The Industrial Internet of Things or industry 4.0 efficiently enhances the manufacturing process in terms of raising productivity, system performance, cost reduction, and building large-scale systems. It enables the c...
The Industrial Internet of Things or industry 4.0 efficiently enhances the manufacturing process in terms of raising productivity, system performance, cost reduction, and building large-scale systems. It enables the connection of numerous heterogeneous devices and sensors into the internet network through the utilization of revolutionary techniques that transfer the manufacturing paradigm to intelligent processes. The traditional industrial internet of things adopts centralized architectures and complex encryption algorithms that suffer from several cyber-security threats and lead to data leakage, privacy disclosure, and high computational and communicational costs. In our work, we proposed a decentralized, efficient, low-power, scalable, secure, privacy-preserving, and trusting architecture based on a private blockchain network/smart contract and interplanetary file system technology for the Al-NajafyIraq oil refinery factory. That enables autonomous working and provides a high level of security authentication and privacy preservation, P2P communication, remote access, immutability and information backtracking. Traditional blockchaintechnology has storage limitation issues, most recent works adopted external servers or the cloud for storage purposes. Our proposed scheme addresses the limitations of blockchaindata storage by adopting an interplanetary file system (IPFS) network; provides an efficient data encryption mechanism at the perceptual layer by adopting a lightweight encryption algorithm, high-performance, and ultra-low-power consumption ARM Cortex-M microcontroller. In addition, our architecture succeeds in merging blockchaintechnology, IoTs, and an IPFS with the oil refinery as an industrial application area. Moreover, it provides an efficient framework that resists common cyber-security attacks and realizes cyber-security requirements represented by data availability, integrity, and confidentiality.
As a part of the UNDER-ICE experiment, acoustic signals were sent from a fixed position (600m under the water surface) west of Svalbard across the Fram Strait to a vertical receiver array on a mooring 200 km away. The...
As a part of the UNDER-ICE experiment, acoustic signals were sent from a fixed position (600m under the water surface) west of Svalbard across the Fram Strait to a vertical receiver array on a mooring 200 km away. The UNDER-ICE experiment was set up to transmit for two years. The ice conditions along the section varied between partially to fully ice-covered fields according to the ice conditions throughout the 2-year experiment. However, after the experiment, it was found that the signals from the sources were only received in shorter periods during the experiment. In this paper, we investigate several physical characteristics that may be related to the lack of received signals, such as the environmental conditions (e.g., sea ice or oceanographic fronts) and the changes in the source depths during the experiment. In this work, we use the ice-ocean fields from a model reanalysis covering the experimental period. The reanalysis field is compared to oceanographic data obtained during the initial phase of the experiment. The Bellhop model is used to simulate the transmission of acoustic signals using ice-ocean fields from the reanalysis.
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