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Flood variability in the upper Yangtze River over the last millennium——Insights from a comparison of climate-hydrological model simulated and reconstruction

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Science China Earth Sciences 2023年第3期66卷 547-567页

作者： Ran HUO Hua CHEN Lu LI Chong-Yu XU Jingjing LI Si HONG Chesheng ZHAN Jun XIA State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430072China Hubei Provincial Key Lab of Water System Science for Sponge City Construction Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430072China NORCE Norwegian Research Centre Bjerknes Centre for Climate ResearchJahnebakken 55007 BergenNorway Department of Geosciences University of OsloP.O Box 1047 Blindern0316 OsloNorway Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related and Surface Processes Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China

Understanding hydrological responses to rising levels of greenhouse gases are essential for climate and impact *** is,however,often limited by a lack of long record of observational data to provide a basis for understanding the longterm behavior of the climate *** reconstructed data and(global climate and hydrological)model simulations will help us to better understand the variability of climate and hydrology over timescales ranging from decades to *** this study,we proposed an integrated approach to study flood variability in the upper reach of the Yangtze River over the last millennium to the end of the 21st *** accomplish this,we first drove hydrological models using the precipitation and temperature from four Global Climate Models(GCM),BCC-CSM1.1,MIROC,MRI-CGCM3,and CCSM4,to simulate daily discharge for the upper reach of the Yangtze River during the period of the last millennium(850–1849),historical period(1850–2005),and a future period(2006–2099).Then,we evaluated whether the modeled precipitation,temperature,and extreme discharge had statistical properties similar to those shown in the documented dry-wet periods,temperature anomalies,and paleoflood ***,we explored the extreme discharge variability using model *** results indicate that:(1)The MIROC-ESM model,differing from the other three GCM models,revealed positive temperature changes from the warm period(Medieval Climate Anomaly;MCA)to the cold period(Little Ice Age;LIA),while the temperature variability of the other models was similar to the records.(2)The BCC-CSM1.1 model performed better than the others regarding correlations between modeled precipitation and documented dry-wet periods.(3)Over most of the subbasins in the upper Yangtze River,the magnitude of extreme discharge in the BCC-CSM1.1 model results showed that there was a decrease from the MCA to the LIA period and an increase in the historical period relative to the cold period,whil

关键词： Climate change Flood variability Paleoflood records Climate-hydrological model Upper Yangtze River

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Understanding the spatial representativeness of air quality monitoring network and its application to PM_(2.5)in the China's Mainland

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Geoscience Frontiers 2022年第3期13卷 130-138页

作者： Ling Su Chanchan Gao Xiaoli Ren Fengying Zhang Shanshan Cao Shiqing Zhang Tida Chen Mengqing Liu Bingchuan Ni Min Liu Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration School of Ecological and Environmental SciencesEast China Normal UniversityShanghai 200241China Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China China National Environmental Monitoring Centre Beijing 100012China Institute of Eco-Chongming Shanghai 200241China

Air pollution has seriously endangered human health and the natural ecosystem during the last *** quality monitoring stations(AQMS)have played a critical role in providing valuable data sets for recording regional air *** spatial representativeness of AQMS is a critical parameter when choosing the location of stations and assessing effects on the population to long-term exposure to air *** this paper,we proposed a methodological framework for assessing the spatial representativeness of the regional air quality monitoring network and applied it to ground-based PM_(2.5)observation in the mainland of *** multidimensional Euclidean distance between each pixel and the stations was used to determine the representativeness of the existing monitoring *** addition,the K-means clustering method was adopted to improve the spatial representativeness of the existing *** results showed that there were obvious differences among the representative area of 1820 stations in the mainland of *** monitoring stations could well represent the PM_(2.5)spatial distribution of the entire region,and the effectively represented area(*** area where the Euclidean distance between the pixels and the stations was lower than the average value)accounted for 67.32%of the total area and covered 93.12%of the *** additional stations were identified in the Northwest,North China,and Northeast regions,which could improve the spatial representativeness by 14.31%.

关键词： PM_(2.5) Euclidean distance Spatial representativeness China

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Mega-cities dominate China's urban greening

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Zhang, Xiaoxin Brandt, Martin Tong, Xiaoye Tong, Xiaowei Zhang, Wenmin Reiner, Florian Li, Sizhuo Tian, Feng Yue, Yuemin Zhou, Weiqi Chen, Bin Xiao, Xiangming Fensholt, Rasmus Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region Institute of Subtropical Agriculture Chinese Academy of Sciences Changsha China Hubei Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing of Land and Atmosphere School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering Wuhan University Wuhan China Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystem Chinese Academy of Sciences Huanjiang China State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100085 China Lab Division of Landscape Architecture Faculty of Architecture The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology Center for Earth Observation and Modeling University of Oklahoma NormanOK United States

Trees play a crucial role in urban environments, offering various ecosystem services that contribute to public health and human well-being. China has initiated a range of urban greening policies over the past decades, however, monitoring their impact on urban tree dynamics at a national scale has proven challenging. In this study, we deployed nano-satellites to quantify urban tree coverage in all major Chinese cities larger than 50 km2 in 2010 and 2019. Our findings indicate that approximately 6000 km2 (11%) of urban areas were covered by trees in 2019, and 76% of these cities experienced an increase in tree cover compared to 2010. Notably, the increase in tree cover in mega-cities such as Beijing, and Shanghai was approximately twice as large as in most other cities (7.69% vs 3.94%). The study employs a data-driven approach towards assessing urban tree cover changes in relation to greening policies, showing clear signs of tree cover increases but also suggesting an uneven implementation primarily benefiting a few mega-cities. © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： ecosystems

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Overview of the Measures and Techniques Used to Protect Traffic Lines against Shifting Sands in China

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Journal of Resources and Ecology 2021年第1期12卷 124-135页

作者： MA Ning GUO Qun LI Yu LI Shenggong Key Lab of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China National Ecosystem Science Data Center Beijing 100101China Sino-Danish College University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China Key Lab for Resources Use and Environmental Remediation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China

Shifting sands are one of the main contributors to desertification in China. This paper briefly reviews the measures and techniques which are used to protect traffic lines by stabilizing and fixing sands in the desert and desertification-affected arid and semi-arid areas in north China. We introduce the types and features of these measures and techniques, including mechanical, chemical, and biological measures, and outline how they have been applied in different areas and in different traffic lines over the past six decades, from 1950 s to 2010 s, taking the Baotou-Lanzhou railway, the Qinghai-Tibet railway, and the Tarim Desert highway as examples Mechanical measures such as erecting sand-retaining wind walls and placing straw checkerboards have proved to be very efficient for stabilizing shifting sands and protecting traffic lines that pass through the desert areas. Chemical measures are not widely used in the current sand fixing systems because of their high cost and potential pollution risks. Biological measures are preferred because they exhibit much better sand fixation performance and longer duration than the former two types of measures despite their relatively high cost. A combination of different measures is usually adopted in some areas to attain better sand-fixing effects. Stabilizing sand dune surfaces with mechanical measures or irrigation from underground water or river if available helps early recruitment of some drought-tolerant plants(xerophytes). We also point out the restrictions for existing sand-fixing measures and techniques and future research orientation. This review has implications for addressing eco-environmental issues associated with infrastructure construction that is part of the Belt and Road Initiative in desert and desertification-affected arid and semi-arid areas in the Mongolian Plateau.

关键词： traffic lines desertification shifting sands wind erosion sand fixing system

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Climatic and Biotic Controls of Evapotranspiration Across Grassland ecosystems on Tibetan Plateau

SSRN

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Peng, Siyuan Yang, Yue Luo, Dengnan Zeng, Xiang Liang, Minqi Tao, Long Zhang, Guangru Li, Pan Liao, Weijie Guo, Qun Cao, Ruochen Li, Yuzhe Zhang, Weirong Hu, Zhongmin School of Geography South China Normal University Shipai Campus Guangzhou510631 China Hainan Baoting Tropical Rainforest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station School of Ecology Hainan University Haikou570228 China Facility of Geographical Science Beijing Normal University Beijing100875 China Zhuhai Branch State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology Beijing Normal University Zhuhai519087 China School of Atmospheric Sciences Guangdong Province Data Center of Terrestrial and Marine Ecosystems Carbon Cycle Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Zhuhai510245 China Key Lab of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100101 China College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing101408 China International Institute for Earth System Sciences Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application Nanjing University Jiangsu 210023 China Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications Ministry of Natural Resources School of Geography and Ocean Science Nanjing University Jiangsu 210023 China Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

Comprehending the spatial variations of evapotranspiration (ET) and its components on Tibetan Plateau (TP) is crucial for grasping the dynamics of the regional water cycle and energy balance. However, the influence of various environmental factors on ET and its components remains unclear. This study addresses this gap by utilizing observational data from 14 sites and employing the Shuttleworth-Wallace-Hu (SWH) model to examine the spatial relationships between ET, its components, and influencing factors. The SWH model parameters were optimized using the Monte Carlo method, achieving a satisfactory simulation performance with an average R2 value of 0.75. Our analysis indicates that in alpine meadow, the ratio of transpiration to ET is generally higher (0.55) compared to alpine steppe (0.39). In terms of spatial distribution, both precipitation and leaf area index significantly impact ET and transpiration. Precipitation emerges as the primary driver of interannual spatial variations in ET, while leaf area index plays a pivotal role in regulating proportion of transpiration. Furthermore, our results reveal a transition from water-dominated to energy-dominated in TP grassland ecosystem at an aridity index of 0.73. This finding is significant as it challenges the common application of an aridity index of 0.65 to distinguish arid from humid regions. It suggests that TP grassland, within the 0.65-0.73 range, remain primarily water-driven. These findings enhance our comprehension of the intricate interactions within the water cycle. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Evapotranspiration

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Climatic and Biotic Controls of Evapotranspiration Across Grassland ecosystems on the Tibetan Plateau

SSRN

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Peng, Siyuan Yang, Yue Luo, Dengnan Zeng, Xiang Liang, Minqi Tao, Long Zhang, Guangru Li, Pan Liao, Weijie Guo, Qun Cao, Ruochen Li, Yuzhe Zhang, Weirong Hu, Zhongmin School of Geography South China Normal University Shipai Campus Guangzhou510631 China Hainan Baoting Tropical Rainforest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station School of Ecology Hainan University Haikou570228 China Facility of Geographical Science Beijing Normal University Beijing100875 China Zhuhai Branch of State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology Beijing Normal University Zhuhai519087 China School of Atmospheric Sciences Guangdong Province Data Center of Terrestrial and Marine Ecosystems Carbon Cycle Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Zhuhai510245 China Key Lab of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100101 China College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing101408 China International Institute for Earth System Sciences Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application Nanjing University Jiangsu210023 China Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources School of Geography and Ocean Science Nanjing University Jiangsu210023 China Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

Study region: The Tibetan Plateau in China, the Third Pole of the *** focus: Accurate descriptions of spatial variation in evapotranspiration (ET) and its components on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are crucial for understanding the dynamics of the regional water cycle and energy balance. However, how various environmental factors affect ET and its components remains unclear. This study addresses this gap using observational data from 14 sites and employing the Shuttleworth-Wallace-Hu (SWH) model to examine the spatial relationships between ET, its components, and underlying *** hydrological insights for the region: The SWH model parameters were optimized using the Monte Carlo method, achieving a satisfactory model performance with an average R² of 0.75. The ratio of transpiration to ET was generally higher in alpine meadows (0.55) than alpine steppes (0.39). Across the TP, precipitation and the leaf area index together shaped spatial variation in ET and transpiration. Precipitation emerged as the primary driver of interannual variation in ET, while the leaf area index strongly regulated the proportion of ET accounted for by transpiration. Furthermore, above aridity index values of 0.73, grassland ecosystems transitioned from water to energy. This finding is significant as it challenges the common application of an aridity index value of 0.65 to distinguish arid from humid regions. It suggests that TP grasslands, with an AI of 0.65-0.73, remain primarily water-limited. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Biotic

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Climatic and Biotic Controls of Evapotranspiration Across Grassland ecosystems on the Tibetan Plateau

SSRN

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SSRN 2025年

作者： Peng, Siyuan Yang, Yue Luo, Dengnan Zeng, Xiang Liang, Minqi Tao, Long Zhang, Guangru Li, Pan Liao, Weijie Guo, Qun Cao, Ruochen Li, Yuzhe Zhang, Weirong Hu, Zhongmin Hainan Baoting Tropical Rainforest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station School of Ecology Hainan University Haikou570228 China Department of Geography Faculty of Arts and Sciences Beijing Normal University Zhuhai519087 China Facility of Geographical Science Beijing Normal University Beijing100875 China Zhuhai Branch of State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology Beijing Normal University Zhuhai519087 China School of Geography South China Normal University Shipai Campus Guangzhou510631 China School of Atmospheric Sciences Guangdong Province Data Center of Terrestrial and Marine Ecosystems Carbon Cycle Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Zhuhai510245 China Key Lab of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100101 China College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing101408 China International Institute for Earth System Sciences Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application Nanjing University Jiangsu210023 China Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources School of Geography and Ocean Science Nanjing University Jiangsu210023 China Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

关键词： Monte Carlo methods

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Climatic and Biotic Controls of Evapotranspiration Across Grassland ecosystems on Tibetan Plateau

SSRN

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Peng, Siyuan Yang, Yue Luo, Dengnan Zeng, Xiang Liang, Minqi Tao, Long Zhang, Guangru Li, Pan Liao, Weijie Guo, Qun Cao, Ruochen Li, Yuzhe Zhang, Weirong Hu, Zhongmin School of Geography South China Normal University Shipai Campus Guangzhou510631 China Hainan Baoting Tropical Rainforest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation School of Ecology and Environment Hainan University Haikou570228 China Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province Hainan University Haikou570228 China Facility of Geographical Science Beijing Normal University Beijing100875 China Zhuhai Branch of State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology Beijing Normal University Zhuhai519087 China School of Atmospheric Sciences Guangdong Province Data Center of Terrestrial and Marine Ecosystems Carbon Cycle Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Zhuhai510245 China Key Lab of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100101 China College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing101408 China International Institute for Earth System Sciences Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application Nanjing University Jiangsu210023 China Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources School of Geography and Ocean Science Nanjing University Jiangsu210023 China Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

Understanding the spatial variations of evapotranspiration (ET) and its components on Tibetan Plateau (TP) is pivotal for grasping the regional water cycle and energy balance dynamics. Yet it is unclear how the changes of the intricate synergy among diverse environment factors significantly impacts the patterns of ET and its transformation state. Addressing this gap, this study employed observational data from 14 sites, utilizing the Shuttleworth-Wallace-Hu (SWH) model to investigate the spatial relationships between ET, its components, and influencing factors. Model parameters of SWH were optimized by Monte Carlo method, achieving a commendable simulation performance with a mean R2 value of 0.75. Our analysis reveals that in alpine meadow, the ratio of transpiration (T) to ET (T/ET) is generally higher (0.55) compared to alpine steppe (0.39). The T/ET values for hover around or below 0.5, indicating a balanced contribution of various ET components. Spatially, both PPT and LAI have an impact on ET and T/ET. PPT emerges as the primary driver of interannual spatial variations in ET, while LAI plays a crucial role in regulating T/ET. Our results further demonstrate that a transition from water-dominated to energy-dominated systems in TP grassland ecosystem at an approximately aridity index of 0.73. This is noteworthy considering the general application of an aridity index of 0.65 to delineate arid from humid regions. It implies that TP grasslands, within the 0.65-0.73 range, remain primarily water-driven. This insight holds substantial implications for comprehending water-energy dynamics in similar ecosystems, challenging the conventional binary categorization of arid and humid areas. Such findings are of immense significance in enhancing understanding of the intricate interactions of the water cycle between land and the atmosphere. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Water supply

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Urban Sector Land Use Metabolism Reveals Inequalities and Exploitation Across Cities in Regional Network Analysis

SSRN

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Xie, Wei Yang, Xuechun Han, Zhixiu Sun, Mingxing Li, Yang Xie, Hongyi Yu, Huajun Chen, Bin Fath, Brian Wang, Yutao Department of Environmental Science & Engineering Fudan University Shanghai200438 China Schlossplatz 1 LaxenburgA-2361 Austria Institute of Circular Economy Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing Beijing University of Technology Beijing100124 China Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100101 China Growth Lab Harvard Kennedy School Harvard University CambridgeMA02138 United States Department of Biological Sciences Towson University Towson MD21252 United States Department of Environmental Studies Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather Shanghai200438 China Shanghai Institute for Energy and Carbon Neutrality Strategy Fudan University Shanghai200438 China Shanghai200062 China

Urban land is the primary scene for economic manufacturing and services providing, through which the economic activities and trade flows amplify and cascade, interacting the natural and human systems. However, our understanding of the economic sectoral urban land metabolism remains inadequate. Here, we establish a spatially explicit sectoral urban land use inventory and a virtual land flow network for 13 cities in the Jing-Jin-Ji region in China to understand urban land use metabolism. Results show spatial heterogeneity in urban land use among industries and across spatial scales. Four cities exhibit reverse import and export roles in regional and national virtual land flow networks. It also reveals inequalities in benefit-cost and supply chain networks across cities, and a wide range of control and exploitation relationships in the region. We suggest that Beijing and Tianjin, as main beneficiaries in the regional economic network, are responsible for promoting regional sustainable development collaboration. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Metabolism

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Climatic and Biotic Controls of Evapotranspiration Across Grassland ecosystems on Tibetan Plateau

SSRN

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Peng, Siyuan Yang, Yue Luo, Dengnan Zeng, Xiang Liang, Minqi Tao, Long Zhang, Guangru Li, Pan Liao, Weijie Guo, Qun Cao, Ruochen Li, Yuzhe Zhang, Weirong Hu, Zhongmin School of Geography South China Normal University Shipai Campus Guangzhou510631 China Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation School of Ecology and Environment Hainan University Haikou570228 China Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province Hainan University Haikou570228 China Facility of Geographical Science Beijing Normal University Beijing100875 China Zhuhai Branch of State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology Beijing Normal University Zhuhai519087 China School of Atmospheric Sciences Guangdong Province Data Center of Terrestrial and Marine Ecosystems Carbon Cycle Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Zhuhai510245 China Key Lab of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100101 China College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing101408 China International Institute for Earth System Sciences Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application Nanjing University Jiangsu210023 China Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources School of Geography and Ocean Science Nanjing University Jiangsu210023 China Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

Accurately quantifying spatiotemporal variations in evapotranspiration (ET) and its components on Tibetan Plateau (TP) is crucial for understanding the regional water cycle and energy balance. However, the determinant of spatial variations in ET and its component processes in grassland ecosystems of TP remain unclear. In this study, we used 14 sites observation data and applied Shuttleworth-Wallace-Hu (SWH) model to investigate the spatial relationships between ET, its components, and influencing factors. Our results highlighted the good performance of SWH model. There were corresponding drops in ET on alpine meadow and on alpine steppe. And the ratio of ET and precipitation (ET/PPT) of most sites was less than 1 in alpine meadow. Furthermore, the ratio of transpiration (T) and ET (T/ET) in alpine meadow generally exceeded that in alpine steppe. PPT emerged as the primary driver of interannual spatial variations in ET, while LAI played a crucial role in regulating T/ET. Our results further demonstrated that in the grassland ecosystem of TP, as the aridity index increased, the ET gradually transitioned from being primarily influenced by water supply to energy demand. This transition occurred at an aridity index of 0.73 approximately. The results of this study imply that in the context of global warming, with aridity index in TP decreasing, the ET of more ecosystems will shift from energy-led to water-led. Such findings are of immense significance in enhancing our understanding of the intricate interactions of the water cycle between land and the atmosphere. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Water supply

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