numerous soil- and water-conservation practices have been implemented: terracing, planting of vegetation, natural vegetation rehabilitation, and check-dam construction. With the implementation of the Grain-for-Green Project in 1999, the Loess Plateau has become the most successful ecological restoration zone in China. However, these large-scale restoration measures and drought have significantly reduced both runoff and sediment from the Loess Plateau. This situation has both advantages and disadvantages for the lower Yellow River. Some local soil erosion has been successfully controlled, but the whole regional ecosystem remains very fragile. Therefore, it is necessary to balance each ecosystem service, for example, by determining the region's vegetation capacity and its spatial distribution for the sustainable development of the socioecological system of the Loess Plateau.

关键词： soil erosion ecological restoration sediment reduction soil desiccation climate change

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Resilience, Adaptability, and Regime Shifts Thinking: A Perspective of Dryland Socio-ecology System

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Journal of Resources and Ecology 2021年第3期12卷 376-383页

作者： PENG Yu ZHANG Qiuying CHEN Yuanzhan XU Ning QIAO Yunfeng TIAN Chao Hubert HIRWA Salif DIOP Aliou GUISSE LI Fadong Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012China School of Mathematics and Statistics Central China Normal UniversityWuhan 430079China National Academy of Sciences of Senegal Dakar 4344Senegal Faculty of Science and Technology University Cheikh Anta Diop of DakarDakar 5005Senegal International Ecosystem Management Partnership-United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP-IEMP) Beijing 100101China

Arid areas are widespread globally and support a third of the world’s population’s livelihoods. The increasing population, urbanization, land-use changes, and the climate significantly affect coupled natural and human systems and threaten environments and socio-ecological land systems. The degradation of drylands poses a severe and widespread threat to the lives of millions of people, especially in developing countries and in the global environment. This review assesses published literature on dryland socio-ecological systems to reveal current research trends and changes in research themes over time and introduces basic theories and advances in dryland socio-ecological system frameworks, resilience measurement, and regime shifts. Developing a more general but adaptable framework and a more practical strategy for long-term coordination and partnership and attaining specific insights into ecological services should receive more attention and be strengthened in future studies on drylands sustainability.

关键词： dryland socio-ecological system coupled human-natural system adaptability resilience sustainability

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Carbon dioxide fertilization enhanced carbon sink offset by climate change and land use in Amazonia on a centennial scale

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Science of the Total Environment 2024年 955卷 176903页

作者： Chen, Bin Xu, Xiyan Wang, Shaoqiang Yang, Te Liu, Zhenhai Falk, Stefanie Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment for Temperate East Asia Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China College of Geography and Information Engineering China University of Geosciences Wuhan China Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich Luisenstr. 37 München80333 Germany

The Amazon, the Earth's largest tropical forest, plays a critical role in the global carbon cycle, acting as a significant carbon sink. Recent studies, however, indicate a decline in its carbon sequestration capacity due to climate variability, intensive deforestation, and fires. This study aims to examine the impacts of these factors on the carbon dynamics of the Amazon over a centennial scale based on dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) of Trendy-v11. It was found that the Amazon region exhibited significant spatiotemporal variations in net land carbon (C) fluxes, and was a net C sink (40.02 ± 242.64 Tg C yr−1) during 1901–2021. The Amazonian net biome productivity (NBP) showed a 6-decades-scale shift from a decreasing trend (−3.78 Tg C yr−2) during 1901–1959 to an increasing trend (2.39 Tg C yr−2) during 1960–2021. The Amazonian NBP was negatively related to air temperature while positively related to dry-season precipitation during 1901–2021. Furthermore, the increase of atmospheric CO2 concentration during 1901–2020 enhanced Amazonian NBP by 36.40 ± 8.39 Pg C, which was largely offset by land use change (−18.84 ± 12.02 Pg C) and climate change (−10.03 ± 5.00 Pg C). Our findings underscore the critical need for sustainable management practices in the Amazon to enhance its C sink and preserve its function in the global climate system. © 2024

关键词： Carbon sequestration

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RESEARCH PROGRESS ON THE IMPACT OF NITROGEN DEPOSITION ON GLOBAL GRASSLANDS

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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2022年第3期9卷 425-444页

作者： Carly J.STEVENS Sofía BASTO Michael DBELL Tianxiang HAO Kevin KIRKMAN Raul OCHOA-HUESO Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster UniversityLancasterLA14YQUK Unidad de Ecologia y Sistematica Departamento de BiologiaFacultad de CienciasPontificia Universidad JaverianaCarrera 7 No.43-82 Ed.Jesus Emilio Ramirez(53)BogotaColombia National Park Service Air Resources DivisionLakewoodCO 80235USA Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and ModelingInstitute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China College of Resources and Environmental Sciences National Academy of Agriculture Green DevelopmentKey Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of Ministry of EducationBeijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and RemediationChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193China School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu-NatalDurban4041South Africa Departamento de Biologia-IVAGRO Universidad de CadizCampus Rio San Pedro11510 Puerto RealSpain Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology(NIOO-KNAW)P.O.Box 506700 ABWageningenthe Netherlands

Grasslands are globally-important ecosystems providing critical ecosystem *** species composition and characteristics of grasslands vary considerably across the planet with a wide variety of different grasslands ***,in many regions grasslands have been impacted by atmospheric nitrogen deposition originating from anthropogenic activities with effects on productivity,species composition and diversity widely *** vary across grassland habitats but many show declines in species richness and increases in biomass production related to soil eutrophication and *** a continental level,there is considerable variation in the research effort that has been put into understanding the impacts of nitrogen *** Europe,North America and parts of Asia,although there are unanswered research questions,there is a good understanding of N deposition impacts in most grassland *** is not the case in other regions with large knowledge gaps in some parts of the *** paper reviews the impacts of N deposition on grasslands around the world,highlighting recent advances and areas where research is still needed.

关键词： acidification biomass production critical load eutrophication species composition species richness

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Improvement of Seasonal-Deciduous Phenology Modelling Using Long-Term observations in China

SSRN

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SSRN 2022年

作者： Lv, Yan Zhang, Li Li, Pan He, Honglin Ren, Xiaoli Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100101 China National Ecosystem Science Data Center Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100101 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China Scholl of Earth System Science Tianjin University Tianjin300072 China

Phenology is an important factor indicating climate and environmental changes. However, phenology models remain large uncertainties. Based on the observation from Chinese ecosystem Research network (CERN), we evaluated leaf unfolding and leaf falling models and proposed a new leaf falling model. And we assessed the effects of the phenology’s improvement on the variation of Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) at FLUXNET sites. We further predicted the phenological dates and its response to temperature in China’s deciduous forests from 1981 to 2015 and from 2016 to 2100 under representative concentration pathway (RCP) 4.5 scenario. The results showed that the alternating model and SummerIA model show a best prediction capacity with the lowest MBE (4–10 days and 2–13 days) and MRE (-8.59 – 4.60% and -2.34 – 3.94%). Moreover, the modified phenology models improved mean value and interannual variation (IAV) of GPP by influencing carbon uptake duration and amplitude. Furthermore, China’s deciduous forests showed extended growing season length, especially in the subtropical region. The advance in leaf unfolding slowed down from 0.20 days/yr to 0.11 days/yr during the two periods because of the faster decrease of chill accumulation than the increase of heat requirement, but the delay in leaf falling changed little. By the last decade of 21st century, the extended growing season length might cause an increase of carbon sink by 193.28 ± 88.8 gC/m 2 /yr. The subtropical region had larger IAV in phenological dates. Despite the similar IAV of phenological dates in deciduous forests during the two periods, the IAV of phenological dates in the cold temperate region still increased due to the enhanced IAV of preseason temperature. Our results suggest that the seasonal-deciduous phenology models used in most terrestrial biosphere models need to update for better prediction of the variability of GPP, carbon sink, and biosphere–atmosphere feedbacks and interactions. © 2022, The Authors.

关键词： Carbon

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Dominant Species Control Effects of Nitrogen Addition on ecosystem Stability

SSRN

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SSRN 2022年

作者： Jia, Xiaotong Tao, Dongxue Ke, Yuguang Li, Wenjin Yang, Tian Yang, Yadong He, Nianpeng Seabloom, Eric W. Smith, Melinda D. Yu, Qiang Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing100081 China Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100101 China Department of Ecology Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota MN55108 United States Department of Biology Colorado State University CO80523 United States

Increased nitrogen (N) deposition is known to reduce the ecosystem stability, while the underlying mechanisms are still controversial. We conducted an 8-year multi-level N addition experiment in a temperate semi-arid grassland to identify which mechanisms (biodiversity, species asynchrony, population stability and dominant species stability) drive the N-induced loss of temporal stability of aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP). We found that N addition decreased ecosystem, population, and dominant species stability;decreased species richness and phylogenetic diversity;increased species dominance;but had nonsignificant effects on community-wide species asynchrony. Structural equation model revealed that N-induced loss of ecosystem stability was mainly driven by the loss of dominant species stability and the reduction in population stability. In addition, the residuals from Taylor’s power law regressions between species production mean and variance were negatively related with species relative production and N addition significantly increased these slopes, supporting that N addition weakened the stabilizing effect of dominant species on ecosystem function. Overall, our results highlight that the dominant species control the temporal stability of ANPP in grassland ecosystem under N addition, which support ‘dominance management’ as an effective strategy for conserving ecosystem functioning in grassland under N deposition. © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Stability

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