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SmartZone: Runtime Support for Secure and Efficient On-Device Inference on ARM TrustZone

IEEE Transactions on Computers 2025年第6期74卷 2144-2158页

作者： Jian, Zhaolong Liu, Xu Dong, Qiankun Cheng, Longkai Xie, Xueshuo Li, Tao Nankai University College of Computer Science Tianjin300350 China Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Science Technology Tianjin300350 China Haihe Lab of ITAI Tianjin300450 China

On-device inference is a burgeoning paradigm that performs model inference locally on end devices, allowing private data to remain local. ARM TrustZone as a widely supported trusted execution environment has been applied to provide confidentiality protection for on-device inference. However, with the rise of large-scale models like large language models (LLMs), TrustZone-based on-device inference faces challenges in migration difficulties and inefficient execution. The rudimentary TEE OS on TrustZone lacks both the inference runtime needed for building models and the parallel support necessary to accelerate inference. Moreover, the limited secure memory resources on end devices further constrain the model size and degrade performance. In this paper, we propose SmartZone to provide runtime support for secure and efficient on-device inference on TrustZone. SmartZone consists three main components: (1) a trusted inference-oriented operator set, providing the underlying mechanisms adapted to the TrustZone’s execution mode for trusted inference of DNN models and LLMs. (2) the proactive multi-threading parallel support, which increases the number of CPU cores in the secure state via cross-world thread collaboration to achieve parallelism, and (3) the on-demand secure memory management method, which statically allocates the appropriate secure memory size based on pre-execution resource analysis. We implement a prototype of SmartZone on the Raspberry Pi 3B+ board and evaluate it on four well-known DNN models and llama2 LLM. Extensive experimental results show that SmartZone provides end-to-end protection for on-device inference while maintaining excellent performance. Compared to the origin trusted inference, SmartZone accelerates the inference speed by up to 4.26× and reduces energy consumption by 65.81%. © 1968-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Memory management

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Robust Information Retrieval 25

Robust Information Retrieval

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18th ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, WSDM 2025

作者： Liu, Yu-An Zhang, Ruqing Guo, Jiafeng de Rijke, Maarten CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology ICT CAS Beijing China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China University of Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9798400713293

Beyond effectiveness, the robustness of an information retrieval (IR) system is increasingly attracting attention. When deployed, a critical technology such as IR should not only deliver strong performance on average but also have the ability to handle a variety of exceptional situations. In recent years, research into the robustness of IR has seen significant growth, with numerous researchers offering extensive analyses and proposing myriad strategies to address robustness challenges. In this tutorial, we first provide background information covering the basics and a taxonomy of robustness in IR. Then, we examine adversarial robustness and out-of-distribution (OOD) robustness within IR-specific contexts, extensively reviewing recent progress in methods to enhance robustness. The tutorial concludes with a discussion on the robustness of IR in the context of large language models (LLMs), highlighting ongoing challenges and promising directions for future research. This tutorial aims to generate broader attention to robustness issues in IR, facilitate an understanding of the relevant literature, and lower the barrier to entry for interested researchers and practitioners. © 2025 Copyright held by the owner/author(s).

关键词： Adversarial machine learning

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Security analysis and secured access design for networks of image remote sensing

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Digital Communications and networks 2025年第1期11卷 136-144页

作者： Juan Zhao Haibo Dai Xiaolong Xu Hao Yan Zheng Zhang Chunguo Li School of Network Security Jinling Institute of TechnologyNanjing 211169China School of IoT Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications(NJUPT)Nanjing 210003China Jiangsu Key Lab.of Big Data Security and Intelligent Processing NJUPTNanJing 210003China School of Information Science and Engineering Southeast UniversityNanjing 210096China

The secured access is studied in this paper for the network of the image remote *** sensor in this network encounters the information security when uploading information of the images wirelessly from the sensor to the central collection *** order to enhance the sensing quality for the remote uploading,the passive reflection surface technique is *** one eavesdropper that exists nearby this sensor is keeping on accessing the same networks,he may receive the same image from this *** goal in this paper is to improve the SNR of legitimate collection unit while cut down the SNR of the eavesdropper as much as possible by adaptively adjust the uploading power from this sensor to enhance the security of the remote sensing *** order to achieve this goal,the secured energy efficiency performance is theoretically analyzed with respect to the number of the passive reflection elements by calculating the instantaneous performance over the channel fading *** on this theoretical result,the secured access is formulated as a mathematical optimization problem by adjusting the sensor uploading power as the unknown variables with the objective of the energy efficiency maximization while satisfying any required maximum data rate of the eavesdropper ***,the analytical expression is theoretically derived for the optimum uploading *** simulations verify the design approach.

关键词： Image remote sensing Secured access Energy efficiency Sensor transmit power Secured access design

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NeuVSA: A Unified and Efficient Accelerator for Neural Vector Search 31

NeuVSA: A Unified and Efficient Accelerator for Neural Vecto...

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31st IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture, HPCA 2025

作者： Yuan, Ziming Dai, Lei Li, Wen Zhang, Jie Liang, Shengwen Wang, Ying Liu, Cheng Li, Huawei Li, Xiaowei Guo, Jiafeng Wang, Peng Chen, Renhai Zhang, Gong Shanxi University School of Computer and Information Technology China Peking University School of Computer Science China Institute of Computing Technology CAS State Key Lab of Processors China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences China Zhongguancun National Laboratory Beijing China Institute of Computing Technology CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology China Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. China

ISBN: (纸本)9798331506476

Neural Vector Search (NVS) has exhibited superior search quality over traditional key-based strategies for information retrieval tasks. An effective NVS architecture requires high recall, low latency, and high throughput to enhance user experience and cost-efficiency. However, implementing NVS on existing neural network accelerators and vector search accelerators is sub-optimal due to the separation between the embedding stage and vector search stage at both algorithm and architecture levels. Fortunately, we unveil that Product Quantization (PQ) opens up an opportunity to break separation. However, existing PQ algorithms and accelerators still focus on either the embedding stage or the vector search stage, rather than both simultaneously. Simply combining existing solutions still follows the beaten track of separation and suffers from insufficient parallelization, frequent data access conflicts, and the absence of scheduling, thus failing to reach optimal recall, latency, and throughput. To this end, we propose a unified and efficient NVS accelerator dubbed NeuVSA based on algorithm and architecture co-design philosophy. Specifically, on the algorithm level, we propose a learned PQ-based unified NVS algorithm that consolidates two separate stages into the same computing and memory access paradigm. It integrates an end-to-end joint training strategy to learn the optimal codebook and index for enhanced recall and reduced PQ complexity, thus achieving smoother acceleration. On the architecture level, we customize a homogeneous NVS accelerator based on the unified NVS algorithm. Each sub-accelerator is optimized to exploit all parallelism exposed by unified NVS, incorporating a structured index assignment strategy and an elastic on-chip buffer to alleviate buffer conflicts for reduced latency. All sub-accelerators are coordinated using a hardware-aware scheduling strategy for boosted throughput. Experimental results show that the joint training strategy improves recall

关键词： network embeddings

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MDPO: Customized Direct Preference Optimization with a Metric-based Sampler for Question and Answer Generation 31

MDPO: Customized Direct Preference Optimization with a Metri...

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31st International Conference on Computational Linguistics, COLING 2025

作者： Wang, Yihang Tian, Bowen Su, Yueyang Fan, Yixing Guo, Jiafeng Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications Beijing China Guangzhou China CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology ICT CAS Beijing China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

ISBN: (纸本)9798891761964

With the extensive use of large language models, automatically generating QA datasets for domain-specific fine-tuning has become crucial. However, considering the multifaceted demands for readability, diversity, and comprehensiveness of QA data, current methodologies fall short in producing high-quality QA datasets. Moreover, the dependence of existing evaluation metrics on ground truth labels further exacerbates the challenges associated with the selection of QA data. In this paper, we introduce a novel method for QA data generation, denoted as MDPO. We proposes a set of unsupervised evaluation metrics for QA data, enabling multidimensional assessment based on the relationships among context,question and answer. Furthermore, leveraging these metrics, we implement a customized direct preference optimization process that guides large language models to produce high-quality and domain-specific QA pairs. Empirical results on public datasets indicate that MDPO's performance substantially surpasses that of state-of-the-art methods. © 2025 Association for Computational Linguistics.

关键词： Computational linguistics

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AMTrans:Auto-Correlation Multi-Head Attention Transformer for Infrared Spectral Deconvolution

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清华大学学报自然科学版（英文版） 2025年第3期30卷 1329-1341页

作者： Lei Gao Liyuan Cui Shuwen Chen Lizhen Deng Xiaokang Wang Xiaohong Yan Hu Zhu College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics(Future Technology) Nanjing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsNanjing 210003China Jiangsu Province Key Lab on Image Processing and Image Communication Nanjing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsNanjing 210003China National Engineering Research Center of Communication and Network Technology Nanjing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsNanjing 210003China School of Computer Science and Technology Hainan UniversityHaikou 570228China

Infrared spectroscopy analysis has found widespread applications in various fields due to advancements in technology and industry *** improve the quality and reliability of infrared spectroscopy signals,deconvolution is a crucial preprocessing *** by the transformer model,we propose an Auto-correlation Multi-head attention Transformer(AMTrans)for infrared spectrum sequence *** auto-correlation attention model improves the scaled dot-product attention in the *** utilizes attention mechanism for feature extraction and implements attention computation using the auto-correlation *** auto-correlation attention model is used to exploit the inherent sequence nature of spectral data and to effectively recovery spectra by capturing auto-correlation patterns in the *** proposed model is trained using supervised learning and demonstrates promising results in infrared spectroscopic *** comparing the experiments with other deconvolution techniques,the experimental results show that the method has excellent deconvolution performance and can effectively recover the texture details of the infrared spectrum.

关键词： spectroscopy spectral deconvolution transformer auto-correlation mechanism

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Distributed Routing and Data Scheduling in IPNs With GNN-Based Multi-Agent DRL

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IEEE Internet of Things Journal 2025年

作者： Zhou, Xixuan Xu, Ruoyu Tian, Xiaojian Zhang, Yueyue Liang, Yu Chen, Xiaoliang Zhu, Zuqing University of Science and Technology of China School of Information Science and Technology Anhui Hefei230027 China Eastview Secondary School BarrieON Canada Shanghai Satellite Network Research Institute Shanghai Key Lab of Satellite Network Shanghai200120 China

As deep space exploration missions grow in complexity, efficient data transfer in interplanetary networks (IPNs) becomes paramount. However, the vast distances, limited bandwidth, and dynamic nature of IPNs pose significant challenges for the routing and data scheduling of interplanetary data transfers (IP-DTs). To address these challenges, this work proposes a novel distributed, graph neural network (GNN) based multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (DRL) approach that can jointly optimize the routing and scheduling of IP-DTs. Our proposal is based on the proximal policy optimization (PPO) framework along with the graph attention networks (GATs). We make the DRL agents for IPN nodes in each subnetwork around a celestial body learn and operate independently, for making intelligent routing and scheduling decisions to properly trade off between average end-to-end (E2E) latency and delivery ratio of IP-DTs while ensuring good scalability. Extensive simulations confirm that our proposal handles the routing and scheduling of IP-DTs much better than existing benchmarks. Further, by modifying the interplanetary overlay network (ION) software platform developed by NASA, we build a semi-physical IPN emulator based on Raspberry Pi boards, implement our proposal in it, and conduct experiments with real data transfers between IPN nodes. Experimental results verify that our proposal can work for practical IPNs without causing excessive overheads and prove its advantages. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： NASA

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Tailoring Table Retrieval from a Field-aware Hybrid Matching Perspective

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Li, Da Bi, Keping Guo, Jiafeng Cheng, Xueqi CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology ICT CAS China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences China

Table retrieval, essential for accessing information through tabular data, is less explored compared to text retrieval. The row/column structure and distinct fields of tables (including titles, headers, and cells) present unique challenges. For example, different table fields have varying matching preferences: cells may favor finer-grained (word/phrase level) matching over broader (sentence/passage level) matching due to their fragmented and detailed nature, unlike titles. This necessitates a table-specific retriever to accommodate the various matching needs of each table field. Therefore, we introduce a Table-tailored HYbrid Matching rEtriever (THYME), which approaches table retrieval from a field-aware hybrid matching perspective. Empirical results on two table retrieval benchmarks, NQ-TABLES and OTT-QA, show that THYME significantly outperforms state-of-the-art baselines. Comprehensive analyses confirm the differing matching preferences across table fields and validate the design of THYME. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Benchmarking

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Towards Fully Exploiting LLM Internal States to Enhance Knowledge Boundary Perception

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Ni, Shiyu Bi, Keping Guo, Jiafeng Yu, Lulu Bi, Baolong Cheng, Xueqi CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology ICT CAS China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences China

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit impressive performance across diverse tasks but often struggle to accurately gauge their knowledge boundaries, leading to confident yet incorrect responses. This paper explores leveraging LLMs’ internal states to enhance their perception of knowledge boundaries from efficiency and risk perspectives. We investigate whether LLMs can estimate their confidence using internal states before response generation, potentially saving computational resources. Our experiments on datasets like Natural Questions, HotpotQA, and MMLU reveal that LLMs demonstrate significant pre-generation perception, which is further refined post-generation, with perception gaps remaining stable across varying conditions. To mitigate risks in critical domains, we introduce Consistency-based Confidence Calibration (C3), which assesses confidence consistency through question reformulation. C3 significantly improves LLMs’ ability to recognize their knowledge gaps, enhancing the unknown perception rate by 5.6% on NQ and 4.9% on HotpotQA. Our findings suggest that pre-generation confidence estimation can optimize efficiency, while C3 effectively controls output risks, advancing the reliability of LLMs in practical applications © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： Depth perception

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Brain-Conditional Multimodal Synthesis: A Survey and Taxonomy

IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence

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IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence 2025年第5期6卷 1080-1099页

作者： Mai, Weijian Zhang, Jian Fang, Pengfei Zhang, Zhijun South China University of Technology School of Automation Science and Engineering Guangzhou510640 China Southeast University School of Computer Science and Engineering Nanjing210096 China South China University of Technology Key Library of Autonomous Systems and Network Control Ministry of Education The School of Automation Science and Engineering Guangzhou510640 China Institute for Super Robotics Huangpu Guangzhou510555 China Nanchang University Jiangxi Thousand Talents Plan Nanchang330031 China Jishou University College of Computer Science and Engineering Jishou416000 China Guangdong Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy Laboratory Pazhou Lab Guangzhou510335 China Shaanxi University of Technology Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Automation School of Mechanical Engineering Hanzhong723001 China Changsha Normal University School of Information Science and Engineering Changsha410100 China Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology School of Automation Science and Engineering Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Automation Maoming525000 China

In the era of artificial intelligence generated content (AIGC), conditional multimodal synthesis technologies (e.g., text-to-image) are dynamically reshaping the natural content. Brain signals, serving as potential reflections of how the brain interprets external information, exhibit a distinctive one-to-many correspondence with various external modalities. This correspondence makes brain signals emerge as a promising guiding condition for multimodal synthesis (e.g., image, text, and audio), which is crucial for developing practical brain–computer interface systems and unraveling complex mechanisms underlying human perception. This survey comprehensively examines the emerging field of brain-conditional multimodal synthesis, termed AIGC-brain, to delineate the current landscape and future directions. To begin, related neuroimaging datasets and generative models are introduced as the foundation of AIGC-brain decoding and analysis. Next, we present a comprehensive taxonomy according to AIGC-brain methodologies, followed by task-specific representative work and implementation details to facilitate in-depth comparison and analysis. Quality assessments are then introduced for both qualitative and quantitative evaluation. Finally, this survey explores insights gained, outlining current challenges and prospects of AIGC-brain. As a pioneering survey, this article paves the way for future advances in AIGC-brain research. © 2020 IEEE.

关键词： Taxonomies

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