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Revegetation re-carbonizes soil: Patterns, mechanisms, and challenges

Fundamental Research 2024年

作者： Zhang, Qingyin Hu, Yaxian Shao, Mingan Jia, Xiaoxu Wei, Xiaorong State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau Northwest A & F University Yangling 712100 China College of Soil and Water Conservation Science and Engineering Northwest A & F University Yangling 712100 China Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China

Revegetation has been widely implemented throughout the world for controlling soil loss, conserving biodiversity, increasing ecosystem productivity, mitigating climate change, and contributing to soil carbon (C) sequestration. However, systematic knowledge is still lacking regarding the variations, mechanisms, and challenges in soil C sequestration after revegetation despite its crucial role in resolving the ongoing C sink/source debate and achieving the C neutrality targets. In this review, we summarize the spatiotemporal patterns and drivers of soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration in restored ecosystems based on existing studies at multiple spatial and temporal scales and the mechanisms associated with C stabilization in soils after revegetation, and suggest future research into soil C in restored ecosystems. Revegetation, i.e. grassland restoration or afforestation/reforestations, significantly increases the SOC sequestration by 21.4% with rapid SOC accumulation in the initial few years (generally within 30 years), followed by a relatively stable stage. We also clarified the three key mechanisms (including physical protection within soil aggregates, chemical protection by interacting with organo-mineral associations, and inherent biological recalcitrance protection) associated with SOC stabilization in soils after revegetation. Revegetation re-carbonizes soil by increasing new inputs of C and decreasing the ratio of soil C outputs to new inputs of C (i.e., increasing the decomposition of SOC and reducing erosional SOC loss), both of which promote SOC sequestration. Based on the key issues identified in this review, future research should focus on the fate of C sequestrated in soils after revegetation, and feedback to environmental changes and human activities in order to achieve C neutrality by around 2050. © 2024

关键词： Carbon cycling Carbon sequestration mechanism Carbon spatiotemporal variations Future trends Revegetation

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Moving toward a new era of ecosystem science

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Geography and Sustainability 2021年第3期2卷 151-162页

作者： Guirui Yu Shilong Piao Yangjian Zhang Lingli Liu Jian Peng Shuli Niu Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science College of Urban and Environmental SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100093China

Ecosystem is a fundamental organizational unit of the biosphere in which biological communities interact with their non-biological environment through energy flows and material *** science is the study of patterns,processes,and services of *** the 1990s,rising concerns regarding global climate change,biodiversity loss,ecosystem degradation,and sustainability of the human-dominated biosphere have stimulated the growth of ecosystem science,which is expected to provide systematic solutions to many of these major issues facing human *** paper provides a comprehensive review of the current progress in ecosystem science and identifies some key research challenges facing this *** demonstrate that a key feature of the current progress in ecosystem science is its evolution from primarily theoretical explorations toward more systematic,integrative and application-oriented ***,five major changes in the discipline over the past several decades can be *** include:(1)the expansion of the primary goal from understanding nature to include human activities;(2)the broadening of the research focus from single ecosystem types to macro-ecosystems comprising multiple regional ecosystems;(3)the shifting of research methods from small-scale observations and experiments to large-scale observations,network experiments,and model simulations;(4)the increasing attention to comprehensive integration of ecosystem components,processes,and scales;and(5)the shifting from a primarily biology-oriented focus to an integrated multi-disciplinary scientific *** ecosystem science still faces many challenges in the future,these directional changes,along with the rapidly enriched research tools and data acquisition capabilities,lay a promising ground for the discipline’s future as a fundamental scientific basis for solving many environmental challenges facing human societies.

关键词： Large-scale macro-systems Sustainable development Interdisciplinary research Ecosystem science

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The Facilitation of Restoration by Cushion Plant Androsace tapete in a Degraded Alpine Grassland

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Journal of Resources and Ecology 2022年第1期13卷 107-112页

作者： HE Yongtao WANG Fang NIU Ben WANG Zhipeng LI Meng SHI Peili ZHANG Xianzhou Lhasa Plateau Ecosystem Research Station Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and ModelingInstitute of Geographic Sciences andNatural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China

The cushion plant Androsace tapete is an endemic species that is widely distributed in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, and also predominant in the alpine grassland that is locally degraded due to overgrazing and other reasons. As an ecosystem engineer cushion plant, its ability to facilitate the restoration of degraded alpine grassland was studied in a degraded alpine grassland at an elevation of 4500 m on the southern slope of the Nyainqentanglha Mountains in Damxung. The species diversity, soil nutrients and water content underneath and outside the cushion plant A. tapete were investigated. The results showed that soil nutrients underneath the A. tapete cushion were significantly increased by about 16%-48% compared to outside the cushion, of which the organic matter and total N were increased by 16.2% and 18.9% respectively, and the soil water content was increased about 12%. The index of species diversity of richness(S), Shannon-Wiener’s H and Simpson’s D all increased with the coverage of cushion plant A. tapete. Our results suggested that this cushion plant can facilitate restoration of the degraded alpine grassland by modifying the local soil environment and increasing the community diversity, so it should be conserved for the restoration of degraded alpine grasslands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

关键词： cushion plant facilitation degraded alpine meadow species diversity soil nutrients

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过去20年中国海水养殖空间分布变化

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2023年第12期33卷 2377-2399页

作者：刘岳明王志华杨晓梅王绍强刘晓亮刘彬张俊瑶孟丹丁凯孟郜酷曾晓伟丁亚新 State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchCASBeijing100101China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049China Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchCASBeijing100101China Jinling Institute of Technology Nanjing211169China School of Geography and Information Engineering China University of GeosciencesWuhan430074China School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering Henan Polytechnic UniversityJiaozuoHenan454000China

China’s mariculture provides more than 60%of the world’s mariculture products and plays an important role in the world’s aquaculture and food *** on changes in the spatial distribution pattern of China’s mariculture,however,remains *** accurately reflect the changes in the spatial pattern of mariculture in China,in this study,we used multitemporal optical and synthetic aperture radar remote sensing images to enhance the characteristics of mariculture and extracted the spatial distribution data for mariculture in China in 2000,2010,and ***,we explored the distribution pattern and changes in mariculture in *** found that,in 2020,China’s mariculture exhibited a distribution pattern of more in the north and less in the *** the Yangtze River estuary as the boundary,the proportion of mariculture in northern China was 70.9%,and that in southern China was only 29.1%.This difference did not exist in 2000,but it emerged because of the rapid development of mariculture in northern China from 2010 to *** addition,by superimposing the mariculture data with shoreline and water depth data,we found that more than 90%of China’s mariculture area was located in the sea area within 20 km of the shoreline and that more than 80%of the mariculture area was located in the sea area with water depths of less than 20 *** addition,the spatial distribution of mariculture in China developed from near the shore and moved outward from shallow to deep water *** examined the driving factors that influence changes in the spatial distribution of mariculture in *** argue that technological advancements in mariculture,as well as the intensive concentration of mariculture near the shore,policy constraints and incentives,and economic development,collaborate to shape the current pattern of mariculture development in China.

关键词： remote sensing mariculture coastal zone of China spatiotemporal variation

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Growth and nitrogen status of cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)under salt stress revealed using^(15)N-labeled fertilizer

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2022年第6期15卷 1213-1226页

作者： Tong Heng Xin-Lin He Guang Yang Li-Jun Tian Fa-Dong Li Li-Li Yang Li Zhao Yue Fengand Xuan Xu College of Science Shihezi UniversityShihezi 832003China College of Water and Architectural Engineering Shihezi University Shihezi 832003China Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchBeijing 100101China

Salt stress is a vital factor limiting nitrogen uptake and cotton growth in arid *** mechanisms underlying salt stress tolerance in cotton plants under high soil salinity have not been fully ***,the aim of this study was to examine the proportion and mechanism of cotton nitrogen uptake under salt stress using the^(15)N isotope labeling *** plants were grown in four undisturbed saline soils(1,3,6 and 9 dS m^(-1)),and the experiment was designed using the ENVIRO-GRO(E-G)*** results showed that the dry matter of roots,stems and leaves of the cotton parts in slightly saline soil(C2,3 dS m^(-1))was not significant compared with the non-saline soil(C1,1 dS m^(-1)).The cotton fruit grown in low-salinity soil(C2,3 dS m^(-1))had significantly higher dry matter than that grown in the other treatments,implying that cotton plants grown in 3 dS m^(-1)soil have the best nitrogen uptake and salt *** plants grown in weakly(C3,6 dS m^(-1))and moderately(C4,9 dS m^(-1))saline soils exhibited premature *** distribution of total nitrogen and nitrate content in cotton was the best explanatory variable of total^(15)N recovery,of which cotton^(15)N recovery was between 26.1%and 47.2%,and soil^(15)N recovery was between 7.7%and 14.9%.Our findings provide guidance for further exploitation and utilization of saline soil resources and sustainable development of the agricultural soil ecosystem in arid regions.

关键词： salt stress cotton growth nitrogen uptake ^(15)N recovery dry matter mass

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Carbon dioxide fertilization enhanced carbon sink offset by climate change and land use in Amazonia on a centennial scale

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Science of the Total Environment 2024年 955卷 176903页

作者： Chen, Bin Xu, Xiyan Wang, Shaoqiang Yang, Te Liu, Zhenhai Falk, Stefanie Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment for Temperate East Asia Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China College of Geography and Information Engineering China University of Geosciences Wuhan China Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich Luisenstr. 37 München80333 Germany

The Amazon, the Earth's largest tropical forest, plays a critical role in the global carbon cycle, acting as a significant carbon sink. Recent studies, however, indicate a decline in its carbon sequestration capacity due to climate variability, intensive deforestation, and fires. This study aims to examine the impacts of these factors on the carbon dynamics of the Amazon over a centennial scale based on dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) of Trendy-v11. It was found that the Amazon region exhibited significant spatiotemporal variations in net land carbon (C) fluxes, and was a net C sink (40.02 ± 242.64 Tg C yr−1) during 1901–2021. The Amazonian net biome productivity (NBP) showed a 6-decades-scale shift from a decreasing trend (−3.78 Tg C yr−2) during 1901–1959 to an increasing trend (2.39 Tg C yr−2) during 1960–2021. The Amazonian NBP was negatively related to air temperature while positively related to dry-season precipitation during 1901–2021. Furthermore, the increase of atmospheric CO2 concentration during 1901–2020 enhanced Amazonian NBP by 36.40 ± 8.39 Pg C, which was largely offset by land use change (−18.84 ± 12.02 Pg C) and climate change (−10.03 ± 5.00 Pg C). Our findings underscore the critical need for sustainable management practices in the Amazon to enhance its C sink and preserve its function in the global climate system. © 2024

关键词： Carbon sequestration

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Reply to “Beyond microbial carbon use efficiency”

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National Science Review 2024年第4期11卷 35-37页

作者： Feng Tao Johannes Lehmann Ying-Ping Wang Lifen Jiang Bernhard Ahrens Kostiantyn Viatkin Stefano Manzoni Benjamin Z.Houlton Yuanyuan Huang Xiaomeng Huang Yiqi Luo Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Soil and Crop Sciences Section School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell University CSIRO Environment Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry Department of Physical Geography and Bolin Centre for Climate Research Stockholm University Department of Global Development Cornell University Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Department of Earth System Science Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling Institute for Global Change Studies Tsinghua University

In their commentary, Xiao et al.[1]cautioned that the conclusions on the critical role of microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) in global soil organic carbon (SOC) storage in the paper by Tao et al.[2] might be too *** claimed that Tao et al.’s study lacked mechanistic consideration of SOC formation and excluded important data *** et al. brought up important points,which can be largely reconciled with our findings by understanding the differences in expressing processes in empirical studies and in models.

关键词： beyond carbon efficiency microbial reply

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Response of plant physiological parameters to soil water availability during prolonged drought is affected by soil texture

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Journal of Arid Land 2021年第7期13卷 688-698页

作者： HUANG Laiming ZHAO Wen SHAO Ming'an Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China

Soil water deficit is increasingly threatening the sustainable vegetation restoration and ecological construction on the Loess Plateau of China due to the climate warming and human *** determine the response thresholds of Amygdalus pedunculata(AP)and Salix psammophila(SP)to soil water availability under different textural soils,we measured the changes in net photosynthetic rate(Pn),stomatal conductance(Gs),intercellular CO2 concentration(Ci),leaf water potential(ψw),water use efficiency(WUE)and daily transpiration rate(Td)of the two plant species during soil water content(SWC)decreased from 100%field capacity(FC)to 20%FC in the sandy and loamy soils on the Loess Plateau in the growing season from June to August in *** showed that Pn,Gs,WUE and Td of AP and SP remained relatively constant at the beginning of soil water deficit but decreased rapidly as plant available soil water content(PASWC)fell below the threshold values in both the sandy and loamy *** PASWC thresholds corresponding to Pn,Gs and Ci of AP in the loamy soil(0.61,0.62 and 0.70,respectively)were lower than those in the sandy soil(0.70,0.63 and 0.75,respectively),whereas the PASWC thresholds corresponding to Pn,Gs and Ci of SP in the loamy soil(0.63,0.68 and 0.78,respectively)were higher than those in the sandy soil(0.58,0.62 and 0.66,respectively).In addition,the PASWC thresholds in relation to Td and WUE of AP(0.60 and 0.58,respectively)and SP(0.62 and 0.60,respectively)in the loamy soil were higher than the corresponding PASWC thresholds of AP(0.58 and 0.52,respectively)and SP(0.55 and 0.56,respectively)in the sandy ***,the PASWC thresholds for the instantaneous gas exchange parameters(e.g.,Pn and Gs)at the transient scale were higher than the thresholds for the parameters(e.g.,Td)at the daily *** study demonstrates that different plant species and/or different physiological parameters exhibit different thresholds of PASWC and that the thresholds are affect

关键词： plant available soil water content drought stress soil water deficit sustainable vegetation restoration sandy soil loamy soil Loess Plateau

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Intra- and Inter-Annual Variations of Evapotranspiration and Water Budget of Alpine Semi-Arid Shrubland on the Northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

SSRN

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Zhang, Fawei Wang, Jubang Li, Jiexia Yang, Yongsheng Li, Yingnian Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Qinghai Xining810001 China Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Restoration Ecology in Cold Region Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Qinghai Xining810001 China Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100101 China

Water provision is one of the key ecological functions of high-altitude alpine grasslands and is controlled by both evapotranspiration (ET) and precipitation whereas the underlying hydrological processes remain unquantified. Here, we analyzed the long-term (2003−2021) year-round data of an alpine semi-arid shrubland on the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau to clarify the intra- and inter-annual variations of ET and water budget (precipitation minus ET, P−ET). Monthly ET averaged 41.7 ± 31.9 mm (Mean ± S.D, the same below) and exhibited a unimodal seasonal pattern with a peak in July. And the variations of monthly ET were overruled by thermal conditions, including the indirect effects through atmospheric evaporative demand and water vapor transfer resistance, regardless of vegetation growth status. Monthly P−ET averaged 18.3 ± 26.3 mm in August and September while stayed negative in other months, whose variations were determined by ET during the non-growing season from November to April while by precipitation during the other months. At an annual scale, ET and P−ET both showed an insignificant temporal trend. Annual ET averaged 512.2 ± 68.4 mm and was regulated directly by bulk canopy resistance and indirectly by net radiation, rather than by precipitation. Annual P−ET was −53.2 ± 95.4 mm and showed a greater non-growing seasonal water deficit (−51.6 ± 21.0 mm). The variations of annual P−ET were controlled by both ET and precipitation, with an opposite while equivalent effect. The findings suggested that monthly ET was predominated by thermal conditions while annual ET had a low vulnerability to current chronic climatic variability via physical and biological resistance regulations. The water sink of alpine semi-arid shrublands underlined the function of water retention through transforming variable precipitation into stable ET more than water provision for downstream water availability. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Evapotranspiration

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Unraveling four decades of soil acidification on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: Patterns, drivers, and future projections

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Environmental Pollution 2025年 375卷 126324页

作者： Wu, Wenjuan Zhao, Guang Zheng, Zhoutao Cai, Mengke Zhang, Yangjian School of Life Sciences Hebei University Hebei Baoding071002 China Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100093 China Lhasa Plateau Ecosystem Research Station Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100101 China College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of Science Beijing100190 China Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management University of Copenhagen Copenhagen1350 Denmark

Soil acidification poses escalating threats to ecosystem functions, yet its spatiotemporal dynamics and drivers across vulnerable high-altitude regions remain poorly resolved. Here, we integrate four-decade soil surveys (1980s–2020s) with machine learning to unravel acidification trajectories and future projections for the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), a critical yet fragile alpine ecosystem. Our analyses reveal pronounced east-west divergence: persistent acidification dominates eastern alpine meadow grasslands (lower pH, negative ΔpH), constrasting with alkalization trends in western steppe grasslands (higher pH, positive ΔpH). Temporally, soil acidification accelerated over decades, evidenced by decling pH of 7.95 in the 1980s to 7.90 in the 2020s, and increasingly negative ΔpH of −0.02 during 1980s–2000s to −0.03 during 2000s–2020s. Vertical stratification highlights surface-layer vulnerability, with the most rapid pH decline in top-surface layer and maximum acidification ΔpH magnitude in middle-surface layer. key drivers include mean annual precipitation, aboveground gross primary productivity, and nitrogen deposition. All inversely correlated with pH. Future projections under different scenarios predict accelerated acidification, most serve underSSP5-8.5 and moderated under SSP1-1.9. These findings highlight the vulnerability of QTP grasslands to multifactorial acidification, urging targeted mitigation strategies to preserve this ecologically pivotal region. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： Soil surveys

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