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arXiv 2025年

作者： Ren, Tianqi Li, Rongpeng Zhao, Ming-Min Chen, Xianfu Liu, Guangyi Yang, Yang Zhao, Zhifeng Zhang, Honggang College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou310027 China Shenzhen CyberAray Network Technology Co. Ltd. Shenzhen518000 China China Mobile Research Institute Beijing100053 China The Internet of Things Thrust The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Guangzhou511453 China Zhejiang Lab Hangzhou311121 China Faculty of Data Science The City University of Macau China

Along with the proliferating research interest in Semantic Communication (SemCom), Joint Source Channel Coding (JSCC) has dominated the attention due to the widely assumed existence in efficiently delivering information semantics. Nevertheless, this paper challenges the conventional JSCC paradigm, and advocates for adoption of Separate Source Channel Coding (SSCC) to enjoy the underlying more degree of freedom for optimization. We demonstrate that SSCC, after leveraging the strengths of Large Language Model (LLM) for source coding and Error Correction Code Transformer (ECCT) complemented for channel decoding, offers superior performance over JSCC. Our proposed framework also effectively highlights the compatibility challenges between SemCom approaches and digital communication systems, particularly concerning the resource costs associated with the transmission of high precision floating point numbers. Through comprehensive evaluations, we establish that empowered by LLM-based compression and ECCT-enhanced error correction, SSCC remains a viable and effective solution for modern communication systems. In other words, separate source and channel coding is still what we need!. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Semantics

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Hierarchical Alignment-enhanced Adaptive Grounding network for Generalized Referring Expression Comprehension

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Wang, Yaxian Ding, Henghui He, Shuting Jiang, Xudong Wei, Bifan Liu, Jun School of Computer Science and Technology Xi'an Jiaotong University China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Intelligent Networks and Network Security Xi'an Jiaotong University China Institute of Big Data Fudan University China Shanghai University of Finance and Economics China Nanyang Technological University Singapore School of Continuing Education Xi'an Jiaotong University China Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Big Data Knowledge Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University China

In this work, we address the challenging task of Generalized Referring Expression Comprehension (GREC). Compared to the classic Referring Expression Comprehension (REC) that focuses on single-target expressions, GREC extends the scope to a more practical setting by further encompassing notarget and multi-target expressions. Existing REC methods face challenges in handling the complex cases encountered in GREC, primarily due to their fixed output and limitations in multi-modal representations. To address these issues, we propose a Hierarchical Alignment-enhanced Adaptive Grounding network (HieA2G) for GREC, which can flexibly deal with various types of referring expressions. First, a Hierarchical Multi-modal Semantic Alignment (HMSA) module is proposed to incorporate three levels of alignments, including word-object, phrase-object, and text-image alignment. It enables hierarchical cross-modal interactions across multiple levels to achieve comprehensive and robust multi-modal understanding, greatly enhancing grounding ability for complex cases. Then, to address the varying number of target objects in GREC, we introduce an Adaptive Grounding Counter (AGC) to dynamically determine the number of output targets. Additionally, an auxiliary contrastive loss is employed in AGC to enhance object-counting ability by pulling in multi-modal features with the same counting and pushing away those with different counting. Extensive experimental results show that HieA2G achieves new state-of-the-art performance on the challenging GREC task and also the other 4 tasks, including REC, Phrase Grounding, Referring Expression Segmentation (RES), and Generalized Referring Expression Segmentation (GRES), demonstrating the remarkable superiority and generalizability of the proposed HieA2G. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Electric grounding

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ATHENA: An In-vehicle CAN Intrusion Detection Framework Based on Physical Characteristics of Vehicle Systems

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Wang, Kai Sun, Zhen Wang, Bailing Fan, Qilin Li, Ming Zhang, Hongke School of Computer Science and Technology Harbin Institute of Technology Weihai China Shandong Key Laboratory of Industrial Network Security China School of Big Data and Software Engineering Chongqing University Chongqing China Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society of Ministry of Education Chongqing University Chongqing China Jinan Key Laboratory of Distributed Databases Shandong Inspur Database Technology Co. Ltd Jinan China School of Electronic and Information Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing China

With the growing interconnection between In-Vehicle networks (IVNs) and external environments, intelligent vehicles are increasingly vulnerable to sophisticated external network attacks. This paper proposes ATHENA, the first IVN intrusion detection framework that adopts a vehicle-cloud integrated architecture to achieve better security performance for the resource-constrained vehicular environment. Specifically, in the cloud with sufficient resources, ATHENA uses the clustering method of multi-distribution mixture model combined with deep data mining technology to generate the raw Payload Rule Bank of IVN CAN messages, and then improves the rule quality with the help of exploitation on the first-principled physical knowledge of the vehicle system, after which the payload rules are periodically sent to the vehicle terminal. At the vehicle terminal, a simple LSTM component is used to generate the Time Rule Bank representing the long-term time series dependencies and the periodic characteristics of CAN messages, but not for any detection tasks as in traditional usage scenarios, where only the generated time rules are the candidates for further IVN intrusion detection tasks. Based on both the payload and time rules generated from cloud and vehicle terminal, ATHENA can achieve efficient intrusion detection capability by simple rule-base matching operations, rather than using complex black-box reasoning of resource-intensive neural network models, which is in fact only used for rule logic generation phase instead of the actual intrusion detection phase in our framework. Comparative experimental results on the ROAD dataset, which is current the most outstanding real-world in-vehicle CAN dataset covering new instances of sophisticated and stealthy masquerade attacks, demonstrate ATHENA significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art IVN intrusion detection methods in detecting complex attacks. We make the code available at https://***/wangkai-tech23/ATHENA. Copyright

关键词： network intrusion

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VIS4SL: A visual analytic approach for interpreting and diagnosing shortcut learning

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Knowledge-Based Systems 2025年 320卷

作者： Meng, Xiyu Tang, Tan Zhou, Yuhua Yan, Zihan Deng, Dazhen Wang, Yongheng Wu, Yuhan Wu, Yingcai College of Computer Science and Technology Zhejiang University No. 38 Zheda Road Hangzhou310027 China The State Key Lab of CAD&CG Zhejiang University Hangzhou310012 China Laboratory of Art and Archaeology Image Zhejiang University Hangzhou310007 China Research Center of Big Data Intelligence Zhejiang Lab Hangzhou311100 China

Shortcut learning, a phenomenon where deep neural networks inadvertently learn irrelevant features, has been extensively discussed due to its impact on model generalization and unexpected failures. Interpreting and diagnosing shortcut learning is challenging due to its diverse manifestations and multiple influencing factors. To assist data scientists in these tasks, we introduce VIS4SL, an interactive visual analytics approach that harnesses both human intelligence and computational power. VIS4SL integrates a perturbation-based method with comprehensive visualizations to facilitate an understandable analysis of learned features. We also present a set of comparative visualizations that allow for the evaluation of model explanations against robust proxies, particularly human explanations, to quantify the degree of shortcut learning and assess model components. Two case studies, involving natural image classification and visualization classification, demonstrate the efficacy of VIS4SL in practical applications. Our findings reveal that the model uses the orientation of bars to differentiate between bar charts and Pareto charts. Furthermore, we explore how interactive visualizations enhance data scientists’ understanding of shortcut learning, enabling the development of more precise deep learning models. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Video analysis

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Attention-based unsupervised prompt learning for SAM in leaf disease segmentation

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Knowledge-Based Systems 2025年 320卷

作者： Tian, Luda Yuan, Yingchun En, Qing Ma, Wei Zhang, Guanghui Liang, Fangfang School of Information Science and Technology Hebei Agricultural University Baoding071001 China Hebei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Big Data Baoding071001 China Hebei Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Remote Sensing Application Baoding071001 China Lab School of Computer Science Carleton University OttawaK1S 5B6 Canada Faculty of Information Technology Beijing University of Technology Beijing100124 China

In modern agriculture, leaf disease segmentation is crucial for crop disease management and yield improvement. Since most deep learning-based segmentation models require extensive annotations, pursuing unsupervised methods becomes a practical solution. Although advanced models like the Segment Anything Model (SAM) can produce precise class-agnostic masks without annotations, their reliance on human-interactive prompts limits their utility to unsupervised disease segmentation tasks. To address this limitation, we present UPLS, a novel three-stage framework that leverages unsupervised prompt learning to enable SAM for leaf disease segmentation. This method employs unsupervised contrastive learning to progressively segment leaf and disease areas and automatically generate disease prompts for SAM. Concretely, for fine and intricate lesions, we utilize an improved high-frequency attention mechanism to extract high-frequency features from the leaf area, and construct contrastive losses between global priors and foreground/background features. Furthermore, we devise a strategy to automatically generate disease-related prompts from the segmented leaf and initial lesion regions, enabling SAM to refine disease boundaries without human intervention. Experiments on three public plant disease segmentation datasets show that UPLS outperforms existing non-fully supervised segmentation methods in accuracy and robustness. Source code is available at https://***/Tianluda/UPLS. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Unsupervised learning

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ScanDTM: A Novel Dual-Temporal Modulation Scanpath Prediction Model for Omnidirectional Images

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IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video technology 2025年

作者： Zhu, Dandan Zhang, Kaiwei Min, Xiongkuo Zhai, Guangtao Yang, Xiaokang East China Normal University School of Computer Science and Technology Shanghai200333 China Shanghai Jiao Tong University Institute of Image Communication and Network Engineering Shanghai200240 China Shanghai Jiao Tong University MoE Key Lab of Artificial Intelligence AI Institute Shanghai200240 China

Scanpath prediction for omnidirectional images aims to effectively simulate the human visual perception mechanism to generate dynamic realistic fixation trajectories. However, the majority of scanpath prediction methods for omnidirectional images are still in their infancy as they fail to accurately capture the time-dependency of viewing behavior and suffer from sub-optimal performance along with limited generalization capability. A desirable solution should achieve a better trade-off between prediction performance and generalization ability. To this end, we propose a novel dual-temporal modulation scanpath prediction (ScanDTM) model for omnidirectional images. Such a model is designed to effectively capture long-range time-dependencies between various fixation regions across both internal and external time dimensions, thereby generating more realistic scanpaths. In particular, we design a Dual Graph Convolutional network (Dual-GCN) module comprising a semantic-level GCN and an image-level GCN. This module servers as a robust visual encoder that captures spatial relationships among various object regions within an image and fully utilizes similar images as complementary information to capture similarity relations across relevant images. Notably, the proposed Dual-GCN focuses on modeling temporal correlations from both local and global perspectives within the internal time dimension. Furthermore, drawing inspiration from the promising generalization capabilities of diffusion models across various generative tasks, we introduce a novel diffusion-guided saliency module. This module formulates the prediction issue as a conditional generative process for the saliency map, utilizing extracted semantic-level and image-level visual features as conditions. With the well-designed diffusion-guided saliency module, our proposed ScanDTM model acting as an external temporal modulator, we can progressively refine the generated scanpath from the noisy map. We conduct extensive expe

关键词： Prediction models

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Maximizing Area Coverage in Privacy-Preserving Worker Recruitment: A Prior Knowledge-Enhanced Geo-indistinguishable Approach

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IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security 2025年 20卷 5138-5151页

作者： Zhang, Pengfei Cheng, Xiang Zhang, Zhikun Zhu, Youwen Zhang, Ji Anhui University of Science and Technology State Key Laboratory of Digital Intelligent Technology for Unmanned Coal Mining the School of Computer Science and Engineering Anhui University of Science and Technology Huainan 232001 China Yunnan University of Finance and Economics Yunnan Key Laboratory of Service Computing Yunnan 650221 China Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Key Laboratory of Equipment Data Security and Guarantee Technology Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security Ministry of Education China Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications China Zhejiang University China Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics China University of Southern Queensland China

Worker recruitment for area coverage maximization, typically requires participants to upload location information, which can deter potential participation without proper protection. While existing studies resort to geo-indistinguishability to address this concern, they primarily focus on either specific task locations (Target Coverage) or operate under pre-defined recruitment quotas for an interested region (Area Coverage). These focuses not only yield suboptimal area coverage when scaled but also fail to leverage valuable prior knowledge in the form of participants’ noisy historical registered locations, to enhance both location obfuscation and worker identification processes. To address these limitations, we present WILTON, which optimizes area coverage under geo-indistinguishability by recruiting the minimum number of participants through the strategic utilization of noisy prior knowledge. In WILTON, to generate obfuscated locations, we propose a probabilistic and weight-aware input perturbation mechanism, which groups and weights prior locations rather than using only personal prior locations. To privately identify the recruited workers, we design a grid-based worker identification method, which provides a worst-case performance guarantee of ratio (Formula Presented) to the optimum. We provide a theoretical analysis of the privacy, utility, and complexity guarantees of WILTON. Experimental results over two real-world datasets and one synthetic dataset show that WILTON surpasses the state-of-the-arts by at least 8% in area coverage improvement. © 2005-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Geo-indistinguishability Prior Knowledge Spatial Crowdsourcing Worker Recruitment

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Adaptive Perception for Unified Visual Multi-modal Object Tracking

IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence

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IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence 2025年

作者： Hu, Xiantao Zhong, Bineng Liang, Qihua Shi, Liangtao Mo, Zhiyi Tai, Ying Yang, Jian Guangxi Normal University Guangxi Key Lab of Multi-Source Information Mining Guilin541004 China Guangxi Normal University Security Guilin541004 China Guangxi Normal University Intelligent Technology Guilin541004 China Guangxi Normal University Ministry of Education Guilin541004 China Wuzhou University School of Data Science Wuzhou543002 China Wuzhou University Software Engineering Wuzhou543002 China Nanjing University State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology Suzhou215163 China Nanjing University of Science and Technology School of Computer Science Nanjing210094 China Nanjing University of Science and Technology Engineering Nanjing210094 China

Recently, many multi-modal trackers prioritize RGB as the dominant modality, treating other modalities as auxiliary, and fine-tuning separately various multi-modal tasks. This imbalance in modality dependence limits the ability of methods to dynamically utilize complementary information from each modality in complex scenarios, making it challenging to fully perceive the advantages of multi-modal. As a result, a unified parameter model often underperforms in various multi-modal tracking tasks. To address this issue, we propose APTrack, a novel unified tracker designed for multi-modal adaptive perception. Unlike previous methods, APTrack explores a unified representation through an equal modeling strategy. This strategy allows the model to dynamically adapt to various modalities and tasks without requiring additional fine-tuning between different tasks. Moreover, our tracker integrates an adaptive modality interaction (AMI) module that efficiently bridges cross-modality interactions by generating learnable tokens. Experiments conducted on five diverse multi-modal datasets (RGBT234, LasHeR, VisEvent, DepthTrack, and VOT-RGBD2022) demonstrate that APTrack not only surpasses existing state-of-the-art unified multi-modal trackers but also outperforms trackers designed for specific multi-modal tasks. © 2020 IEEE.

关键词： Multicarrier modulation

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Satisfaction-Aware Incentive Scheme for Federated Learning in Industrial Metaverse: DRL-Based Stackbelberg Game Approach

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Li, Xiaohuan Qin, Shaowen Tang, Xin Kang, Jiawen Ye, Jin Zhao, Zhonghua Niyato, Dusit Guangxi University Key Laboratory of Intelligent Networking and Scenario System School of Information and Communication Guilin University of Electronic Technology Guilin541004 China Nanning530001 China School of Automation Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou510006 China Guangxi Key Laboratory of Multimedia Communications and Network Technology Nanning530000 China School of Computer and Electronic Information Guangxi University Nanning530000 China College of Computing and Data Science Nanyang Technological University Singapore

Industrial Metaverse leverages the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) to integrate data from diverse devices, employing federated learning and meta-computing to train models in a distributed manner while ensuring data privacy. Achieving an immersive experience for industrial Metaverse necessitates maintaining a balance between model quality and training latency. Consequently, a primary challenge in federated learning tasks is optimizing overall system performance by balancing model quality and training latency. This paper designs a satisfaction function that accounts for data size, Age of Information (AoI), and training latency. Additionally, the satisfaction function is incorporated into the utility functions to incentivize node participation in model training. We model the utility functions of servers and nodes as a two-stage Stackelberg game and employ a deep reinforcement learning approach to learn the Stackelberg equilibrium. This approach ensures balanced rewards and enhances the applicability of the incentive scheme for industrial Metaverse. Simulation results demonstrate that, under the same budget constraints, the proposed incentive scheme improves at least 23.7% utility compared to existing schemes without compromising model accuracy. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Federated learning

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Sequence-Aware Online Container Scheduling with Reinforcement Learning in Parked Vehicle Edge Computing

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IEEE Transactions on Vehicular technology 2025年

作者： Wu, Jianqiu Guo, Jianxiong Tang, Zhiqing Luo, Chuanwen Wang, Tian Jia, Weijia Beijing Normal-Hong Kong Baptist University Guangdong Key Lab of AI and Multi-Modal Data Processing Department of Computer Science Zhuhai519087 China Beijing Normal University Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences Zhuhai519087 China Beijing Normal-Hong Kong Baptist University Guangdong Key Lab of AI and Multi-Modal Data Processing Zhuhai519087 China Beijing Forestry University School of Information Science and Technology Beijing100083 China Engineering Research Center for Forestry-Oriented Intelligent Information Processing of National Forestry and Grassland Administration Beijing100083 China

Intelligent vehicles, often parked for long periods, are ideally suited to serve as computational nodes to expand the Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) infrastructure, with containerization significantly enhancing the system's load balancing, self-healing, resource isolation, and security. However, fluctuations in task demand and frequent container image downloads during peak hours create high loads on containerized nodes, as multiple mobile devices offload tasks simultaneously, leading to significant processing delays. Many existing studies make the simplified assumption of predefined patterns of task arrivals, which overlooks this issue and makes suboptimal decisions. In this paper, we consider a Parked Vehicles (PVs)-extended MEC scenario, where multiple devices request services on PVs functioning as edge servers, all controlled by a central base station. Task arrivals follow observed patterns based on long-term trends, such as peak and off-peak periods, resembling realistic arrival patterns rather than predefined ones. To optimize task offloading by identifying these patterns, we propose the Sequence-Aware Task Scheduling (SATS) algorithm, which is a policy gradient-based deep reinforcement learning approach that integrates Transformer and LSTM architectures to capture patterns in time-series task arrivals and relationships between nodes in a collaborative and containerized environment, thereby enhancing the efficiency of online task scheduling. The primary objective of SATS is to optimize the task offloading policy and minimize delay and energy consumption for all devices and PVs. Extensive numerical comparisons against baselines demonstrate the effectiveness and advantages of our algorithm. © 1967-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Mobile edge computing

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