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FedMLC: White-box Model Watermarking for Copyright Protection in Federated Learning for IoT Environment

IEEE Internet of Things Journal 2025年

作者： Chen, Weitong Zhang, Wei Wu, Di Keskinarkaus, Anja Seppanen, Tapio Zhang, Jiale Gao, Longxiang Luan, Tom H. Yangzhou University School of Information Engineering Yangzhou225009 China ToowoombaQLD4350 Australia University of Oulu Physiological Signal Analysis Team Center for Machine Vision and Signal Analysis Oulu90014 Finland University of Southern Queensland SoMPC ToowoombaQLD4350 Australia Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security Ministry of Education Shandong Computer Science Center Jinan250353 China Shandong Fundamental Research Center for Computer Science Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Computer Networks Jinan250014 China Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Cyber Science and Engineering Xi'an710049 China

With the widespread application of the Internet of Things (IoT), data processing has gradually migrated to edge devices that are closer to the data source. This shift has significantly improved the ability of real-time data analysis while effectively reducing bandwidth requirements and latency. Furthermore, Federated Learning (FL) has been introduced as a decentralized training method to achieve collaborative training of multiple devices while ensuring local data privacy. However, malicious clients in FL may theft trained models for unauthorized use, which causes model misuse or copyright challenges. To address these issues, this paper proposes FedMLC (Malicious client detection, Leakage tracing, and Copyright verification), a server-side white-box watermarking scheme. FedMLC utilizes the embedded watermark at different stages to achieve both traceability and copyright verification, simplifying the watermarking process. Additionally, the watermarking can also detect malicious clients in FL. Specifically, FedMLC uses the regularization term to guide the parameter signs of the normalization layer to be consistent with the watermark sign, thereby achieving watermark embedding. Experimental results show that our FL model watermarking scheme excels in malicious client detection, leakage tracing, and copyright verification, with minimal impact on model performance, able to resist various attacks such as fine-tuning, pruning, and quantization. © 2014 IEEE.

关键词： Federated learning

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DRL-Based Time-Varying Workload Scheduling With Priority and Resource Awareness

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IEEE Transactions on network and Service Management 2025年

作者： Liu, Qifeng Fan, Qilin Zhang, Xu Li, Xiuhua Wang, Kai Xiong, Qingyu Chongqing University School of Big Data and Software Engineering Chongqing400044 China Chongqing University Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society of Ministry of Education Chongqing400044 China Nanjing University School of Electronic Science and Engineering Nanjing210023 China Haihe Laboratory of Information Technology Application Innovation Tianjin300072 China Harbin Institute of Technology School of Computer Science and Technology Weihai264209 China Shandong Key Laboratory of Industrial Network Security Weihai264209 China

With the proliferation of cloud services and the continuous growth in enterprises' demand for dynamic multi-dimensional resources, the implementation of effective strategy for time-varying workload scheduling has become increasingly significant. In this paper, we propose a deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-based method for time-varying workload scheduling, aiming to allocate resources efficiently across servers in the cluster. Specifically, we integrate a classifier and queue scorer to construct a priority queue that exploits temporal resource utilization patterns across different workload classes. Then, we design parallel graph attention layers to capture the dimensional features and temporal dynamics of cloud server cluster. Moreover, we propose a DRL algorithm to generate scheduling strategies that can adapt to dynamic environments. Validation on real-world traces from Google cluster demonstrates that our method outperforms existing approaches in key metrics of cloud server cluster management. © 2004-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Cloud platforms

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Graph Learning-Based Multi-User Multi-Task Offloading in Wireless computing power networks

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IEEE Internet of Things Journal 2025年

作者： Dai, Yueyue Rao, Xiaoyang Gu, Bruce Qu, Youyang Yang, Huiran Lu, Yunlong Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Center of6G Mobile Communications School of Cyber Science and Engineering Wuhan430074 China Qilu University of Technology Shandong Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security Ministry of Education China Australia University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Information Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China and the School of Cyber Security Beijing China Beijing Jiaotong University School of Electronic and Information Engineering Beijing100044 China

To enhance service quality, wireless computing power networks (WCPNs) need to realize flexible scheduling and allocation of computation resources across heterogeneous computing servers. Due to large user scales and diverse computation tasks, it is difficult for the current WCPN to serve multiple users and handle multiple tasks concurrently. Graph learning is a promising approach that can learn the representations of nodes through graph structures, enabling the exploration of dependencies among multiple users and tasks, and thereby facilitating computation task offloading. In this paper, we propose a graph learning-based multi-user multi-task offloading scheme for WCPN. First, we propose a wireless computing power network with multi-user and multi-task in which users need to make full use of distributed computing resources through task offloading to ensure efficient task execution. We formulate a system energy consumption minimization problem to jointly optimize computation resources, transmission power, and task offloading. To address the problem, we utilize graph learning to transform the joint optimization problem into a graph regression problem and leverage line graph to explore the solution. Numerical results demonstrate that our proposed scheme can improve computation efficiency, enhance optimization performance, and maintain transferability compared with the benchmarks. © 2014 IEEE.

关键词： computing power

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Few-Shot Photovoltaic Film Defect Detection with Contextual Ensemble Language-Image Multimodal network

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IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 2025年

作者： Wang, Huiyan Peng, Ruihao Zhu, Yiheng Li, Jiachen Zhou, Mengchu Ying, Ming Wang, Shouguang Zhejiang Gongshang University School of Computer Science and Technology Hangzhou 310018 China Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security Ministry of Education Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan) Jinan 250014 China Shandong Fundamental Research Center for Computer Science Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Computing Power Internet and Service Computing Jinan 250353 China New Jersey Institute of Technology Helen and John C. Hartmann Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Newark 07102 NJ United States Zhejiang Gongshang University School of Information and Electronic Engineering Hangzhou 310018 China

The automatic detection of defects in industrial photovoltaic film is crucial for ensuring the reliability of photovoltaic modules. key challenges include limited defect samples, interclass feature similarities, and interference from complex backgrounds. Existing deep learning-based methods require large-scale datasets and focus solely on visual data, which limits their effectiveness in few-shot defect detection (FSDD). To address these challenges, we propose Contextual Ensemble Language-Image multimodal network (CELIN), which enhances FSDD in photovoltaic films by incorporating textual information through prompt tuning. Unlike traditional language-image models that rely on single fixed text prompts, CELIN employs a position-aware context ensemble strategy to integrate position-specific prompt vectors, enabling the model to capture global contextual information and reduce background interference. In addition, a cross class mask method is introduced to differentiate between similar defect categories by blocking interclass interactions during attention computation, thereby minimizing misclassification. Extensive experiments on our own few-shot photovoltaic film defect dataset and various public benchmarks demonstrates that CELIN significantly outperforms existing methods. © 2005-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Contextual ensemble prompt tuning few-shot surface defect detection photovoltaic film defect detection vision-language multimodal model

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ATHENA: An In-vehicle CAN Intrusion Detection Framework Based on Physical Characteristics of Vehicle Systems

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Wang, Kai Sun, Zhen Wang, Bailing Fan, Qilin Li, Ming Zhang, Hongke School of Computer Science and Technology Harbin Institute of Technology Weihai China Shandong Key Laboratory of Industrial Network Security China School of Big Data and Software Engineering Chongqing University Chongqing China Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society of Ministry of Education Chongqing University Chongqing China Jinan Key Laboratory of Distributed Databases Shandong Inspur Database Technology Co. Ltd Jinan China School of Electronic and Information Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing China

With the growing interconnection between In-Vehicle networks (IVNs) and external environments, intelligent vehicles are increasingly vulnerable to sophisticated external network attacks. This paper proposes ATHENA, the first IVN intrusion detection framework that adopts a vehicle-cloud integrated architecture to achieve better security performance for the resource-constrained vehicular environment. Specifically, in the cloud with sufficient resources, ATHENA uses the clustering method of multi-distribution mixture model combined with deep data mining technology to generate the raw Payload Rule Bank of IVN CAN messages, and then improves the rule quality with the help of exploitation on the first-principled physical knowledge of the vehicle system, after which the payload rules are periodically sent to the vehicle terminal. At the vehicle terminal, a simple LSTM component is used to generate the Time Rule Bank representing the long-term time series dependencies and the periodic characteristics of CAN messages, but not for any detection tasks as in traditional usage scenarios, where only the generated time rules are the candidates for further IVN intrusion detection tasks. Based on both the payload and time rules generated from cloud and vehicle terminal, ATHENA can achieve efficient intrusion detection capability by simple rule-base matching operations, rather than using complex black-box reasoning of resource-intensive neural network models, which is in fact only used for rule logic generation phase instead of the actual intrusion detection phase in our framework. Comparative experimental results on the ROAD dataset, which is current the most outstanding real-world in-vehicle CAN dataset covering new instances of sophisticated and stealthy masquerade attacks, demonstrate ATHENA significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art IVN intrusion detection methods in detecting complex attacks. We make the code available at https://***/wangkai-tech23/ATHENA. Copyright

关键词： network intrusion

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Spatio-temporal GNN-Based Cell-Free Massive MIMO network with Maximal Benefit-Cost Ratio

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IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 2025年

作者： Jiang, Jing Li, Yanni Ye, Yinghui Feng, Dan Zhang, Jiayi Sutthiphan, Worakrin Niyato, Dusit Xi'an Uni versity of Posts and Telecommunications Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Information Communication Network and Security Xi'an710121 China Beijing Jiaotong University Frontiers Science Center for Smart High-Speed Railway System Beijing100044 China National Telecommunication Public Company Mobile System Development Department Bangkok10210 Thailand Nanyang Technological University College of Computing and Data Science Singapore

Due to the network's rapid expansion, mobile networks bear extra high deployment costs. Being a key enabler of 6th generation (6G) mobile networks, it is crucial that cell-free massive MIMO (CF mMIMO) networks achieve green and cost-effective development. In this correspondence, we propose spatio-temporal graph neural networks (STGNN)-based CF mMIMO networks with a maximal benefit-cost ratio. First, we formulate a new coverage cost metric named benefit-cost ratio (BCR), which can evaluate the deployment cost while fulfilling various traffic requirements. Next, CF mMIMO networks are modeled as a spatio-temporal graph to utilize STGNN to extract the spatial-temporal properties of traffic demands. Finally, STGNN optimizes the number and location of access points (APs) based on the maximal BCR criterion so that the CF mMIMO networks can achieve on-demand service capability with minimum deployment cost. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can significantly reduce the deployment cost while providing on-demand and high-quality mobile service. © 1967-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Mobile telecommunication systems

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Design and implementation of an intelligent penetration security assessment system based on Graph Neural network (GNN) technology

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Journal of Cyber security Technology 2025年

作者： Xu, Chuanmao Du, Jinran Lai, Boyu Wang, Hong Zheng, Hongliang Dai, Tao Liang, Zhihong Yang, Yiwei Digitalization and Information Security Center CSG Electric Power Research Institute Guangzhou China Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Power System Network Security Guangzhou China

To enhance security assessment and intelligence in penetration testing, this study employs a Graph Neural network (GNN) to model network states in complex environments and dynamic decision-making scenarios. Integrating an improved Deep Q-network (DQN), the intelligent agent’s threat path discovery is optimized and evaluated. Using the NASim platform to simulate network environments, multi-layer graph convolutional networks extract features, while pre-trained models and residual connections enhance performance. The model’s effectiveness is assessed based on cumulative reward values and operation steps, testing action space optimization and convergence. Experimental results show that the improved DQN significantly boosts efficiency, reducing steps per round from 35.5 to 12.75 after 800 training rounds. Decoupling techniques shrink the action space to 12.6% of its original size. In vulnerability detection, the method achieves 68.13% accuracy, a 6.05% improvement over conventional pre-trained models, and outperforms others in F1 score and recall. This study enables intelligent penetration detection and assessment by constructing a comprehensive network behavior graph, allowing the system to learn and recognize complex attack patterns effectively. © 2025 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

关键词： DQN GNN multi-layer graph convolutional network penetration testing safety

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computing power in the Sky: Digital Twin-assisted Collaborative computing with Multi-UAV networks

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IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 2025年

作者： Wang, Chao Han, Yu Zhang, Long Jia, Ziye Zhang, Hongliang Hong, Choong Seon Han, Zhu Hebei University of Engineering School of Information and Electrical Engineering Handan056038 China Qilu University of Technology Shandong Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security Ministry of Education Jinan250014 China Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics College of Electronic and Information Engineering Nanjing211106 China Southeast University National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory Jiangsu Nanjing211111 China Peking University State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks School of Electronics Beijing100871 China Kyung Hee University Department of Computer Science and Engineering Gyeonggi-do Yongin-si17104 Korea Republic of University of Houston Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering HoustonTX77004 United States Kyung Hee University Department of Computer Science and Engineering Seoul446-701 Korea Republic of

The collaboration of computing powers (CPs) among unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)-mounted edge servers is essential to handle data-intensive tasks of user equipments (UEs). This paper presents a multi-UAV computing power network (CPN) that orchestrates the CP resources of edge servers to cooperatively process tasks through collaborative computing. Due to the frequent interactions among edge servers and the increased complexities for large-scale task executions, we propose a digital twin (DT)-driven multi-UAV CPN framework, where the aerial DT network is created as a digital replica of the multi-UAV network to assist collaborative computing. A joint optimization problem of the service association, offloading power control, task partitions, CP allocation, and UAV trajectory design is formulated to minimize the long-term average delay of UEs. We use the Lyapunov technique to tackle the long-term energy constraint, forming a tractable optimization problem, which is modeled as a Markov decision process to balance the UAV's deficit queue stability and the UE's task completion delay. A hybrid soft actor-critic based deep reinforcement learning algorithm is developed to optimize the joint design by sampling the hybrid action from the Gumbel and Gaussian distributions. Simulation results verify that the multi-UAV CPN contributes to significant performance gains when supported by DTs. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： Markov processes

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A 3D Memristive Cubic Map with Dual Discrete Memristors: Design, Implementation, and Application in Image Encryption

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IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 2025年

作者： Gao, Suo Iu, Herbert Ho-Ching Erkan, Ugur Simsek, Cemaleddin Toktas, Abdurrahim Cao, Yinghong Wu, Rui Mou, Jun Li, Qi Wang, Chunpeng Dalian Polytechnic University School of Information Science and Engineering Dalian116034 China The University of Western Australia School of Electrical Electronic and Computer Engineering Perth6009 Australia Faculty of Engineering Electrical and Electronics Engineering Respectively Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University Karaman70200 Turkey Ankara University Engineering Faculty Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Engineering Ankara06830 Turkey Harbin Institute of Technology School of Computer Science and Technology Harbin150001 China Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security Ministry of Education Shandong Computer Science Center National Supercomputer Center in Jinan Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Computer Networks Shandong Fundamental Research Center for Computer Science Jinan250000 China

Discrete chaotic systems based on memristors exhibit excellent dynamical properties and are more straightforward to implement in hardware, making them highly suitable for generating cryptographic keystreams. However, most existing memristor-based chaotic systems rely on a single memristor. This paper introduces a novel discrete chaotic system employing dual memristors, named the 3D memristive cubic map with dual discrete memristors (3D-MCM). The 3D-MCM system demonstrates richer and more intricate dynamical behaviors compared to its single-memristor counterparts, as verified through bifurcation diagrams, Lyapunov exponent spectra, and complexity analyses. Notably, the system exhibits coexisting attractors, substantially enhancing its dynamical complexity. Hardware implementation of the 3D-MCM attractors confirms its feasibility for industrial applications. To illustrate the system's potential in encryption tasks, this study integrates the quaternary-based permutation and dynamic emanating diffusion (QPDED-IE) scheme for image encryption with the *** results demonstrate that the QPDED-IE scheme based on the 3D-MCM exhibits strong diffusion and confusion properties, effectively resisting cryptanalytic attacks. © 1991-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Bifurcation (mathematics)

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SONICUMOS: An Enhanced Active Face Liveness Detection System via Ultrasonic and Video Signals

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IEEE Transactions on Mobile computing 2025年

作者： Wu, Yihao Jiang, Peipei Cheng, Jianhao Zhao, Lingchen Shen, Chao Wang, Cong Wang, Qian Wuhan University Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing Ministry of Education School of Cyber Science and Engineering Wuhan430072 China Wuhan University School of Cyber Science and Engineering Hubei430072 China Laboratory for AI-Powered Financial Technologies Ltd. 999077 Hong Kong Xi'An Jiaotong University MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security Xi'an710049 China Xi'An Jiaotong University School of Cyber Science and Engineering Xi'an710049 China City University of Hong Kong Department of Computer Science 999077 Hong Kong

SONICUMOS is an enhanced behavior-based face liveness detection system that combines ultrasonic and video signals to sense the 3D head gestures. As face authentication becomes increasingly prevalent, the need for a reliable liveness detection system is paramount. Traditional behavior-based liveness detection methods (e.g., eye-blinking, nodding, etc.), which are widely deployed in mission-critical scenarios like finance and banking applications today, are prone to advanced media-based facial forgery attacks. SONICUMOS aims to incorporate the traditional behaviorbased method for active liveness detection without introducing extra user burden. By employing ultrasonic signals, SONICUMOS capitalizes on the head gestures, significantly raising the security bar. Our approach utilizes the frequency-modulated continuouswave (FMCW) ultrasonic radar for robust 3D gesture recognition compatible with face authentication. We also propose a new dual-feature fusion network that integrates audio and video features at the feature level to increase detection accuracy and resilience against numerous attacks. Our prototype has been tested on seven off-the-shelf Android/iOS smartphones, achieving an overall detection accuracy of 95.83% at an equal error rate (EER) of 4.96% when dealing with 3D impersonation attacks © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： Frequency modulation

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