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Factors and detection capability of look-ahead logging while drilling (LWD) tools

petroleum Science 2025年第2期22卷 850-867页

作者： Ran-Ming Liu Wen-Xiu Zhang Wen-Xuan Chen Peng-Fei Liang Xing-Han Li Zhi-Xiong Tong State Key Laboratory of Deep Petroleum Intelligent Exploration and Development Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Innovation Academy for Earth Science CAS University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Electromagnetic technology used in logging while drilling(LWD) provides the resistivity distribution around a borehole within a range of several tens of ***,a blind zone appears in front of the drill bit when operating in high-angle wells,limiting the ability to detect formations ahead of the drill ***-ahead technology addresses this issue and substantially enhances the proactive capability of geological directional *** this study,we examine the detection capabilities of various component combinations of magnetic dipole *** on the sensitivity of each component to the axial information,a coaxial component is selected as a boundary *** investigate the impact of various factors,such as frequency and transmitter and receiver(TR) distance,under different geological *** study proposes 5 and 20 kHz as appropriate frequencies,and 10-14 and 12-17 m as suitable TR distance *** accuracy of the numerical calculation results is verified via air-sea testing,confirming the instrument's detection capability.A test model that eliminated the influence of environmental factors and seawater depth is *** results have demonstrated that the tool can recognize the interface between layers up to 21.6 m *** provides a validation idea for the design of new instruments as well as the validation of detection capabilities.

关键词： Logging while drilling Look-ahead deep reading Air-sea test Boundary detection

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Predicting the productivity of fractured horizontal wells using few-shot learning

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petroleum Science 2025年第2期22卷 787-804页

作者： Sen Wang Wen Ge Yu-Long Zhang Qi-Hong Feng Yong Qin Ling-Feng Yue Renatus Mahuyu Jing Zhang State Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas China University of Petroleum East China School of Petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum East China Research Institute of Exploration and Development SINOPEC Jiangsu Oilfeld Shandong Institute of Petroleum and Chemical Technology Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Petro China Exploration and Development Research Institute Petro China Xinjiang Oilfeld Company

Predicting the productivity of multistage fractured horizontal wells plays an important role in exploiting unconventional *** recent years,machine learning（ML） models have emerged as a new approach for such ***,the scarcity of sufficient real data for model training often leads to imprecise predictions,even though the models trained with real data better characterize geological and engineering *** tackle this issue,we propose an ML model that can obtain reliable results even with a small amount of data *** model integrates the synthetic minority oversampling technique（SMOTE） to expand the data volume,the support vector machine（SVM） for model training,and the particle swarm optimization（PSO） algorithm for optimizing *** enhance the model performance,we conduct feature fusion and dimensionality ***,we examine the influences of different sample sizes and ML models for *** proposed model demonstrates higher prediction accuracy and generalization ability,achieving a predicted R2value of up to 0.9 for the test set,compared to the traditional ML techniques with an R2of *** model accurately predicts the production of fractured horizontal wells even with limited samples,supplying an efficient tool for optimizing the production of unconventional ***,the model holds the potential applicability to address similar challenges in other fields constrained by scarce data samples.

关键词： Fractured horizontal well Machine learning SMOTE Few-shot learning Prediction Optimization

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Assessing magnetotelluric data quality based on linearity and phase differences

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Geophysics 2025年第3期90卷 E79-E90页

作者： Chen, Hao Zhang, Lili Central South University School of Geosciences and Info-Physics Changsha China Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Geology and Geophysics Key Laboratory of Deep Petroleum Intelligent Exploration and Development Beijing China

Numerous parameters have been proposed to constrain the influence of noisy data during magnetotelluric (MT) impedance estimation. However, the relationship between these parameters and noise can vary significantly across different case studies. This study presents a novel method for evaluating MT data quality using phase differences (PD) between electric and magnetic fields and linearity metrics. First, it categorizes measured MT data into three high-quality types and two low-quality types based on PD patterns. Then, PD analysis and linearity metrics are combined to identify the data type of each event, revealing temporal variations in quality. Third, other parameters, e.g., the error between predicted and observed electric fields, magnetic polarization direction, and the diagonal element of the hat matrix, are plotted together to examine their relationship with the noise and thus assist in removing the noise. Finally, four MT time series from the USArray project are used to demonstrate the proposed technique in discriminating between high-quality signals and noise. This technique enhances the preselection strategy for impedance estimation. Understanding data quality characteristics aids in selecting appropriate parameters to mitigate noise influence and assess impedance reliability by verifying the existence of high-quality data. © 2025 Society of exploration Geophysicists. All rights reserved.

关键词： Magnetotellurics

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In-flight calibration of the fluxgate magnetometer on Macao Science Satellite-1

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Earth and Planetary Physics 2025年第3期9卷 511-520页

作者： YiXin Qiu Ying Zhang YaSong Ge AiMin Du ShuQuan Sun Lin Zhao Hao Luo Lei Wang Lin Tian Zhi Li Xiao Feng Key Laboratory of Deep Petroleum Intelligent Exploration and Development Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China College of Earth Science University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China

High-precision magnetic field measurements are crucial for understanding Earth’s internal structure,space environment,and dynamic geomagnetic *** from the Fluxgate Magnetometer (FGM) on the Macao Science Satellite-1A (MSS-1A),added to data from other space-based magnetometers,should increase significantly the ability of scientists to observe changes in Earth’s magnetic field over time and ***,the MSS-1A’s FGM is intended to help identify magnetic disturbances affecting the spacecraft *** report focuses on the in-flight calibration of the MSS-1 FGM.A scalar calibration,independent of geomagnetic field models,was performed to correct offsets,sensitivities,and misalignment angles of the *** seven months of data,we find that the in-flight calibration parameters show good *** determined Euler angles describing the rotational relationship between the FGM and the Advanced Stellar Compass (ASC) coordinate system using two approaches:calibration with the CHAOS-7 geomagnetic field model,and simultaneous estimation of Euler angles and Gaussian spherical harmonic coefficients through self-consistent *** accuracy of Euler angles describing the rotation was better than 18 *** calibrated FGM data exhibit good agreement with the calibrated data of the Vector Field Magnetometer (VFM),which is the primary vector magnetometer of the *** calibration efforts have significantly improved the accuracy of the FGM measurements,which are now providing reliable data for geomagnetic field studies that promise to advance our understanding of the Earth’s magnetic environment.

关键词： Macao Science Satellite-1(MSS-1) in-flight calibration Euler angles estimation geomagnetic fields model fluxgate magnetometer

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Data discrepancy constraints for 3D airborne transient electromagnetic inversion for induced polarization parameters

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Geophysics 2025年第3期90卷 E105-E116页

作者： Ren, Hao Lei, Da Di, Qingyun Wang, Ruo College of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Key Laboratory of Deep Petroleum Intelligent Exploration and Development Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Innovation Academy for Earth Science CAS Beijing China

Many academics have been interested in the induced polarization (IP) effect in the airborne transient electromagnetic method (ATEM) in recent years. Because most electromagnetic inversion methods only use resistivity parameters and do not contain the IP information of rocks and ores, it is difficult for such methods to retrieve subsurface IP parameters from ATEM data that include IP effect. The development of unique inversion techniques is becoming increasingly important for obtaining more detailed characterizations of underground IP. In conventional inversion about IP parameters of ATEM data, only resistivity and polarizability are often fully recovered;the inversion results of relaxation time and frequency dependence do not reflect any valid information. The data discrepancy constraints based on z-score normalization enable for the compression of data of variable magnitudes to a uniform scale while keeping their trend properties, resulting in a more accurate portrayal of the correlation of trends between different data sets. We assume the IP parameters exhibit a strong correlation among them and use such relationship as the constraint in our 3D inversion algorithm. The inversion method was evaluated on synthetic data, proving that incorporating data discrepancy constraints can improve the usability of inversion results to reveal vital underground IP information, hence simplifying the geological interpretation process. In addition, we used various amounts of noise to assess the resilience of the constrained inversion approach, and the inversion results consistently mirrored the location of the actual target body. As a result, there is significant potential for expanding the data discrepancy constraints to various geophysical inversion techniques. © 2025 Society of exploration Geophysicists. All rights reserved.

关键词： Electromagnetic transients

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Study on the Seepage Characteristics of deep Tight Reservoirs Considering the Effects of Creep

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Energy Engineering 2025年第5期122卷 1735-1754页

作者： Yongfu Liu Haitao Zhao Xingliang Deng Baozhu Guan Jing Li Chengqiang Yang Guipeng Huang R&D Center for Ultra-Deep Complex Reservoir Exploration and Development China National Petroleum CorporationKorla841000China National Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao266580China

The seepage characteristics of shale reservoirs are influenced not only by multi-field coupling effects such as stress field,temperature field,and seepage field but also exhibit evident creep characteristics during oil and gas *** complex fluid flow in such reservoirs is analyzed using a combination of theoretical modeling and numerical *** study develops a comprehensive mathematical model that integrates the impact of creep on the seepage process,with consideration of factors including stress,strain,and time-dependent *** model is validated through a series of numerical experiments,which demonstrate the significant influence of creep on the seepage *** results indicate that the rock mechanical parameters and creep constitutive model were determined through triaxial compression tests and uniaxial creep tests.A creep-seepage coupling control equation for shale was established based on the Burgers creep *** absolute value of the volumetric strain of shale increases rapidly in the initial creep stage,and the increase in vertical stress accelerates the rock’s creep *** the deceleration creep stage,the volumetric strain of the reservoir increases rapidly,leading to a significant decrease in *** the stable creep stage,the pores and fractures in the rock are further compressed,causing a gradual reduction in permeability,which eventually stabilizes.

关键词： Tight reservoir mechanical parameter creep model multi-field coupling seepage characteristics

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Microscopic oil occurrence in the Permian alkaline lacustrine shales: Fengcheng formation, Mahu Sag, Junggar basin

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petroleum Science 2025年第4期22卷 1407-1427页

作者： Lv, Jia-Hao Hu, Tao Zhang, Wang Jiang, Fu-Jie Xue, Jing Zhang, Chen-Xi Qi, Zhen-Guo Huang, Ren-Da Hu, Mei-Ling Jiang, Shu State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Efficient Development Beijing100101 China Key Laboratory of Deep Petroleum Intelligent Exploration and Development Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100029 China College of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing101408 China Beijing102249 China Beijing102249 China Research Institute of Oriental Geophysical Company CNPC Shaanxi Xi'an710021 China Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources China University of Geosciences Ministry of Education Hubei Wuhan430074 China

Alkaline lacustrine shale is highly heterogeneous, and the complex relationship between the organic-inorganic porosity network and hydrocarbon occurrence restricts the effectiveness of shale oil exploration and development. Herein, we investigated the Fengcheng Formation (P1f) in Mahu Sag. This study integrated geochemistry, Soxhlet extraction, scanning electron microscopy, gas adsorption, and nuclear magnetic resonance T1-T2 spectroscopy to elucidate the microscopic oil occurrence mechanisms in shales. Results indicate the presence of felsic shale, dolomitic shale, lime shale, and mixed shale within the P1f. Matrix pores and microfractures associated with inorganic minerals are the predominant pore types in P1f. Adsorbed oil primarily resides on the surfaces of organic matter and clay minerals, while free oil predominantly occupies inorganic pores and microfractures with larger pore sizes. Variations exist in the quantity and distribution of shale oil accumulation across different scales, where free oil and adsorbed oil are governed by dominant pores with diameters exceeding 10 nm and ineffective pores with diameters below 10 nm, respectively. Shale oil occurrence characteristics are influenced by organic matter, pore structure, and mineral composition. Felsic shale exhibits a high abundance of dominant pores, possesses the highest oil content, predominantly harbors free oil within these dominant pores, and demonstrates good mobility. Fluid occurrence in dolomitic shale and lime shale is intricate, with low oil content and a free oil to adsorbed oil ratio of 1:1. Mixed shale exhibits elevated clay mineral content and a scarcity of dominant pores. Moreover, ineffective pores contain increased bound water, resulting in medium oil content and limited mobility predominantly due to adsorption. Presently, shale oil mainly occurs in the dominant pores with a diameter larger than 10 nm in a free state. During the exploration and development of alkaline lacustrine shale oil

关键词： Shale oil

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Relationship between pore throat structure and crude oil mobility of full particle sequence reservoirs in Permian Fengcheng Formation,Mahu Sag,Junggar Basin,NW China

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petroleum exploration and development 2025年第1期52卷 112-124页

作者： TANG Yong JIA Chengzao CHEN Fangwen HE Wenjun ZHI Dongming SHAN Xiang YOU Xincai JIANG Lin ZOU Yang WU Tao XIE An Research Institute of Exploration and Development Xinjiang Oilfield CompanyPetroChinaKaramay 834000China China National Petroleum Corporation Limited Beijing 100007China National Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao 266580China School of Geosciences China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing 102249China Xinjiang Research Institute of Huairou Laboratory Urumqi 830000China Hangzhou Research Institute of Geology PetroChinaHangzhou 310023China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development PetroChinaBeijing 100083China

Based on the experimental results of casting thin section,low temperature nitrogen adsorption,high pressure mercury injection,nuclear magnetic resonance T2 spectrum,contact angle and oil-water interfacial tension,the relationship between pore throat structure and crude oil mobility characteristics of full particle sequence reservoirs in the Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation of Mahu Sag,Junggar Basin,are revealed.(1)With the decrease of reservoir particle size,the volume of pores connected by large throats and the volume of large pores show a decreasing trend,and the distribution and peak ranges of throat and pore radius shift to smaller size in an orderly *** upper limits of throat radius,porosity and permeability of unconventional reservoirs in Fengcheng Formation are approximately 0.7μm,8%and 0.1×10^(−3)μm^(2),respectively.(2)As the reservoir particle size decreases,the distribution and peak ranges of pores hosting retained oil and movable oil are shifted to a smaller size in an orderly *** the increase of driving pressure,the amount of retained and movable oil of the larger particle reservoir samples shows a more obvious trend of decreasing and increasing,respectively.(3)With the increase of throat radius,the driving pressure of reservoir with different particle levels presents three stages,namely rapid decrease,slow decrease and *** oil driving pressures of various reservoirs and the differences of them decrease with the increase of temperature and obviously decrease with the increase of throat *** to the above experimental analysis,it is concluded that the deep shale oil of Fengcheng Formation in Mahu Sag has great potential for production under geological conditions.

关键词： Junggar Basin Mahu Sag Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation full particle sequence reservoir pore throat structure crude oil mobility whole petroleum system

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Exact P-wave reflection and transmission coefficients for horizontal transversely isotropic media at an imperfectly welded contact interface under in-situ horizontal stress

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petroleum Science 2025年第4期22卷 1497-1512页

作者： Pan, Xin-Peng Lu, Cheng-Xu Xu, Hao-Wen Zhang, Da-Zhou Ministry of Education Hunan Changsha410083 China Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Resources and Geological Disaster Exploration Central South University Hunan Changsha410083 China School of Geoscience and Info-Physics Central South University Hunan Changsha410083 China State Key Laboratory of Deep Petroleum Intelligent Exploration and Development Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100029 China College of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China

A comprehensive understanding of exact seismic P-wave reflection and transmission (R/T) coefficients at imperfectly welded or non-welded contact interfaces holds paramount importance in the realm of seismic exploration. Nonetheless, scant attention has been devoted in previous literature to the investigation of stress-dependent exact R/T coefficients in horizontal transversely isotropic (HTI) media, characterized by a horizontal symmetry axis, at such interfaces. Addressing this scholarly gap, we present exact R/T coefficient formulations specifically tailored to an imperfectly welded contact interface separating two HTI media under the influence of in-situ horizontal stress. We begin by deriving the equation of motion for a stressed HTI medium, utilizing the theoretical framework of acoustoelasticity to examine the impact of in-situ horizontal stress on the overarching elastic properties of HTI media. Precise boundary conditions are then established at the imperfectly welded contact interface by applying generalized stress-strain relationships and linear-slip theory, with the influence of in-situ horizontal stress on the interface further explored through the linear-slip model. By integrating these elements with the seismic wave displacement equation, we derive exact R/T coefficient formulations applicable to an imperfectly welded contact interface between two HTI media. Numerical analyses are conducted to elucidate the effects of in-situ horizontal stress on critical parameters such as rock density, seismic wave velocity, Thomsen-type anisotropy parameters, R/T coefficients, and seismic reflection responses at the imperfectly welded contact interface. Furthermore, the proposed formulations are frequency-dependent, with the imperfectly welded contact interface acting as a frequency-selective filter for both reflected and transmitted waves. Notably, under conditions of sufficiently large incident angles, the sensitivity of R/T coefficients to key influencing factors

关键词： Seismic waves

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EILnet: An intelligent model for the segmentation of multiple fracture types in karst carbonate reservoirs using electrical image logs

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Natural Gas Industry B 2025年第2期12卷 158-173页

作者： Li, Zhuolin Zhang, Guoyin Zhang, Xiangbo Zhang, Xin Long, Yuchen Sun, Yanan Lin, Chengyan State Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao 266580 China School of Geosciences China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao 266580 China Fushan Oilfield Project Department PetroChina Southern Petroleum Exploration & Development Corporation Haikou 570100 China

Karst fractures serve as crucial seepage channels and storage spaces for carbonate natural gas reservoirs, and electrical image logs are vital data for visualizing and characterizing such fractures. However, the conventional approach of identifying fractures using electrical image logs predominantly relies on manual processes that are not only time-consuming but also highly subjective. In addition, the heterogeneity and strong dissolution tendency of karst carbonate reservoirs lead to complexity and variety in fracture geometry, which makes it difficult to accurately identify fractures. In this paper, the electrical image logs network (EILnet)—a deep-learning-based intelligent semantic segmentation model with a selective attention mechanism and selective feature fusion module—was created to enable the intelligent identification and segmentation of different types of fractures through electrical logging images. Data from electrical image logs representing structural and induced fractures were first selected using the sliding window technique before image inpainting and data augmentation were implemented for these images to improve the generalizability of the model. Various image-processing tools, including the bilateral filter, Laplace operator, and Gaussian low-pass filter, were also applied to the electrical logging images to generate a multi-attribute dataset to help the model learn the semantic features of the fractures. The results demonstrated that the EILnet model outperforms mainstream deep-learning semantic segmentation models, such as Fully Convolutional Networks (FCN-8s), U-Net, and SegNet, for both the single-channel dataset and the multi-attribute dataset. The EILnet provided significant advantages for the single-channel dataset, and its mean intersection over union (MIoU) and pixel accuracy (PA) were 81.32 % and 89.37 %, respectively. In the case of the multi-attribute dataset, the identification capability of all models improved to varying degrees, wit

关键词： deep learning Electrical image logs Image processing Karst fracture identification Semantic segmentation

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