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A Low-Complexity Synchronization Based Cache Coherence Solution for Many Cores

A Low-Complexity Synchronization Based Cache Coherence Solut...

引用

International Conference on computer and Information Technology (CIT)

作者： Wei Lin DongRui Fan He Huang Nan Yuan XiaoChun Ye Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Key Laboratory of Computer System and Architecture Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy and Sciences Beijing China

computer architectures make a dramatic turn away from improving single-processor performance towards improved parallel performance through integrating many cores in one chip. However, providing directory based coherence protocols for these platforms is too complex and expensive. As a substitute, we propose a synchronization based cache coherence solution, which uses different cache policies according to three flexible software guided scopes (exclusion, producer and consumer scopes) to solve the data-race and coherence problem. Furthermore, this protocol implements word dirty bits (only one bit per word is needed in each L1 cache line) and a special hardware synchronization manager (HSM) to support multi-writer, the write-validate policy and to eliminate the remote un-cache spinning at the ldquoflagrdquo. We evaluate Godson-T, a platform supporting this protocol, against an idealized interleaved dual tag directory based protocol on the Splash2 and two bioinformatics benchmarks. The performance of the synch-based protocol is degraded only at 3.2% on average, but the real chip area is reduced at 32% even if the overhead of HSM is included.

关键词： Protocols computer architecture Hardware Concurrent computing Costs Network-on-a-chip Coherence Tiles Information technology Helium

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Round-robin based scheduling algorithms for FIFO IQ switch

Round-robin based scheduling algorithms for FIFO IQ switch

引用

IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control

作者： Xiao-jing Zhu Hong-bo Zeng Kun Huang Ge Zhang Department of Computer Science and Technology University of Science and Technology China Key Laboratory of Computer System and Architecture Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy and Sciences Beijing China

Network on chip (NoC) has become an active research area for high performance computer. Based on round-robin scheduling algorithm, we present three new scheduling algorithms for FIFO input queue (IQ) switches of network on chip, which are called rr-path, rr-dist and rr-al respectively, rr-path schedules the NoC traffic according to the distance between the source node and the destination node, and rr-dist schedules the NoC traffic according to the distance between the current and the destination nodes, and rr-al schedules the NoC traffic according to the difference between the arrival and the left flits numbers of every ports. We implement these algorithms in a network simulator, and analyze their performance using hotspot and uniform traffic patterns. Compared to round-robin scheduling algorithm, all of the new algorithms can reduce the max communication latency. In most cases, they can also reduce the average communication latency. Consequently, these new algorithms can improve the performance of multiprocessor systems.

关键词： Scheduling algorithm Network-on-a-chip Telecommunication traffic Traffic control Switches Round robin Processor scheduling Delay computer networks High performance computing

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Diagnosis of multiple arbitrary faults with mask and reinforcement effect 10

Diagnosis of multiple arbitrary faults with mask and reinfor...

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Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition

作者： Jing Ye Yu Hu Xiaowei Li Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Key Laboratory of Computer System and Architecture Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy and Sciences Beijing China

ISBN: (纸本)9783981080162

We propose a multiple-fault diagnosis method with high diagnosability, resolution, first-hit and short run time. The method has no assumption on fault models, thus can diagnose arbitrary faults. To cope with the multiple-fault mask and reinforcement effect, two key techniques of construction and scoring of fault-tuple equivalence trees are introduced to choose and rank the final candidate locations. Experimental results show that, when the circuits have 2 arbitrary faults, the average diagnosability and resolution are 98% and 0.95, respectively, with the best case 100% and 1.00. Moreover, in average, even when 21 arbitrary faults exist, our method can still identify 93% of them with the resolution 0.78, increased by 41% and 39% in comparison with the latest work where the diagnosability and resolution are 66% and 0.56. Finally, 96% of our top-ranked candidate locations are actual fault locations.

关键词： Fault diagnosis Circuit faults Testing Fault location Integrated circuit yield Time to market Costs Automatic test pattern generation Test pattern generators Laboratories

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Transparent dynamic binding with fault-tolerant cache coherence protocol for chip multiprocessors

Transparent dynamic binding with fault-tolerant cache cohere...

引用

International Conference on Dependable systems and Networks (DSN)

作者： Shuchang Shan Yu Hu Xiaowei Li Chinese Academy and Sciences Beijing China Key Laboratory of Computer System and Architecture Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy and Sciences Beijing China

Aggressive technology scaling causes chip multiprocessors increasingly error-prone. Core-level fault-tolerant approaches bind two cores to implement redundant execution and error detection. However, along with more cores integrated into one chip, existing static and dynamic binding schemes suffer from the scalability problem when considering the violation effects caused by external write operations. In this paper, we present a transparent dynamic binding (TDB) mechanism to address the issue. Learning from static binding schemes, we involve the private caches to hold identical data blocks, thus we reduce the global masters-lave consistency maintenance to the scale of the private caches. With our fault-tolerant cache coherence protocol, TDB satisfies the objective of private cache consistency, therefore provides excellent scalability and flexibility. Experimental results show that, for a set of parallel workloads, the overall performance of our TDB scheme is very close to that of baseline fault-tolerant systems, outperforming dynamic core coupling by 9.2%, 10.4%, 18% and 37.1% when considering 4, 8, 16 and 32 cores respectively.

关键词： Master-slave Fault tolerance Fault tolerant systems Coherence system-on-a-chip Pipelines

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Variation-Aware Scheduling for Chip Multiprocessors with Thread Level Redundancy

Variation-Aware Scheduling for Chip Multiprocessors with Thr...

引用

Pacific Rim International Symposium on Dependable Computing

作者： Jianbo Dong Lei Zhang Yinhe Han Guihai Yan Xiaowei Li Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Key Laboratory of Computer System and Architecture Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy and Sciences Beijing China

Thread-level redundancy in Chip Multiprocessors(TLR-CMP) is efficient for soft error tolerance. Process variation causes core-to-core (C2C) performance asymmetry across a chip, which should be taken into consideration for application scheduling. In this paper, two types of variations beyond C2C are introduced, i.e., inter-pair and intra-pair variation in TLR-CMP. Intra-pair performance asymmetry can affect the performance of applications differently. Based on the above observation, we firstly formalize the variation aware scheduling in TLR-CMP as a 0-1 programming problem,to maximize the system weighted throughput. An efficient scheduling algorithm, named IntraVarF&AppSen, is then proposed to tackle this problem, which can be proved to be optimal when the number of applications to be scheduled is equal to the number of core pairs. Simulation on a 64-core CMP shows 2.8%-4% improvement in weighted throughput when compared to prior VarF&AppIPC algorithm.

关键词： Yarn Job shop scheduling Redundancy Throughput Scheduling algorithm Cathode ray tubes computer architecture Error analysis Transistors Multiprocessing systems

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A design- for-diagnosis technique for diagnosing both scan chain faults and combinational circuit faults

A design- for-diagnosis technique for diagnosing both scan c...

引用

Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference

作者： Fei Wang Yu Hu Huawei Li Xiaowei Li Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Key Laboratory of Computer System and Architecture Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy and Sciences Beijing China

ISBN: (纸本)9781424419210

The amount of die area consumed by scan chains and scan control circuit can range from 15%~30%, and scan chain failures account for almost 50% of chip failures. As the conventional diagnosis process usually runs on the faulty free scan chain, scan chain faults may disable the diagnostic process, leaving large failure area to time-consuming failure analysis. In this paper, a design-for-diagnosis (DFD) technique is proposed to diagnose faulty scan chains precisely and efficiently, moreover, with the assistant of the proposed technique, the conventional logic diagnostic process can be carried on with faulty scan chains. The proposed approach is entirely compatible with conventional scan-based design. Previously proposed software-based diagnostic methods for conventional scan designs can still be applied to our design. Experiments on ISCAS'89 benchmark circuits are conducted to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed DFD technique.

关键词： Circuit faults Combinational circuits Fault diagnosis Design for disassembly Circuit testing Software testing Signal processing Flip-flops Logic Laboratories

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Desynchronize a legacy floating-point adder with operand-dependant delay elements

Desynchronize a legacy floating-point adder with operand-dep...

引用

IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and systems (ISCAS)

作者： Jun Xu Hong Wang Key Laboratory of Computer System and Architecture ICT Chinese Academy and Sciences Beijing China University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing Beijing CN

De-synchronization is a fast and simple way to design an asynchronous circuit, but it has inherent limitation on performance improvement due to the traditional delay element implementation method. In this paper, a length-variable delay element is introduced to help us design a high performance asynchronous floating-point adder. The completion time can be automatically adjusted depending on the operation and operand; therefore, the useless waiting time and energy are effectively eliminated. The experimental result shows that our proposal has 33% performance advantages over the synchronous version and the traditional desynchronized implementation.

关键词： Delay Pipelines Adders Asynchronous circuits Synchronization Proposals

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Utility analysis for Internet-oriented server consolidation in VM-based data centers

Utility analysis for Internet-oriented server consolidation ...

引用

IEEE International Conference on Cluster Computing

作者： Ying Song Yanwei Zhang Yuzhong Sun Weisong Shi Key Laboratory of Computer System and Architecture Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy and Sciences Beijing China Wayne State University Detroit USA

Server consolidation based on virtualization technology will simplify system administration, reduce the cost of power and physical infrastructure, and improve utilization in today's Internet-service-oriented enterprise data centers. How much power and how many servers for the underlying physical infrastructure are saved via server consolidation in VM-based data centers is of great interest to administrators and designers of those data centers. Various workload consolidations differ in saving power and physical servers for the infrastructure. The impacts caused by virtualization to those concurrent services are fluctuating considerably which may have a great effect on server consolidation. This paper proposes a utility analytic model for Internet-oriented server consolidation in VM-based data centers, modelling the interaction between server arrival requests with several QoS requirements, and capability flowing amongst concurrent services, based on the queuing theory. According to features of those services' workloads, this model can provide the upper bound of consolidated physical servers needed to guarantee QoS with the same loss probability of requests as in dedicated servers. At the same time, it can also evaluate the server consolidation in terms of power and utility of physical servers. Finally, we verify the model via a case study comprised of one e-book database service and one e-commerce Web service, simulated respectively by TPC-W and SPECweb2005 benchmarks. Our experiments show that the model is simple but accurate enough. The VM-based server consolidation saves up to 50% physical infrastructure, up to 53% power, and improves 1.7 times in CPU resource utilization, without any degradation of concurrent services' performance, running on Rainbow - our virtual computing platform.

关键词： Web server Costs Web and internet services Queueing analysis Upper bound Databases Web services Resource management Degradation Concurrent computing

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Design of New Hash Mapping Functions

Design of New Hash Mapping Functions

引用

International Conference on computer and Information Technology (CIT)

作者： Fenglong Song Zhiyong Liu Dongrui Fan Junchao Zhang Lei Yu Nan Yuan Wei Lin Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Key Laboratory of Computer System and Architecture Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy and Sciences Beijing China

Conflict can decrease performance of computer severely, such as bank conflicts reduce bandwidth of interleave multibank memory systems and conflict misses reduce effective on-chip capacity, and this incurs much conflict miss further. Conflicts can be avoided by a suitable address mapping scheme which maps the most frequently occurring patterns conflict-free. In this paper, we present a new XOR-based mapping scheme, called XORM, which focuses on multi-bank shared cache of on-chip many-core architecture. The XORM mapping scheme can map arbitrary bits of address to set indices and compute each set index bit as XOR of a transpositional subset of the bits in the address. Then, we analyze necessary characteristics of an address mapping scheme to avoid conflict in many-core architecture. Next, we give a case study to design optimal hash functions based on XORM scheme for skewed-associative cache. Finally, we introduce another case study, in which we illustrate how to design an XORM mapping scheme with lower implementation cost, complexity and computing latency in shared cache of chipped many-core architecture. The evaluated results show the effectiveness of XORM mapping scheme.

关键词： computer architecture Delay Bandwidth Costs Information technology Laboratories system-on-a-chip Hardware High performance computing Polynomials

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Address Remapping for Static NUCA in NoC-Based Degradable Chip-Multiprocessors

Address Remapping for Static NUCA in NoC-Based Degradable Ch...

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Pacific Rim International Symposium on Dependable Computing

作者： Ying Wang Lei Zhang Yinhe Han Huawei Li Xiaowei Li Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Key Laboratory of Computer System and Architecture Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy and Sciences Beijing China

Large scale Chip-Multiprocessors (CMPs) generally employ Network-on-Chip (NoC) to connect the last level cache (LLC), which is generally organized as distributed NUCA (non-uniform cache access) arrays for scalability and efficiency. On the other hand, aggressive technology scaling induces severe reliability problems, causing on-chip components (e.g., cores, cache banks, routers) failure due to manufacture defects or on-line hardware faults. Typical degradable CMPs should possess the ability to work around defects by disabling faulty components. For static NUCA architecture, when cache banks attached to a computing node are disabled, however, certain physical address sections will no longer be accessible. Prior approaches such as sets reduction introduced in Intel Xeon processor 7100 series enable turning off cache banks by masking certain sets bits in physical address1, which greatly wastes cache capacity. In this paper, we propose to tackle the above problem in a finer granularity to restrict the capacity loss in NUCA cache. Cache accesses to isolated nodes are redirected based on the utility-driven address remapping scheme that reduces data blocks conflicts in fault-tolerant shared-LLC. We evaluate our technique using GEMS simulator. Experimental results show that address remapping achieves significant improvement over the conventional cache sizing scheme.

关键词： Tiles Nickel Hardware Fault tolerance Fault tolerant systems Prediction algorithms computer architecture

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